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Inyoka

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Inyoka

Inkathi eyayiphila kuso: Emaphethelweni enkathi yomcako–namuhla[1]
Intaca enemithende yesifundazwe iPhang-nga (46710893582)
Intaca enemithende (''Trimeresurus sabahi fucatus'')
Umjinjo wenzululwazi e
UMbuso: Wezilwane
UmHibatho: Esinejonqa
IsiGaba: Isihuquzi
UHlelo: Ezinamazenge (Squamata)
Igatsaha: Ezineloyi (toxicofora)
Igatsha: Izintacazana (ophidia)
Uhlelozansi: Izinyokana

Linneuas, 1758

Izinyoka yizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezingenazingalo zohlelozansi lwezinamazenge olubizwa izinyoka.[2] Zihlobene eduze izibankwa kanye ne tuatara, izinyoka ziyi ectothermic, I amniote, izilwane eziphefumula umoya ezinomzimba omude we Iike ombozwe amazenga ahlangene, futhi zihamba zisebenzisa noma yi waliding, i rectinear, i concertina, i sidewinding noma i slide pushing locomotions, nezinye izinhlobo ze arboreal ngisho nezikwazi ukundiza okufushane ngokukhumeza Izimbambo ukuze ziphakame. Izinyoka zinamagebhezi anezithambo ezimbalwa kakhulu kanye namalunga amaningi ahamba kakhulu (okungukuthi i cranial kinesis) kunezihlobo zazo zezibankwa, okuzenza zikwazi ukwelula kakhulu umlomo futhi zigwinye isisulu esikhulu kakhulu kunamakhanda azo. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemizimba yazo emincane, izinso zezinyoka ezihlangene (njengezinso) zivela emaceleni, futhi eziningi zinemaphaphu elilodwa kuphela alisbenzayo. Naphezu kokuba Ama tetrapod avela kwi cladistic prospective, izinyoka azinazo izitho ngokuphelele, yize ama pythons nama boids egcina ibhande le pelvic eliyinsalela. Ezinye izibankwa nazo ziye zaziveza ngokuzimela umzimba omude onjengenyoka ongenayo imilenze noma onemilenze encishisiwe kakhulu okungenani izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili nanhlanu ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuholela ezinhlotsheni eziningi Izibankwa ezingenamilenze, [3] ezinezinzwane zamehlo, izindlebe zangaphandle kanye nolimi olunenyama olungenayo imilenzi izinyoka, yize lo mthetho ungekho emhlabeni wonke.

Izinyoka zivame ukuhlala emhlabeni futhi zisakazeke kabanzi, futhi izinhlobo ekhona zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe Antarctica, futhi eziqhingini eziningi ngaphandle kwe Ireland, i Iceland, IGreenland Iziqhingi zaseNew Zealand, kanye neziqhingi eziningi ezincane ze Atlantic ne Central Pacific Ocean.[4] Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu ase-aquatic afana izinyoka zasolwandle asakazeke kuzo zonke izifunda zase Indo Pacific, kuyilapho izinyoka zasemanzini zitholakala emhlabeni wonke. imindeni engaba ngu 30 iyaqashelwa njengamanje, ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu 520 nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-4,170.[5] Zihluka ngobukhulu kusuka ku Barbados threadsnake encane, engamasentimitha angu 10.4 ubude (amain-4,1) [6] kuya ku-i-reticulated python efinyelela ku-6.95 ubude.[7] Izinhlobo zezinsalela ze-I-Titanoboa cerrejonensis zazingaba amamitha angu-12.8 (42 ubude.[8] Izinyoka kucatshangwa ukuthi zavela kubhazimula noma izibankwa zasemanzini, mhlawumbe ngenkathi yeJurassic, nezinsalela zokuqala ezaziwayo phakathi kuka-143 no-167 Ma edlule.[9][10] Mina" typeof="mw:Entity"> Ukuhlukahluka kwezinyoka zanamuhla kwavela ngenkathi I-Paleocene (c. 66 kuya ku-56 Ma edlule, ngemuva kwesenzakalo sokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene).   Izincazelo ezindala kakhulu ezilondoloziwe zezinyoka zingatholakala ku-I-Brooklyn Papyrus.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoka azinabo Ubuthi, futhi izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi zisebenzisa ubuthi bazo ngokuyinhloko ukukhubaza nokubulala izisulu kunokuba zizivikele. Ubuthi be-snake buhanjiswa ngesikhathi ukuluma ngamazinyo anezimbobo / anezimbotshana futhi buqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zobuthi obuhlanganisa ama-neurotoxins, ama-hemotoxins. Izinyoka ezingenabo ubuthi zivame ukunqoba isisulu ngokufinyela ngaphambi kokugwinya isisulu siphila noma ukubulala ngokuziklinya ngaphambi kokugwinya sonke. Lapho zivalelwe, izinyoka zivame ukudliwa izisulu ezibulewe ngaphambili ngoba Ukudla okuphilayo njengamagundane kungalwa futhi kulimaze izinyoka ngesikhathi sokudla.

