Ceramics

I-ceramic yinto engajwayelekile Ama-athomu nama-molecule angomsuka ongaphili (ongewona owendalo).

okuqinile okungewona okwensimbi okwenziwe ngenhlanganisela yensimbi noma engeyona eyensimbi eyenziwe futhi yenziwa lukhuni ngokushisa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngokuvamile, aqinile, amelana nokugqwala futhi aqhekekile.Ceramic 'livela egameni lesiGreki elisho' ubumba '. Izimpahla zasekhaya ezakhiwe ngobumba, izinto zobuciko kanye nemikhiqizo yokwakha siyazijwayela sonke, kepha izitsha zobumba ziyingxenye eyodwa yomhlaba we-ceramic.

Esikhathini samanje igama elithi 'ceramic' linencazelo ebanzi futhi lifaka izinto ezifana nengilazi, izinto zobumba ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nezinhlelo ezithile zikasimende.

Izinto zobumba zendabuko - izitsha zobumba Ubumba bungenye yezindlela zobuchwepheshe ezindala kakhulu zabantu. Izingcezu zobumba zobumba ezitholwe muva nje esifundazweni saseHunan eChina zenziwe nge-carbon ezineminyaka eyi-17 500-18,300 ubudala. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zobumba zichazwa njengobumba, itshe kanye nobumba.

Ubumba lusetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni ezenziwe ngetafula lezitsha zobumba nezinto zokuhlobisa. Ingenye yezinto ezindala kakhulu ezisetshenziswa kubumba.

Ubumba lushiswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (1,000-1,150 ° C), kukhiqizwa umkhiqizo onamakhaza amancane, ojiyile. Ukunqoba i-porosity yayo, into edutshuliwe imbozwa ngophuli wengilazi ocolekile omiswe emanzini (i-glaze) bese idutshulwa okwesibili. I-Faience, i-Delft ne-majolica yizibonelo zobumba.

Ubumba lwe-Stoneware lushiswa ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme (cishe ngo-1,200 ° C) lize lenziwe lifane nengilazi (livrified). Ngenxa yokuthi i-stoneware ayisebenzi, i-glaze isetshenziselwa umhlobiso kuphela. Kuyinto eqinile, emelana ne-chip futhi ehlala isikhathi eside efanelekile ukusetshenziswa ekhishini ukupheka, ukubhaka, ukugcina uketshezi kanye nokuphaka izitsha.

I-porcelain iyi-ceramic emhlophe eqinile kakhulu. Izinhlobo zokuqala zobumba zavela eChina cishe ngonyaka we-1600BC, kwathi ngo-600AD, ubumba lwaseChina lwaluyinto eyigugu nabathengisi base-Arabia. Ngoba i-porcelain yayihlotshaniswa neChina futhi yayijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza amapuleti, izinkomishi, izitsha zokuhlobisa kanye neminye imisebenzi yobuciko obuhle, ivame ukuhamba ngegama elithi 'fine china'.

Ukwenza i-porcelain, amanani amancane engilazi, i-granite kanye ne-feldspar amaminerali agaywa ngobumba olumhlophe lwe-kaolin. Amanzi abe esenezelwa kumpuphu omhlophe ocolekileyo ovelayo ukuze uxoveke futhi usebenze kahle. Lokhu kudonswa kuhhavini kuya phakathi kuka-1,200-1,450 ° C. Kusetshenziswa ama-glazes okuhlobisa alandelwe ukudubula okuqhubekayo.

I-Bone china - okulula ukuyenza, enzima ukuyipheka futhi iqine kune-porcelain - yenziwa ngokungeza umlotha kusuka emathanjeni ezinkomo kubumba, amaminerali e-feldspar nesihlabathi esihle se-silica.