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ISigcinamagugu

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ISigcinamagugu
The Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino in Santiago, Chile
Susannah Place in Sydney, Australia
The Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa, Canada
The Hong Kong Museum of Art in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
The House of Slaves in Gorée, Senegal
Diorama at the Indian Museum in Kolkata, India
Gallery at the Sukiennice Museum in Kraków, Poland
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ISigcinamagugu siyisikhungo esizinikezelwe ekubukiseni nasekukhwezeni izinto ezibalulekile ngokwesiko noma ngokwenzululwazi. Izigcinamagugu eziningi zinemibukiso yalezi zinto eboniswa umphakathi, kanti ezinye zinezingqoqelelo ezingabukiswa umphakathi ezisetshenziswa abacwaningi nongoti. ISigcinamagugu sigcina izinto eziningi futhi sivame ukuhlozinga engqikithini ethile, njengobuciko, inzululwazi , umlando wemvelo, noma umlando wendawo . Izigcinamagugu eziba nemibukiso kanye nemiboniso exhumanayo zivame ukuba yizindawo ezikhanga izivakashi, futhi eziningi zidonsa inani elikhulu lezivakashi ezivela ngaphandle kwezwe, kanti izigcinamagugu ezivakashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni ziheha izigidi zezivakashi minyaka yonke.

Kusukela kwasungulwa isigcinamagugu sokuqala esaziwayo ezikhathini zasendulo, isigcinamagugu besilokhu siyamaniswa nezakwangqondonkulu kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinto ezingavamile. Izigcinamagugu zasungulwa njengezingqoelelo zangasese zezinto ezithakazelisayo, futhi kuze kwaba ngemva kwesikhathi eside lapho ukugcizelela ekufundiseni umphakathi kwaqala khona.

uMsukagama

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Igama lesiZulu elithi isigcinamagugu liyibizombaxa elihlanganiswe kanje isigcina (ukugcina) + amagugu. Lisho indawo noma isakhiwo elinikezelwe ekulondolozeni noma ekukhwezeni izinto eziyigugu, ngokobuciko, ngokwesiko noma ngokwenzululwazi. [1]

Ibomu

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Izivakashi zihlola izinntshicwa eziboniswe eSigcinamagugu Sikazwelonke saseIran eTehran, e-Iran

Izigcinamagugu umsebenzi wazo ukuqoqa, ukukhweza, ukuhlakahla, nokubukisa izinto ezibalulekile ngokwesiko, ngokomlando, noma ngokwenzululwazi. Imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko ihlanganisa ukuphatha ifagugu lezizukulwane ezizayo kanye nokwenza lula imfundo ngemibukiso nezinhlelo ezihambisana nezifundo zakwangqondonkulu. [2] [3]

Izimpokophelo zemfundo zihlala zibalulekile, lapho izigcinamagugu zibeka izinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile zokusekela ukufunda okusemthethweni nokungahlelekile. Inhlangano ebizwa American Alliance of Museums (AAM) ibika ukuthi izigcinamagugu zaseMelika zinikela ngamahora okufundisa angaphezu kwezigidi ezili-18 minyaka yonke ngokuvakasha okuqondiswayo, imibukiso ehanjiswa kubantu, kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwabafundisi ezikoleni. [3] Imithelela yezomnotho nayo inomthelela endimeni yazo yomphakathi, njengoba izigcinamagugu zidala imisebenzi, zikhuthaza ezokuvakasha, futhi zinikela ngemali engenayo yentela, kanti i-AAM ilinganisa umnikelo wayo we-GDP waminyaka yonke ku-$50 billion.

Imisebenzi yesigcinamagugu uyahlukahluka kuye ngenhlozingo yezikhungo. Ezinye zibeka imfundo phambili ngokusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzisanayo. Ezinye zifuna izithameli ezithile, njengezinhlangano zenkolo noma zomlando wendawo, kuyilapho izigcinamagugu zikazwelonke zifuna ukufinyeleleka kabanzi. Izingqoqelelo zihlelwa ngokwamaphumamlonyeni enhloso, alawula izinqubomgomo zokuthenga kanye nemikhuba yokulondoloza.

