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Isidabuko sesintu

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Isidabuko sesintu
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Isidabuko sesintu is located in South Africa
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Indawo South Africa
Uhlobo Cultural: iii, vi
Amaphatho 915
Ukwamukelwa 1999 (Template:Ordinal Session)
Extensions 2015
Ibalazwe lendawo yeSidabuko seSintu, 2024

ISidabuko seSintu[1][2][3] siyisiza somchazaluntu wanguna (paleoanthropology) esitholakala cishe amakhilomitha angama-50 enyakatho-ntshona neGoli, eNingizimu Afrika, esifundazweni saseGauteng. I-UNESCO yasimemezela ukuthi siyiSiza Sefagugu Lomhlaba ngowe-1999,[4] le siza siyikhaya lenqokothela enkulu yezinsalela zokhokho okwedlula zonke ezinye emhlabeni wonke.[5] Le siza njengamanje sisendaweni engamamahektha ayizi-47,000 [6] futhi siqukethe isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi semihume yetshemcako. Igama elibhalisiwe le siza ohlwini lweZiza Zefagugu Lomhlaba lithi Iziza Zomuntu zaseNingizimu Afrika (Fossil Hominid Sites yaseNingizimu Afrika).

NgokoMhela Wenzululwazi waseNingizimu Afrika (South African Journal of Science), ipulazi elibizwa Bolt liyindawo lapho kwatholakala khona ezibuchophokhulu zokuqala.[7] Ipulazi likaBolt lavukuzwa kakhulu kufunwa -i-speleothem (isicalahle sesAlumbe esivela kuma-stalagmites, Ama-stalactite, namatshe okugeleza) ekuqaleni kweekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.[8]

Imihume yaseSterkfontein yona kwakuyisiza okwavubukulwa kuso-I-Australopithecus africanus eneminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2.3 ubudala (efenqwa ngokuthi "uMrs. Ples"), eyatholakala ngowe-1947 ngURobert Broom noJohn T. Robinson. Lokhu okutholakele kwasiza ekuqinisekiseni umcubukulo kaRaymond Dart owugebhezi okuncane we-I-Australopithecus africanus owaziwa ngokuthi "Ingane yaseTaung" ngowe-1925 eTaung esifundazweni iNyakatho Ntshona eNingizimu Afrika, lapho ukuvubukula kusaqhubeka khona.

Eduze, kodwa hhayi kule siza, kunesimiso semihume esibizwa -Rising Star Cave esiqukethe iDinaledi Chamber (igumbi lezinkanyezi), lapho kwatholakala khona amathambo ayizintshicwa ali-15 emiqhinqa engasekho zehominim, ezibizwa okwesikhashana nge-I-Homo naledi.

Isiza esiseSterkfontein sisodwa sesikhiqize ngaphezu kwengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zezintshicwa zokuqala zama-hominid ezatholakala ngaphambi kowezi-2010.[9] Igumbi leDinaledi liqukethe iminyanyali amathambo angaphezu kwe-1,500 e-H. naledi okungenani avela kwimiqashela eli-15, okuwumvubukulo obanzi kakhulu womqhinqa owodwa we-hominid owake watholakala e-Afrika.[10]

uMlando wemivubukulo

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Ngonyaka we-1935, uRobert Broom wathola izintshicwa zokuqala Zlzomuntu eSterkfontein futhi waqala ukusebenza kulesi siza. Ngonyaka we-1938, umfana osafunda isikole, uGert Terrblanche, walethela uRaymond Dart izimvingi zogebhezi azithole uduze eduze kwesiza sezintshicwa Kromdraai, kamuva ezahlonzwa ngokuthi ezesiphili esibizwa Paranthropus robustus. Kuwo lowo nyaka we-1938, kwatholakala izinyo lomuntu esizeni esibizwa Cooper's Cave phakathi kweKromdraai neSterkfontein.

Ngowe-1948, ithimba le Camp-Peabody Expedition eliqhamuka eMelika lasebenza epulazini lakwaBolts nasemihumeni iGladysvale, lifuna izintshicwa ze-hominid. Kamuva ngowe-1948, uRobert Broom wahlonza izinsalela zokuqala ze-hominid emhumeni oseSwartkrans.

Ngowe-1954, uCharles Kimberlin Brain waqala ukusebenza ezizeni zesidabuko, ezihlanganisa nomhume kaCooper. Wabiye wasebenza nasemhumeni oseSwarkans, okuyilapho athola khona isangulo esikhulu sezinsalela ze-hominid eSidabukweni. Nokusetshenziswa komlilo okulawuliwe okudala kakhulu yisothamlilo esibizwa Homo erectus ngakho kwavubukulwa eSwartkrans futhi kwabelelwa eminyakeni eyisigidi edlule.[11][12]

Ngowe-1966, uPhillip V. Tobias waqala ukumba eSterkfontein, futhi kuze kube namuhla kusambiwa njengoba kungakaqedwa, futhi kuvubukulwa nezintshicwa khona.

