INguqukofuzo
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Inguqukofuzo iyinguquko yezinkondolo zofuzo zezinkumbi zezinto eziphilayo eyenzeka ezizukulwaneni ezilandelanayo. Yenzeka lapho imidludlungu yokuguquka efana nokugeleza kwezifuzisi kanye nenketho yemvelo kusebenza emixhanteleni yofuzo, okuholela ezinkondolweni ezithile ukuba zivame kakhulu noma zingavami phakathi kwezinkumbi zezizukulwane ezilamanayo.[1] Umdludlungu wenguqukofuzo uye wabangela inkithinkithi yempilo (biodiversity) kuwo wonke amazinga okuhlelemba kwezinto eziphilayo.[2][3]
Umchaciso wenzululwazi wenguqukofuzo eyenzeka ngenketho yemvelo wavela ngosomvelo bamaNgisi ababili abangakaze bahlangana, uCharles Darwin kanye no-Alfred Russel Wallace, ngaphakathi nekhulu le-19th. Wavela njengencazelo yokuthi kungani Iziphili zizivumelanisa nendawo yoqobo ezihlala kuyo. Lo mmchachiso wachazwa ngokuningiliziwe okokuqala encwadini kaDarwin ethi Ngokwendabuko Yemiqhinqo (On the Origin of Species). Inguqukofuzo ngokwenketho yemvelo isekelwe eziminyeni ezibonakalayo ngeziphili: (1) kukhiqizwa inzalo eninigi kunaleyo engakwazi ukusinda (more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive); (2) imixhantela yofuzo iyahlukahluka ngokuqondene ne-morphology]], uchazomzimba, nokucondoza; (3) izinkondolo zidlulisa amazinga angafani wokusinda nokulungela ukuzala; futhi (4) izinkondolo zingadluliswa kusuka kusizukulwane kuya kusizukulwane ngofuzo.[4] Ezizukulwaneni ezilamanayo, amalunga ezinkumbi avame ukwenanwa inzalo enabazali abanezinkondolo ezivunwa yileyo ndawo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imichachiso encintisana nenguqukofuzo yayilokhu iphikiswa futhi inguqukofuzo yahlanganisea nomchachoso kaMendelin wofuzo nowezifuzisi zezinkumbi ukuze kumele umchachiso wenguqukofuzo wanamuhla.[5] Kulokhu kulunjaniswa kwemichachiso, izisekelo zofuzo ziphakathi kwemizwayi yolibofuzo edlulisa ukwaziswa kusuka Ezizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye isizukulwane. Imidludlungu eguqula ulibofuzo ezinkumbini ihlanganisa inketho yemvelo, ukugudluzwa kwesifuzisi, ukuxhantela, nokugobhoza kwesifuzisi.
Amaphatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ Scott-Phillips, Thomas C.; Laland, Kevin N.; Shuker, David M. et al (May 2014). "The Niche Construction Perspective: A Critical Appraisal". Evolution 68 (5): 1231–1243. Bibcode 2014Evolu..68.1231S. doi:10.1111/evo.12332. ISSN 0014-3820. PMC 4261998. PMID 24325256. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4261998. "Evolutionary processes are generally thought of as processes by which these changes occur. Four such processes are widely recognized: natural selection (in the broad sense, to include sexual selection), genetic drift, mutation, and migration (Fisher 1930; Haldane 1932). The latter two generate variation; the first two sort it."
- ↑ (Hall & Hallgrímsson 2008)
- ↑ (Voet, Voet & Pratt 2016)
- ↑ Lewontin, Richard C. (November 1970). "The Units of Selection". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1 (1): 1–18. Bibcode 1970AnRES...1....1L. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.01.110170.000245. ISSN 0066-4162. JSTOR 2096764. http://joelvelasco.net/teaching/167/lewontin%2070%20-%20the%20units%20of%20selection.pdf.
- ↑ (Futuyma & Kirkpatrick 2017, pp. 3–26, Chapter 1: Evolutionary Biology)