Imizamo yokulondoloza ibhekana nokuwohloka kwezinto kanye nezinselele zokucondoza. Isincomo se-UNESCO sowezi-2015 sigcizelela isidingo sokulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezinto okungekho emthethweni kanye nokukhuthaza izindlela zokulondoloza, njengokuqoqonga kwamazingakushisa alawulwayo kanye nokuqogelela kwezezibhangqiwe. Lezi zinyathelo ziqinisekisa ubuqotho obubonakalayo bezinto zobuciko ngenkathi zilandela izindinganiso zocwaningo lwemvelaphi, ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezitholakale ngesikhathi samakoloni. [4]

Ukuguquka kwebomu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

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Ngekhulu le-19, isiginamagugu sasihlozinge kakhulu ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi nasekuhleleni izingqoqelelo, ikakhulukazi iminyanyali yomlando wemvelo. Zazihlose ukujinja nokufunda izinto, ezazivame ukuqoqwa ngokuhlwaywa kanye nobuqoneli. Izigcinamagugu kwakuyizindawo zezazi kodwa zaqala ukuvulekela umphakathi ukuze zifundise futhi zithuthukise umphakathi. [5] [6] [7] Izikhungo ezifana neSmithsonian Institution zigcina amakhono okucwaninga kodwa ziwahlanganisa nemisebenzi "yokwandisa nokusabalalisa ulwazi", njengoba kuchaziwe encwadini yokusungula kaJames Smithson. [8]

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izigcinamagugu zazihlozinge ekuqoqeni, ekufundeni, nasekulondolozeni amalondolondo, zigcizelela ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi kanye nokuba yiqiniso. Imibukiso yayigxile kongoti, ivame ukubeka phambili izinto ngokwazo kunokuhlangenwe nakho kwezivakashi. Engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20, ukuxhaswa ngemali okuncishisiwe kukahulumeni kwafuqa izigcinamagugu ukuba zithembele kakhulu ekusekelweni kwangasese futhi zhlozinge ekuheheni izivakashi ukuze zithole imali engenayo. Lolu shintsho luholele kuzigcinamagugu ezibeka phambili ukuzibandakanya komphakathi, imibukiso esebenzisana nabanye, kanye neminikelo yezomnotho kunocwaningo lwendabuko kanye nokuqoqa. [9] [10] [11]

Ekhulwini lama-21, izigcinamagugu zihlozinge ekubeni ezifinyeleleka kalula kuyo yonke indawo kanye nokubandakanya wonke umuntu. Zisebenzisa amathuluzi ezezibhangqiwe ukufinyelela izithameli eziningi ngokuvakasha okubonakalayo kanye nezingqoqelelo zakuxhakaxholo. Izigcinamagugu zikhuthaza izingxoxo mayelana nezinkinga zomphakathi zamanje futhi zihlose ukumela imiphakathi eyahlukahlukene. Nakuba ukulondolozwa nokuboniswa kwezinto kusabalulekile, izigcinamagugu manje ziyizindawo zokuxoxisana kanye noshintsho emphakathini. [12]

Izinhlobo

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Imithombo yamzukwana iwumbukiso weSigcinamagugu Sezimoto saseHague eNetherland, esingabhekwa njengesigcinamagugu somlando noma sezobuchwepheshe.
Umongo

Ayikho indinganiso enqunyiwe yezinhlobo zezigcinamagugu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isindlalozwe sezigcinamagugu asiseyona into eyodwa, okwenza kungabi okufanele ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezingokwenkambiso ukuze kuchazwe izinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezigcwele umhlaba namuhla. Kodwa, kungaba usizo ukujinjwa izigcinamagugu nezindlela ezihlukene sisebenzisa imibono ehlukene. Izigcinamagugu ziyahluka ngokobungako, njengoba kunezikhungo ezinkulu kube nezincane ezihlonzinga Izinto ezikhethekile, njengendawo, umuntu noma inkathi ethile. Izigcinamagugu zingasekelwa nasemthonjeni wazo wezimali: kuhulumeni Kazwelonke, wezifundazwe, izifunda, amaNyuvesi; izidli nemiphakathi; ngisho nezangasese.[13]

Kwezinye izikhathi kungaba usizo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigcinamagugu ezi-diachronic ezihlakahla indlela isihloko sazo esithuthuke futhi saguqula ngayo ekuhambeni kwesikhathi (e.g., ISigcinamagugu seLower East Side Tenement neSigcinamagugu esiDiachronic saseLarissa), kanye nezigcinamagugu ezi-synchronic ezihlakahla indlela isihloko sazo esibe khona ngayo esikhathini esithille (e.g., uMuzi kaAnne Frank neColonial Williamsburg). NgokukaSolwazi Eric Kilgerman weNyuvesi yaseFlorida, "Njengoba isigcinamagugu okuvela kuso isilabdiso esithile ezindlini sazo kuthiwa si-diachronic, izigcinamagugu ezikhawula isikhala sazo endaben eyodwa kuthiwa zona zi-synchronic."[14]

Encwadini yakhe ethi Civilizing the Museum (Ukuphucula iSigcinamagugu), umbhali uElaine Heumann Gurian uphakamisa ukuthi kunezigaba ezinhlanu zezigcinamagugu ngokusekelwe enhlosweni yazo hhayi esiqikilini sazo: ezigxile ezintweni, zesilandiso, ezigxile kumkhozi, ezigxile emphakathini, nezikazwelonke.[15]