Ngowe-1991, uLee R. Berger waseNyuvesi yaseWits wavubukula umnyanyali wokuqala we-hominid esizeni Gladysvale, okwasenza kwaba isiza sokuqala esisha sama-hominid esavubukulwa eNingizimu Afrika eminyakeni egama-48. Ngowe-1994, uAndre Keyser wavubukula izintshicwa zehominid esizeni iDrimolen. Ngowe-1997, uKevin Kuykendall benoColin Menter baseNyuvesi yaseWits bathola izintshicwa ezimbili zamazinye e-hominod esizeni iGondolin. Khona ngowe-1997, isikhehle esicishe saphelela se- Australopithecus esibizwa "Little Foot", okwathiwa sidala ngeminyaka eyisigidi ezintathu, savunululwa nguRonald J. Clarke|Ron Clarke.

Ngowezi-2001, uSteve Churchill waseNyuvesi iDuke benoLee Berger bathola izinsalela zomuntu wanamuhla eduze neChibi iPlovers. Khona ngowezi-2001, izintshicwa ze- hominid namathuluzi etshe zavubukulwa emihumeni kaCooper. Ngowezi-2008, uLee Berger wavubukula izinsalela ezingaphelele zama-hominid amabili (Australopithecus sediba) ezaziphila lphakathi kwesigidi 1.78 nesigidi 1.95 seminyaka edlule, eSizeni Sezintshicwa iMalapa.

NgoOktoba wezi-2013, uBerger wathumeza umchazimohansi uPedro Boshoff ukuba ayophenya izimiso zemihume yeSidabuko seSintu ngenjongo okuvubukula ezinye iziza zezintshicwa ze-hominin. Abaphenyi bemihume uRick Hunter benoSteven Tucker bavubukula izintshicwa ze-hominid endaweni eyayingakahlwaywa ngaphambili yesimiso semihume esibizwa Rising Star-Westminster okuyisiza esihlonzwe ngokuthi UW-101. NgoNovemba wezi-2013, uBerger wahola uphenyo oluxhaswe iNyuvesi yaseWits kanye neNhlangano ebizwa National Geographic Society, ukuyophenya izimiso semihume iRising Star eduze neSwartkrans. Kwathatha ithimba lamazwe omhlaba, labesifazane abayisithupha, abahlanganisa osonzululwazi (K. Lindsay Eaves, Marina Elliott, Elen Feuerriegel, Alia Gurtov, Hannah Morris, and Becca Peixotto) abakhethwe ngenxa yamagalelo abo kumchazaluntu-wanguna namakhono abo emihume ngobungako babo obuncane, amasonto amathathu kuphela ukumba, nokuthola iminyanyali yezintshicwa ze-hominid engahlonziwe eziyi-1,2000. Ngowezi-2015, kwakusamele ukuba isiza sihlonzwe ukuthi esanini. NgoSeptemba wezi-2015, uBerger, ebambisene neNational Geographic, wamemezela ukuvubukulwa komqhinqa omusha oyisihlobo somuntu, owethiwa elithi Homo naledi, ovela esizeni UW-101.[13][14][15] Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi iHomo Naledi wayenomkhiba wokungcwaba ngenhloso imizimba yabafileyo ezingosino zemihume, ukuziphatha okwakucatshangwa ukuthi okwabantu kuphela, nakuba kunempikiswano ngalokhu.[16][17] Ekupheleni kophenyo lwethimba Rising Star Expedition, osomhume uRick Hunter benoSteven Tucker bavubukula izintshicwa ezengeziwe zehominid kwenyw ingxenye yesimiso semihume. Ukumba okuncane kulesisiza, esihlonzwe ngokuthi UW-102, kwaqala ngowezi-2013 futhi kwaveza izintshicwa eziphelele ze-hominid. Ukuhlobama phakathi kwaleziziza ezimbili akukaziwa.[18][19][20]

Izindawo zezihambeli

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Mhla zi-7 December 2005, uMengameli waseNingizimu Arika uThabo Mbeki wavula indawo yezihambeli yaseMaropeng khona esizeni.[21] Ngokwesizindalwebu sayo, maropeng.co.za, izihambelivzingabonacizontshicwa, amathuluzi anamatshe, zifunde ngesizalo seSintu khona endaweni yezihambeli. Indawo yezihambeli ihlinzeka ngokhenketho oluya emihumeni yaseSterkfontein nemibukiswano eseSterkfontein. Uhlaka oluluhlengeso, oluntintayo lwenqimbi olubizwa ngeBhungezi (Beetle) lwabelwa eSizeni Sezintshicwa iMalapa, ukuze sivumele izihambeli ezikhokhele zibuke lapho kumbiwa khona, uma sekuqallile. (Ukumba kusamile kusukela ngowezi-2009, Ngenkathi kususwe izonsalela zemiqhashela emine ye Australopithecus sediba .)[22]Template:Update inline

