Ifagugu lesiko
Ifagugu lesiko liyifa elibonakalayo nelingabonakali leqembu noma umphakathi elizuzwe ezizukulwaneni ezedlule. Akuwona wonke amafa ezizukulwane ezedlule "angamafagugu". Kunalokho, ifagugu likhethwa amalungu omphakathi.[1]
Ifagugu lesiko lihlanganisa isiko elibonakalayo (njengezakhiwo, izikhumbuzo, izindawo, imibhalo egciniwe, izincwadi, imisebenzi yobuciko, kanye namalondolondo), Isiko elingabonakali (njengezinganekwane, izinkambiso, ulimi, nolwazi), kanye nefa elingokwemvelo (elibandakanya izindawo ezibalulekile ngokwesiko, nenkithinkithi yemvelo). Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa maqondana nezindaba ezihlobene nokuvikelwa nempahla yomqondo yombomdabu.[2]
Isinyathelo sebomu sokugcina ifagugu lesiko ezizukulwaneni ezizayo saziwa ngokuthi ubulondolozi ngesiZulu noma ukulondolozwa. Lo mbono ukhuthazwa iMilondoloza yamasiko nomlando kanye Izikhungo zamasiko, yize la magama angase abe nezincazelo eziqondile noma zobuchule ezimweni ezifanayo kolunye ulimi. Ifagugu elilondoloziwe seliphenduke insika yomkhakha wezokuvakasha womhlaba wonke, umnikeli omkhulu wenani lezomnotho emiphakathini yendawo.[1]
Ukulondolozwa okungokomthetho kwempahla yamasiko kuhlanganisa izivumelwano eziningi zamazwe omhlaba nemithetho kazwelonke. I-United Nations, I-UNESCO, kanye ne-I-Blue Shield International zihilelekile ekuvikeleni amafagugu amasiko. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ekuhlanganisweni kokugcina ukuthula kweZizwe Ezihlangene.[3][4]
Izinhlobo zefagugu
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Impahla engokwesiko
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Impahla yesiko ihlanganisa ifagugu elingokoqobo, eliphathekayo, elifana nemisebenzi yobuciko. Lemisebenzi ivame ukuhlukaniswa kabili kube ifagugu elidikizisekayo nelingadikiziseki. Ifagugu elingadikiziseki lihlanganisa izakhiwo (ngokwazo eziqukethe ubuciko obufana nezingofoza, amawindi engilazi ebheciwe) , izakhiwo ezinkulu zezimboni imiklamo yokuhlala, noma izindawo zomlando nezikhumbuzo. Ifagugu elidikizisekayo lihlanganisa izincwadi, Imiqulu, imisebenzi yobuciko, izinguxa, izingubo, namanye amalondolondo, abhekwa njengafanele ukulondolozelwa ingomuso. Lawa ahlanganisa Izinto ezibalulekile kwezemivubukulo, ezokwakha, inzululwazi, nezobuchwepheshe zalelosiko.
Izici nemikhakha yokukhwezwa nokulondolozwa kwesiko elibobakalayo zihkanganisa:
- Museology
- Inzululwazi yokuqogelela
- Ukulondolozwa (ifagugu lesiko)
- Ukulondolozwa kobuciko
- Ukulondolozwa kwemivubukulo
- Ukulondolozwa kwezakhiwo
- Ukukhweza ngengqayi
- Ukukhweza ngefonografi
- Ukukhweza ngezezibhangqiwe
Isiko elingabonakali
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
"Ifagugu lesiko elingabonakali" lihlanganisa izici okungezona ezoqobo zalelo siko, esivame ukunakekelwa ngezinkambo ezingokwenhlalo zaleyo ngathi yomlando. Lezi zihlanganisa izindlela zokuziphatha emphakathini nemithetho yokuba ingxenye yesimo salelo siko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izizima zenhlalo, izinkambiso, izinjwayelo nemikhuba, umbalazi nezinkolelo ezingokomoya, imisebenzi yobuciko, uLimi, nezinye izici zobuqhebeqhebe babantu. Ukubaluleka kwamalondolondo aphathelayo kungahlakahlwa ngokuthi ngesenzo sesizima esingokwenhlalomnotho, ezombusazwe, ezobuhlanga, ezenkolo, nezenjulalwazi zalelo siko. Ngokwemvelo, ifagugu lesiko elingabonakali kunzima ukulikhweza ukwedlula amalondolondo.