IZigcinamagugu zingajinjwa ngokwamaqembu amakhulu kulandela uhlobo lwezingqoqelelo ezibukiswayo, ezihlanganisa: ubuciko obufine, ubuciko obusetshenziswayo, applied arts, craft, Ezemivubukulo, Umchazaluntu nomchazahlanga, Isichazampilo, Umlando, uMlando ongokwesiko, Inzululwazi, Ubuchwepheshe, Izigcinamagugu zezingane, uMlando wemvelo, Isivange sezimila nezivande zezNgaboboka. Bese phakathi kwalezi zigaba, kukhona Izigcinamagugu ezicishezayo, ngokwesibonelo, izigcinamagugu zobuciko banamuhla, zobuciko bomdabu, zomlando wendawo, zomlando wezempi, zomlando wezokundiza, ezolimo nezomchazamphansi. Ubungako bamaqoqo wezigcinamagugu yibona obunquma ubungako besigcinamagugu, kuyilapho isimo sengqoqelelo sikhwentuza ukuthi isigcinamagugu sinhloboni. Izigcinamagugu eziningi zivame ukuba ngophawu oluthi "ingqoqelelo yaphakade" ngokuphathelene nezinto elizogcinayo ezibalulekile elicusheza kuzo, futhi zinokuba nemibukiso ethinta "amaqoqo akhethekile" ngesikhathi ezithile.[citation needed]

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

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Lolu uhlu oluzokunika umqondo wezinhlobo zezigcinamagugu, nakuba zingabaliwe zonke ngokuningilizayo.

  • Isigcinamagugu Sezolo
  • Isigcinamagugu Sezokwakha
  • [mIsigxibamagugu Sezemivubukulo
  • Isigcinamagugu Sobuciko
  • Isigcinamagugu Sezimoto
  • ISigcinamagugu Sezindiza
  • ISigcinamagugu Sokuklama
  • ISigcinamagugu Sesichazampilo
  • ISgcinamagugu Sezingane
  • ISigcinamagugu Somphakathi
  • ISigcinamagugu Sengqoqelolwazi
  • ISigcinamagugu Somdabu
  • ISigcinamagugu Sendlu Yomlando
  • ISiza Somlando
  • uMlando Ophilayo
  • IIsgcinamagugu Sendawo
  • ISigcinamagugu Sezasolwandle
  • ISigcinamagugu Sezokwelapha
  • ISigcinamagugu Senkumbulo
  • ISigcinamagugu Sezempi
  • ISigcinamagugu Somlando Wemvelo
  • ISigconamagugu Esivulekile
  • ISigcinamagugi Senzululwazi
  • ISigcinamagugu Esikuxhakaxholo

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ Dunn, Jimmy. "Ptolemy I Soter, The First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty". Tour Egypt. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 5 April 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Missions and objectives". International Council of Museums (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  3. 1 2 "Museums and P-12 Education". American Alliance of Museums (in i-English). 2017-12-18. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  4. ↑ "World Heritage Sites and Museums". World Heritage. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 83. April 2017.
  5. ↑ "The Rise of Museums". Open Learning (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  6. ↑ "Khan Academy". www.khanacademy.org (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  7. ↑ Abt, Jeffery (2006). Macdonald, Sharon, ed. "The Origins of the Public Museum." A Companion to Museum Studies. Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4443-3405-0.
  8. ↑ "James Smithson Society". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 March 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ "The Unexpected Logic of Art Economics: Arts and Inequality in 1980s New York". The Gotham Center for New York City History (in i-English). 2020-03-05. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  10. ↑ Haimerl, Amy (2021-03-03). "What Keeps U.S. Art Museums Running—and How Might the Pandemic Change That?". ARTnews.com (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  11. ↑ "The NEA and NEH Funding Crisis". www.upenn.edu. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-05-19.
  12. ↑ Autry, La Tanya; Murawski, Mike (Fall 2019). "Museums Are Not Neutral: We Are Stronger Together". Panorama, Journal of the Association of Historians of American Art. UMN Libraries Publishing. 5 (2).
  13. ↑ Ginsburgh, Victor; Mairesse, François (1997). "Defining a Museum: Suggestions for an Alternative Approach". Museum Management and Curatorship. Routledge. 16: 15–33. doi:10.1016/S0260-4779(97)00003-4.
  14. ↑ Kilgerman, Eric. Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts Archived 8 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine., p. 255 (2007).
  15. ↑ Heumann Gurian, Elaine (May 17, 2006). The Collected Writings of Elaine Heumann Gurian. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–56.
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