  1. ↑ Template:FishBase family
  2. ↑ Reeder TW, Townsend TM, Mulcahy DG, Noonan BP, Wood PL, Sites JW, Wiens JJ (2015). "Integrated analyses resolve conflicts over squamate reptile phylogeny and reveal unexpected placements for fossil taxa". PLOS ONE. 10 (3). Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1018199R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118199. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4372529. PMID 25803280. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Wiens JJ, Brandley MC, Reeder TW (January 2006). "Why does a trait evolve multiple times within a clade? Repeated evolution of snakelike body form in squamate reptiles" (PDF). Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 60 (1): 123–41. Bibcode:2006Evolu..60..123W. doi:10.1554/05-328.1. PMID 16568638. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 21 January 2023. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Bauchot, Roland, ed. (1994). Snakes: A Natural History. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4027-3181-5.
  5. ↑ "Search results for Higher taxa: snake". The Reptile Database. Hamburg Museum of Zoology. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 February 2025.
  6. ↑ Hedges, S. Blair (4 August 2008). "At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1841: 1–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2008. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 4 August 2008. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Fredriksson, G. M. (2005). "Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 (1): 165–168. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Head JJ, Bloch JI, Hastings AK, Bourque JR, Cadena EA, Herrera FA, et al. (February 2009). "Giant boid snake from the Palaeocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures". Nature. 457 (7230): 715–7. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H. doi:10.1038/nature07671. PMID 19194448. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Perkins, Sid (27 January 2015). "Fossils of oldest known snakes unearthed". news.sciencemag.org. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 January 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Caldwell MW, Nydam RL, Palci A, Apesteguía S (January 2015). "The oldest known snakes from the Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution". Nature Communications. 6. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.5996C. doi:10.1038/ncomms6996. hdl:11336/37995. PMID 25625704. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)

