Ezombusazwe zoMbuso oHlangeneyo

Isiphandla soMbuso oHlangeneyo siyisiphandla sasebuKhosini boMbuso oHlangeneyo

Ezombusazwe zoMbuso oHlangeneyo zihamba ngohlelo lwobukhosi obungaphansi kwomthethosisekelo nesishayamthetho esikhethwe ngentandoyeningi.

Ngokwesiko elivela emandulo, igunya namandla okubusa nokungamela izwe aqhamuka eMqhelweni ngenxa yokuthi iNgonyama (nomlingani walesikhundla owesifazane iNdlovukazi) igunyazwe nguNkulunkulu ukubusa ngentando yakhe. Kodwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kakhulu ngenxa yokuvukela kwesizwe kwamakhosana okuzale imvumelwano ngaphakathi kwamakhosana neNgonyama ebizwa iMagna Carta (Umqulu oMkhulu) nge-1215, amandla weNgonyama okusebenzisa igunya lomqhele waqala ukunciphiswa. Kusukela lesikhathi iNgonyama yayiphoqeke ukubiza umgwamanda omkhulu uma ifuna ukuvusa izimpi, ukuhloma amabutho, noma ukumisa intelo. Lomgwamanda ohlanganela uhlelo oluthile lwesikhashane uphenduke igunga likanomphela elibizwa iPhalamende (leligama livela olwimi lwesiFulenshi sasekuDala ukuchaza isimo sokuxoxa noma ukudingida).

Impi yeZakhamuzi yaseNgilandi yakwa-1642 ku-1651, eholele ekutheni uCharles I anqunywe ikhanda, iholele ekutheni iPhalamende ivele njengesikhungo esinamandla kuzonke izikhungo nezinhlangano ezweni lonke. Nakuba uCharles II (indodana nendlalifa kaCharles I) abekwe ebukhosini nokuthi kubiyswe uhlaka lombuso wenkosi, iNgonyama yayithobela intando yePhalamende. Ngenxa yokuhlangana kwoMbuso waseNgilandi noMbuso wesiKotilandi okuzalwe ngukuthi uJakobe VI wesiKotilandi abeyiNgonyama yaseNgilandi ngesikhathi esisodwa, amaPhalamende aseNgilandi nasesiKotilandi ahlanganisiwe ukuze uMbuso waseBhulithani Nkulu ubenesishayamthetho nomgwamanda omele izakhamuzi owodwa. Futhi, ngenkathi i-Ayilendi inqotshwa yiBhulithani Nkulu, iPhalamende yase-Ayilendi yachithwa.

iNgonyama yayincike kwabongqongqoshe ukuthi bamubonise nokuthi bamuxhase ekubusweni kwesizwe. Kanjalo ke abongqongqoshe bebaqokwa nguye futhi baphenduleka kuyena kuphela - wayebaqoka futhi abaxoshe ngendlela ayithandayo. Kanjalo abongqongqoshe bebangamalungu woMkhandlu wangaSese (owawubizwa uMkhandlu weNkosi noma uMkhandlu wasebuKhosini) Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwakubanzima ukuthi abongqongqoshe benze umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle kwemvumo yePhalamende. Ukuze baphakamise imithethosivivinywa ePhalamendeni kwakumqoka ukuthi babengamalungu ayo. Abongqongqoshe abangamalungu wekomiti yoMkhandlu wangaSese ebizwa iKhabhinethi bebanethonya eningi ngokuba bebahleli ezikhundleni eziphakeme zezwe njengeleNkosana ePhezulu yesiKhwama seMali. Mhla uWilliam Walpole aqokwa kulomkhandlu kwazalwa isikhundla seNdunankulu ngokuba isikhundla seNkosana ePhezulu yesiKhwama seMali sasihletshulwe ezikhundleni ezimbalwa ukuze kusukela lesosikhathi iNdunankulu ibeyiNkosana yoluQala yesiKhwama seMali.

Isigodlo saseWestminster eLondon, isihlalo sePhalamende esibizwa futhi ngelika-Houses of Parliament. Ngaphambi kokuthi inkantolo yasebukhosini ihlale esigodlweni sikaNgcwele uJakobe, yayihleli kulesisigodlo.

Ngenkathi kuphawulwa iMagna Carta, iPhalamende yayingumgwamanda wamakhosana ezwe kuphela. Kepha amaqhawe nezakhamuzi zazabalazela amalungelo okuzikhulumela kwezombusazwe. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni iNgonyama Edward I imeme amaqhawe, izakhamuzi, amakhosana kanye nabafundisi beSonto laseNgilandi ukuthi babeyigunga elihleliwe. Kepha nge-1295, amaqhawe nabameli bezakhamuzi baqale ukuhlangana babodwa ekuholele ekusungulweni kwendlu yephalamende yangaphansi: iNdlu yeZakhamuzi. Kanjalo abafundisi namakhosana bahlangene njengendlu yangaphezulu: iNdlu yamaKhosana (noma iNdlu yamaKhosi).

Ekuqaleni imvumo yezindlu zimbili yayidingeka ukuthi imithetho ishayiwe, kodwa ekuqale kwekhulu lama-20, iNdlu yamaKhosana yaqala uuphucwa igunya lokuvimba imithethosivivinywa eyayivunyelwe yiNdlu yeZakhamuzi. Futhi, empakathini kwekhulu lama-20, iNdlu yamaKhosana yayikhawuliwe ngesikathi ingavimba ukushayiwa kwomthethosivivinywa wezemali. Futhi, iNdlu yeZakhamuzi inciphise inani lamakhosana ethole izikhundla nezithakazelo zawo ngobundlalifa abavumelekile ukuhlala eNdlini yamaKhosana.

Lokhu kugodla kwamandla ePhalamendeni kuholele ekutheni iNgonyama ingakwazi ukuqoka iNdunankulu engathenjwa yiPhalamende ngaphandle kwokuchitha leyonhlangano yePhalamende ibize ukhetho olusha. Kanjalo kwaku yimphoqo ukuthi iKhabhinethi iphume esihlalweni uma iPhalamende ishaya ukhetho lokuphuca ithemba kwiKhabhinethi noma ukuthi iNdunankulu ibize ukhetho olusha. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni iNgonyama iqoke njengeNdunankulu umholi weqembu lePhalamende elinezehlalo ezindlula amanye amaqembu.

Kusukela ikhulu lwe-17, kwaqala ukuvela amaqembu ezombusazwe ekuholele ekutheni ama-Whig (namuhla ama-Conservative) nama-Tories (namuhla iqembu labaSebenzi) ukuthi avele. Ngokuqala kwempakathi lwekhulu lama-20, amazwe aqukathwa nguMbuso oHlangeneyo agunyazwe ukuziphatha emikhakheni ezombusazwe ethile ngaphandle kweNgilandi ebuswa yiPhalamende yoMbuso oHlangeneyo yodwa. Umthethosisekelo woMbuso oHlangeneyo ubandakanya imithetho eshayiwe yiPhalamende, imibhalo ebalulekile njengeMagna Carta, izinqumo zezinkantolo zobulungiswa, amasiko nemikhuba ezombusazwe. Nakuba kunjalo, uMbuso oHlangeneyo unezinga eliphezulu lokuhlonishwa kwamalungelo, imikhulukeko, nokulingana kwabantu, kanye nokunqandwa nokujeziswa kwenkohlakalo ekuholele ekutheni uMbuso uHlangeneyo ibe ezingeni eliphezulu kwezentandoyeningi nokuphathwa kwezwe.