IsiKhungo esiNgqangi sezobuNhloli

isiKhungo esiNgqangi sezobuNhloli (ngesiNgisi: Central Intelligence Agency; isifingqo: CIA; ukukhulunywa ngokwe-IPA: / ˌsiː.aɪˈeɪ/ ) iyisikhungo noma ihhovisi lwohulumeni kazwelonke weziFundazwe eziBumbene zaseMelika yezobunhloli engekho ngaphansi kwamabutho ahlomileyo yangaphesheya eqoqa, ehlaziya, futhi ehlinzeka ubunhloli kuhulumeni nokuqhuba izinhlelo noma imikhankaso yokuthuthukisa izinhloso okwezophepho zaseMelika kanye nokugcina izimfihlo zophepho kazwelonke. Indlunkulu yalesikhungo iseGeorge Bush Center for Intelligence eLangley, eVirginia, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngegama elithi "Langley". Ilungu elimqoka lwoMphakathi wezobuNholi wesiFundazwe eziBumbene (ngesiNgisi: United States Intelligence Community), i-CIA ibike kuMqondisi wezobuNhloli zikaZwelonke kusukela izi-2004, futhi igxile ekuhlinzekeni ngolwazi kuMengameli waseMelika kanye neKhabhinethi, yize futhi ihlinzeka ngolwazi kwezinye izikhungo ezahlukahlukene, lokhu kubandakanya amaButho aHlomileyo aseMelika kanye nabalingani zamazwe angaphandle.

I-CIA iholwa ngumqondisi futhi ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha ahlukahlukene, kubandakanya iHhoviso loMqondisi wezokuHlaziya (Directorate of Analysis) kanye neHhovisi loMqondisi woMgidingo (Directorate of Operations). I-CIA ihlukile kwiHhovisi likaZwelonke lezoPhenyo (i-FBI) ngoba ayinawo umsebenzi wokuphoqelela umthetho futhi igxile ekuqoqweni kobunhloli phesheya kwezilwandle, kepha i-FBI iqoqa ubunhloli basekhaya kuphela. I-CIA igunyazwe ukuqondisa yonke imisebenzi yobunhloli babantu (Human Intelligence) eMphakatini wezobuNhloli. i-CIA ibe negalelo elikhulu ekusungulweni kwezinsizakalo zobunhloli emazweni amaningi, futhi isekele izinhlangano eziningi zakwamanye amazwe. I-CIA iqhuba ithonya layo kwezombangazwe emazweni wangaphandle ngamaphiko ayo ezihlomileyo, isib., iZiko lemiSebenzi eKhethelikeyo (Special Activities Centre). Iphinde yahlinzeka ukwesekwa kumaqembu wezombusazwe namahulumeni wamazwe angaphandle, njengokukuhlela, ukuxhumanisa, ukuqeqesha nokuziswa abantu ubuhlungu okwenyama nengqondo, kanye nokusekelwa okobuchwepheshe. Ihileleke ekumenulweni kwemibuso kanye nokuhlela nokufeza kokubulawa kwabaholi nabosombangazwe bakwamanye amazwe kanye nokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kubantu bomphakathi.

Ngenkhathi yeMpi yoMhlabawonke yesiBili, imisebenzi yezobunhloli yaseMelika kanye nemisebenzi eyimfihlo yayiqhutshwa yiHhovisi loMgidingo wezeQhingasu (i-Office for Strategic Operations). Leli hhovisi lachithwa nge-1945 nguMengameli uHarry S. Truman, owasungula iQembu eNgqangi yezobuNhloli (i-Central Intelligence Group) nge-1946. Phakathi kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi eyayiqhubeka ngamandla, uMthetho Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke owe-1947 wasungula i-CIA. Umthetho wesiKhungo esiNgqangi sezobuNhloli owe-1949 wawukhulula le nhlangano ekuphendulekweni okuningi kwuMgwamanda, futhi kusukela 1950, yaba insiza emqoka lenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseMelika. I-CIA yasebenzisa impi yengqondo ngokumelene nemibuso yoCosulelwano, futhi yasekela ukugumbuqelwa kombuso ukuze ithuthukise izintshisekelo zaseMelika. Imisebenzi emikhulu esekelwa yi-CIA ihlanganisa ukuvukela umbuso ngo-1953 e-Irani, ukuvukela umbuso ngo-1954 eGuatemala, ukuhlasela kwe-Bay of Pigs eCuba ngo-1961, kanye nokuvukela umbuso ngo-1973 eTshile . Ngo-1975, iKomidi kaChurch leSenate yase-US lembula imisebenzi engekho emthethweni efana ne-MKUltra kanye ne-CHAOS . Ngeshumi le-1980, i-CIA yasekela ama -mujahideen ase-Afghanistan ngokusebenzisana ne-ISI yasePakistan, kanye nama-Nicaragua Contras, futhi ngemva kwenhlaselo yomhla ka-11 kukaMandulo ngezi-2001, yadlala indima eMpini Yomhlaba Wonke Yobuphekula .