Families

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Uhlelophansi Izintacaqobo (Alethinophidia) imindeni engama-25
UmNdeni Umbhali Uzalo Umqhinqa Igama Indawo yokuhlala[1]
Ezinezinkumpa (Acrochordidae) Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 1831 1 3 Wart snakes Western India and Sri Lanka through tropical Southeast Asia to the Philippines, south through the Indonesian/Malaysian island group to Timor, east through New Guinea to the northern coast of Australia to Mussau Island, the Bismarck Archipelago and Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands.
Ezigwemilanga (Aniliidae) Stejneger, 1907 1 1 False coral snake Tropical South America.
Ezifukuzayo (Anomochilidae) Cundall, Wallach, 1993 1 3 Dwarf pipe snakes West Malaysia and on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
Ezimnyonyovu (Atractaspididae) Günther, 1858 12 72 Burrowing asps Africa and the Middle East
Boidae Gray, 1825 14 61 Boas Northern, Central and South America, the Caribbean, southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, Northern, Central and East Africa, Madagascar and Reunion Island, the Arabian Peninsula, Central and southwestern Asia, India and Sri Lanka, the Moluccas and New Guinea through to Melanesia and Samoa.
Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946 2 2 Splitjaw snakes Mauritius.
Colubridae Oppel, 1811 258[2] 2055[2] Typical snakes Widespread on all continents, except Antarctica.[3]
Cyclocoridae Weinell & Brown, 2017 5 8 Cyclocorids The Philippines
Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 1 14 Asian pipe snakes Sri Lanka east through Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and the Malay Archipelago to as far east as Aru Islands off the southwestern coast of New Guinea. Also found in southern China (Fujian, Hong Kong and on Hainan Island) and in Laos.
Elapidae Boie, 1827 55 389 Elapids On land, worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, except in Europe. Sea snakes occur in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific.[4]
Homalopsidae Bonaparte, 1845 28 53 Homalopsids Southeastern Asia and northern Australia.
Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 16 89 Lamprophiids (formerly included Atracaspididae, Psammophiidae, and several other families) Africa (including the Seychelles)
Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 1 1 Mexican burrowing snake Along the Pacific versant from Mexico south to Costa Rica.
Micrelapidae Das et al., 2023 1 4 Two-headed snakes Eastern Africa and the Levant
Pareidae Romer, 1956 3 20 Snail-eating snakes Southeast Asia and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).
Prosymnidae Kelly, Barker, Villet & Broadley, 2009 1 16 Shovel-snout snakes Subsaharan Africa
Psammodynastidae Das et al., 2024 1 2 Mock vipers Tropical Asia
Psammophiidae Bourgeois, 1968 8 55 Psammophiids Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and southern Europe
Pseudaspididae Cope, 1893 2 2 Pseudaspidids Subsaharan Africa
Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling, 1975 22 89 Pseudoxyrhophiids Mostly Madagascar and the Comoros; 5 species in subsaharan Africa, 1 in Socotra
Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826 8 40 Pythons Subsaharan Africa, India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.
Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951 2 34 Dwarf boas West Indies; also Panama and northwestern South America, as well as in northwestern and southeastern Brazil.
Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 8 55 Shield-tailed snakes Southern India and Sri Lanka.
Viperidae Oppel, 1811 35 341 Vipers The Americas, Africa, and Eurasia east to Wallace's Line.
Xenodermidae Cope, 1900 6 18 Dragon and odd-scaled snakes East Asia, Southern and southeastern Asia, and islands on the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and their surrounding smaller islands).
Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 1 2 Sunbeam snakes Southeast Asia from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east through Myanmar to southern China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies to Sulawesi, as well as the Philippines.
Xenophidiidae Wallach & Günther, 1998 1 2 Spine-jawed snakes Borneo and peninsular Malaysia.


Infraorder Scolecophidia 5 families
Family[2] Taxon author[2] Genera[2] Species[2] Common name Geographic range[1]
Anomalepidae Taylor, 1939 4 18 Primitive blind snakes From southern Central America to northwestern South America. Disjunct populations in northeastern and southeastern South America.
Gerrhopilidae Vidal, Wynn, Donnellan and Hedges 2010 2 18 Indo-Malayan blindsnakes Southern and southeastern Asia, including Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and New Guinea.
Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1892 13 139 Slender blind snakes Africa, western Asia from Turkey to northwestern India, on Socotra Island, from the southwestern United States south through Mexico and Central to South America, though not in the high Andes. In Pacific South America they occur as far south as southern coastal Peru, and on the Atlantic side as far as Uruguay and Argentina. In the Caribbean they are found on the Bahamas, Hispaniola and the Lesser Antilles.
Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820 18 266 Typical blind snakes Most tropical and many subtropical regions around the world, particularly in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, islands in the Pacific, tropical America and in southeastern Europe.
Xenotyphlopidae Vidal, Vences, Branch and Hedges 2010 1 1 Round-nosed blindsnake Northern Madagascar.

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. 1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "NRDB-Cs".
  3. ↑ Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.; Ashe, J. (2004). A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
  4. ↑ Template:NRDB family
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