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ Fleminger, David (2008). The Cradle of Humankind. 30° South Publishers. pp. 7–10. ISBN 978-0-9584891-3-3.
  2. ↑ "Cradle of Humankind – David Fleminger" (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2020-02-03. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-12-30.
  3. ↑ Wayman, Erin. "The Human Evolution World Tour". Smithsonian Magazine (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-12-30.
  4. ↑ "Why is the Cradle of Humankind important?".
  5. ↑ "Fossils in the Cradle of Humankind site reignite debate over origins of humans". NBC News. 2022-06-30. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-02-21.
  6. ↑ "Maropeng a'Afrika and the Cradle of Humankind". maropeng.co.za. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 9 April 2010.
  7. ↑ "Research Briefs". South African Journal of Science. 109 (5/6): 1–2. 2013. doi:10.1590/sajs.2013/a0017. ISSN 0038-2353.
  8. ↑ Edwards, Tara R.; Armstrong, Brian J.; Birkett-Rees, Jessie; Blackwood, Alexander F.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Penzo-Kajewski, Paul; Pickering, Robyn; Adams, Justin W. (2019-01-14). "Combining legacy data with new drone and DGPS mapping to identify the provenance of Plio-Pleistocene fossils from Bolt's Farm, Cradle of Humankind (South Africa)". PeerJ (in i-English). 7. doi:10.7717/peerj.6202. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6336010. PMID 30656072.
  9. ↑ Smith, David (15 January 2010). "Visit to the Cradle of Humankind". The Guardian. London. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 20 May 2010.
  10. ↑ Wong, Kate (10 September 2015). "Mysterious New Human Species Emerges from Heap of Fossils". Scientific American. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 12 September 2015.
  11. ↑ Brain, CK; Sillen, A (1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the earliest use of fire". Nature. 336 (6198): 464:466. Bibcode:1988Natur.336..464B. doi:10.1038/336464a0. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Hilton Barber, Brett; Berger, Lee R (December 2004). Field Guide to the Cradle of Human Kind: Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai and Environs World Heritage Site (First ed.). Cape Town: Penguin Random House. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-77007-065-3. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "New Species of Human Discovered in South Africa". IFLScience. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 September 2015.
  14. ↑ Photograph Mark Thiessen, National Geographic (10 September 2015). "This Face Changes the Human Story. But How?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
  15. ↑ Berger, Lee R.; Hawks, John; De Ruiter, Darryl J.; Churchill, Steven E.; Schmid, Peter; Delezene, Lucas K.; Kivell, Tracy L.; Garvin, Heather M.; Williams, Scott A.; Desilva, Jeremy M.; Skinner, Matthew M.; Musiba, Charles M.; Cameron, Noel; Holliday, Trenton W.; Harcourt-Smith, William; Ackermann, Rebecca R.; Bastir, Markus; Bogin, Barry; Bolter, Debra; Brophy, Juliet; Cofran, Zachary D.; Congdon, Kimberly A.; Deane, Andrew S.; Dembo, Mana; Drapeau, Michelle; Elliott, Marina C.; Feuerriegel, Elen M.; Garcia-Martinez, Daniel; Green, David J.; et al. (2015). "Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.09560. PMC 4559886. PMID 26354291.
  16. ↑ Johannesburg, The University of the Witwatersrand. "Homo naledi - Wits University". www.wits.ac.za.
  17. ↑ Dirks, Paul HGM; Berger, Lee R.; Roberts, Eric M.; Kramers, Jan D.; Hawks, John; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Elliott, Marina; Musiba, Charles M.; Churchill, Steven E.; De Ruiter, Darryl J.; Schmid, Peter; Backwell, Lucinda R.; Belyanin, Georgy A.; Boshoff, Pedro; Hunter, K. Lindsay; Feuerriegel, Elen M.; Gurtov, Alia; Harrison, James du G.; Hunter, Rick; Kruger, Ashley; Morris, Hannah; Makhubela, Tebogo V.; Peixotto, Becca; Tucker, Steven (2015). "Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.09561. PMC 4559842. PMID 26354289.
  18. ↑ "Rising Star Expedition". Archived from the original on 7 November 2013.
  19. ↑ "Scientists bag more than 1000 fossils at Cradle 'treasure trove'".
  20. ↑ "Johannesburg Update".
  21. ↑ "Mbeki opens Maropeng centre". News24. 8 December 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Maropeng, which means 'the place where we come from,' is expected to receive over 500 000 visitors annually, according to the Gauteng provincial government.
  22. ↑ Cherry, Michael (2015). "Human evolution: The cradle of humankind revisited". Nature (in i-English). 523 (7558): 33. Bibcode:2015Natur.523...33C. doi:10.1038/523033a. ISSN 1476-4687. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
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