INguqulambuso
Ngokwenzululwazi yezombusazwe, inguqulambuso (noma inguqulombuso) iyinguquko esheshayo, eyisisekelo yesigaba somphakathi, umbuso, ubuhlanga, noma izakhiwo zenkolo.[1] Ngokomchazinhlalo uJack Goldstone, zonke izinguqulambuso ziqukethe "Iqoqo elifanayo lezici emnyombeni walo: (a) imizamo ukuguqula umbuso wezombusazwe ozidonsela umbono oncintisana nawo ngohlelo lobulungiswa, (b) izinga eliphawulekayo lokuviviswa kwezinkumbi ngokusemthethweni noma ngenye indlela, (c) imizamo yokuphoqa inguquko ngaphandle kwezikhungo efana nokubhikisha, ukutoyitoya, ukuduba kanye nodlame."[2]
Izinguqulambuso bezilokhu zenzeka emlandweni wabantu futhi zenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukile, izikhathi ezihlukile, ziveza nemiphumela ehlukile.[3] Ezinye izinguqulambuso zaqala ngokuvukela kwabasebenzi noma impi yobunyamazane elwelwa ehlathini; ezinye zaqala ngezidubedube zasezidlaveleni ngenhloso yokuthumba isiqongo sezwe. Izinguqulambuso zingagqugwuzelwa ukwanda kwezinkolelombono zombusazwe ezithile, noma izimiso zokuziphatha, noma izinongo zokubusa ezifana nobuzwephambili (nationalism)', republicanism, egalitarianism, Ukuzinqumela (self-determination), Amalungelo Wabantu, Umbusosobala, ubukhulula (liberalism), Kanye (fascism), noma UCosulelwano.[4] Umbuso ingaba ntekenteke lapho kufika iNguqulambuso ngenxa yokuhlulwa empini, noma isiyaluyalu sezomnotho, noma ukwanda kokuzigqaja ngobuzwe nobuhlonzi, noma ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo kanye nenkohlakalo. Izinguqulambuso zivame ukuvusa izinqanda-nguqulambuso (counter-revolutions) ezijonge ukumisa umjijiyane weNguqulambuso, noma ukugusha izinguquko ezilethwe inguqulambuso.[5]
Izinguqulambuso ezaziwayo emakhulwini adult eminyaka zihlanganisa lezi: INguqulambuso yaseMelika (1765–1783), INguqulambuso yamaFulentshi (1789–1799), INguqulambuso yaseHaiti (1791–1804), Izinguqulambuso zowe-1848 eYurophu, INguqulambuso yaseMekisiko (1910–1920), INguqulambuso yaseXinhai eShayina ngowe-1911, Izinguqulambuso zowe-1917–1923 eYurophu (kuhlanganisa ne neNguqukambuso yaseRashiya and INguqulambuso yaseJalimani), INguqulombuso YamaKhomanisi AseShayina (1927–1949), Ukuqonululwa kweZwekazi iAfrika (mid-1950s to 1975), INguqulambuso yaseCuba ngowe-1959, INguqulambiso yase-Irani kanye neNguqulambuso yaseNikaragwa ngowe-1979,, siphethe ngokuvukela kwamaArabu ekuqaleni kowezi-2010.
uMsukagama
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Elithi inguqulambuso liyibizongxube elihlanganisa amagama inguqulo + umbuso. Leli gama libhekisela ekuguqukeni kombuso kusetshenziswa ezombusazwe, udlame noma ezinye izindlela ezihlanganisa nokuhleleka kwezenhlalo.
Incasiselo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]"Inguqulambuso" igama elisho izinguquko kwezenhlalo nakwezombusazwe.[6][7][8] UJeff Goodwin oluveza izincasiselo ezimbili. Ezokuqala, ebanzi, ihlanganisa "noma iziphi futhi zonke izehlo lapho umbuso (state) uketulwa khona bese uguqulwa umbutho wabantu ngendlela exakile, engekho kumthethosisekelo noma nodlame". Eyesibili, emcingo, yilapho "izinguqulambuso zihlanganisa ukuviva kwezinkumbi nokuguqulwa kombuso, ziphinde zihlanganise nenguquko eyisisekelo nesheshayo yezenhlalo, ezomnotho nezesiko, phakathi nayo noma ngemuva kokulwela amandla wombuso.
UJack Goldstone yena uchasisa inguqulombuso kanje:
"INguqulombuso iwumzamo wokuguqula izikhungo zezombusazwe nezihlanguzo zegunya lezombusazwe emphakathini, ohambisana nokuviviswa kwezinkumbi nezenzo ezingahlelekile ngokwezikhungo zokudicila iziphathimandla. Le ncasiselo ibanzi ngokwanele ukuba ingahlanganisa izehlakalo ezifana nezinguqukambiso ezaketula imibuso yamaKhomanisi, nezimpi zase-Afganistani. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lencasiselo iqine ngokwanele ukuba ingahlanganisi ukuketulwa, , izimpi zasekhaya, nokuvukela umbuso okungayebzi imizamo yokuletha izinguquko ezikhungwini noma izihlanguzo zegunya."[2]
Incasiselo kaGoldstone ishiya ngaphandle ukuguqukela kumbuso wabantu ngokuthula okwenziwa ngokuthi, njengoba kwenzeka eSpaniya, e-Argentina naseChile. Izifundiswa zangaphambili zazihlezi ziphikisana ngomehluko wenguqulambuso nempi yasekhaya.[3][9] Futhi babe funa ukwazi ukuthi ingabe inguqulombuso iphathelene yezombusazwe kuphela noma "iyinguqulo yezenhlalo ebanzi nebandakanyayo ekhinyabeza zonke izici zempilo emphakathini, ezihlanganisa ezomnotho, ezenkolo, ezomndeni nezombusazwe".[10]
Amaphatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ Skocpol, Theda (1979). States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511815805. ISBN 978-0-521-22439-0.
- 1 2 Goldstone, Jack (2001). "Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory". Annual Review of Political Science 4: 139–187. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.139.
- 1 2 Stone, Lawrence (1966). "Theories of Revolution" (in en). World Politics 18 (2): 159–176. doi:10.2307/2009694. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009694. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/theories-of-revolution/66CDA67FF55E08E0620257F0FDE14876.
- ↑ (Gunitsky 2018); (Gunitsky 2017); (Gunitsky 2021); (Reus-Smit 2013); (Fukuyama 1992); (Getachew 2019)
- ↑ Clarke, Killian (2023). "Revolutionary Violence and Counterrevolution". American Political Science Review 117 (4): 1344–1360. doi:10.1017/S0003055422001174. ISSN 0003-0554.
- ↑ Goldstone, Jack (1980). "Theories of Revolutions: The Third Generation". World Politics 32 (3): 425–453. doi:10.2307/2010111. JSTOR 2010111.
- ↑ Foran, John (1993). "Theories of Revolution Revisited: Toward a Fourth Generation". Sociological Theory 11 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/201977. JSTOR 201977.
- ↑ Kroeber, Clifton B. (1996). "Theory and History of Revolution". Journal of World History 7 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0056.
- ↑ Billington, James H. (1966). "Six Views of the Russian Revolution" (in en). World Politics 18 (3): 452–473. doi:10.2307/2009765. ISSN 1086-3338. JSTOR 2009765. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/six-views-of-the-russian-revolution/F41844384239517497C9A8AC94A70E4C.
- ↑ Yoder, Dale (1926). "Current Definitions of Revolution". American Journal of Sociology 32 (3): 433–441. doi:10.1086/214128. ISSN 0002-9602. JSTOR 2765544. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2765544.