Izici zokukhwezwa nokulondolozwa kwezinto ezingokwesiko ezingabonkali zihlanganisa:
- Amagugu esintu
- UMlando oxoxwayo
- Ukulondolozwa kolimi
Ifagugu lemvelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]"Ifagugu elungokwemvelo" liyingxenye ebalulekile yefagugu yomphakathi, ehlanganisa indawo esemakhaya nesimondawo semvelo, kuhlanganisa nezitshalo nezilwane, ngokwenzululwazi ezaziwa ngokuthi inkithinkithi yeziphili, kanye nezici zomchazamphansi, ngokwenzululwazi ezaziwa ngokuthi inkithinkithi yomhlaba. Lezi zinhlobo zeziza zefagugu zivame ukuba isigcoyi esibalulekile semboni yezokuvakasha ezweni, ziheha inqwaba yezivakashi zaphesheya nezasendaweni. Ifagugu lingahlanganisa nezindlalozwe ezingokwesiko (ulwangu lemvelo olubalulekile ngokwesiko).
Izici zokulhwezwa nokulondolozwa lwefagugu elingokwemvelo zihlanganisa:
- Ukulondolozwa lwenzalo eyivelakancane
- Izitshalo zeHeirloom
Ifagugu lezezibhangqiwe
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ifagugu lezezibhangqiwe lakhiwa Izinto ezisekelwe-ngesicikizi ezifana nomqhafazo, izizindamininingo, imifanekiso, imisindo, namahlelokusebenza ezigcinelwa izizukulwane ezizayo.[5] Ifagugu lezezibhangqiwe lihlanganisa Izinto eziphathekayo ezifana nesibhalo esezibhangisiwe ukuze zigcinwe namalondolondo "azalwe ngokwezezibhangqiwe", okusho ukuthi enziwe ngokwezezibhangqiwe futhi awakaze abe ngokoqobo.
Ifagugu lezezibhangqiwe liphinde lihlanganise iziqoshwa zobuhlonzi obubonwayo, ezihlanganisa ukulondolozwa kwezinhkanga zezimpawu zohwebo, nokuguquka kwezimpawu. Lezi zici zinegalelo enkumbulweni engokwesiko njengoba ziqopha indlela izimpawu ezibonwayo ezaguquka ngayo ekuhambeni kwesikhathi nokuthi zibhekwa kanjani ngokwenhlalo, ngokwezentengiselwano, nangokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe. Imiqogelelo efana nalena iveza inqubeko engokomlando ekuhlabeni inhlanga, ihlinzeka abacwaningi naosomlando bokuklama ngamaphatho.[6] Ucwaningo lakamuva lusebenzise inhlolasithombe (photogrammetry) yomgwamo omkhulu nokugqya ngemingakontathu (3D scanning) ukuze luhlaziye amavuvu okungxwaba aseGrisi neRoma lasendulo, okubonisa ukuthi izindlelasu zezezibhangqiwe zingalekelela ekwakheni kabusha nasekubhaleni ngamalondolondo angokwesiko ayizimvingimvingi.[7][8]
Amaphatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- 1 2 Logan, William S. (2007). "Closing Pandora's Box: Human Rights Conundrums in Cultural Heritage". In Silverman, Helaine; Ruggles, D. Fairchild. Cultural heritage and human rights. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 9780387713137. OCLC 187048155.
- ↑ "Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property (ICIP) (AITB)". Arts Law Centre of Australia. 18 April 2011. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 21 July 2021.
- ↑ "UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999"."UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999".
- ↑ "Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict". UNIFIL. 12 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 May 2025. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 23 August 2026."Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict" Archived 2025-05-15 at the Wayback Machine.. UNIFIL. 12 April 2019.
- ↑ Unesco, Concept of digital herigate, accessed 9 May 2023
- ↑ Information sourced from Logo Heritage, a digital archive dedicated to documenting historical and contemporary logo design.
- ↑ Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2025-12-20). "From fragments to faces: using metrological analysis for artefact re-identification and provenience attribution". npj Heritage Science (in i-English). 13 (1): 673. doi:10.1038/s40494-025-02218-4. ISSN 3059-3220.
- ↑ Rindi Nuzzolo, Carlo (2026-02-13). "3D scanning and shape analysis help archaeologists connect objects across space and time to recover their lost histories". The Conversation (in i-English). doi:10.64628/AAI.9qpf3hsrt. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-02-26.