Isigcibisholo esihlosulayo
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Isigcibisholo esihlosulayo (SAM), esaziwa nangokuthi isihlabandiza noma isihlosulandiza, siyisigcibisholo esenzelwe ukunyakulwa kusuka phansi noma olwandle ukuze sibhubhise izindiza noma ezinye izigcibisholo. Siwuhlobo olulodwa lwesimiso sokuhlosulindiza ; emabuthweni ahlomile anamuhla, izigcibisholo zithathe indawo yezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezikhali zokuhlosula izindiza, njengoba izibhamu ezihlosula izindiza zifuqelwa ezindimeni ezikhethekile.
Impi Yomhalaba yesibili yaqhamuka nezindlela zokuthuthukisa izigcibisholo ezihlosulayo, kodwa azikho ezasetshenziswa kuleyo mpi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwazo kwaqhubeka kusuka ngowe-1940 kuya kowe-1950, futhi imibutho eminingi yaqala ukusebenzisa lezikhali. Ngowe1960 kuya kowe1970 kwavela izinhlelo ezincinyane, eziphathekayo ezinesiju esiseduza. Kwalandlea izinhlelo noma izimiso ezifakwa emkhunjini, okwakuyizikhali ezinesiju eside kodwa kwenziwa nezincinyane ukuze imviko ibe nezingqimbangqima.
Amazwe ayizikhondlakhondla kwezempi anezinhlelo zezigcibisholo ezihlosulayo. Izwe laseRashiya ligabe ngezinhlelo ezibizwa S-400 ne-S-500, elaseMelika lona ligae ngezinhlelo ezibizwa Patriot neTHAAD, elaseIsirayeli lona ligabe ngezinhlelo ezibizwa Iron Dome neDavid's Sling, amaShayina nawo agabe ngohlelo olubizwa HQ-9.