Isihlalo
isihlalo siwuhlobo lokuhlala okuvame ukuth sihlale umuntu oyedwa futhi siqukethe umlenze owodwa noma engaphezulu.isihlalo esiyisicaba noma esivulekile kancane kanye nesokuphumula ngemuva.Ingase yenziwe ngokhuni, insimbi noma izinto zokwenziwa kanye ingase igcotshwe noma ifakwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene nezindwangu.
Izihlalo zakhiwe ngokuhlukahlukana.Isihlalo sino mleze olungiselwe esihlalwen.isihlalo sokuphumula sibekwe esiphothweni futhi sinomshini ohlehlisa emuva kwesihlalo bese uphakamisa indawo yokuphumula ngezinyawo; isihlalo esiphendukayo sinemilenze eboshelwe kuma-slate amabili amade agwegwile futhi Isihlalo sabakhubazekile sinamasondo aboshelwe ku-axis ngaphansi kwesihlalo.
'isihlalo' sivel egameni lesiNgisi langekhulu le-13 i-century elivela kusi french sakudala i-chaiere ("isihlalo, hlala,sobukhosi"), elivela esi Latin cathedra futhi sigcineni ngesiGreki I-kathedra ("isihlalo sobukhosi, isihlalo sebukhosi").
Umndeni ovamile waseGibhithe wawungavamile ukuba nezihlalo, futhi uma wawukhona, kwakuvame ukuba yinkosi yomndeni kuphela eyayihlala esihlalweni. Phakathi kwezinto ezingcono, izihlalo zazingase zipendwe ukuze zibonakale njengezihlalo ezihlotshisiwe neziqoshiwe zabacebile, kodwa ubuciko ngokuvamile babubi.
Izithombe zokuqala zezihlalo China zivela emidwebweni yama Buddhist yekhulu lesithupha kanye nesigqoko, kodwa umkhuba wokuhlala ezihlalweni ngaleso sikhathi wawuyivelakancane. Kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-12 lapho izihlalo zisakazeka khona eChina. Izazi azivumelani ngezizathu zokwamukelwa kwesihlalo. Izinkolelo-mbono ezivame kakhulu ukuthi lesi sihlalo sasiwumphumela wefenisha yomdabu yamaShayina, ukuthi savela esitokisini sekamu esithunyelwe e-Asia Ephakathi, ukuthi safika e China yizithunywa zevangeli ezingamaKristu ngekhulu lesikhombisa nokuthi lesi sihlalo safika e-China sivela eNdiya njengohlobo lwefenisha yezindela zamaBuddhist. China yanamuhla, ngokungafani Korea noma Japan, akusavamile ukuhlala phansi.
Europe,kwakungenxa enkulu ye Renaissance ukuthi isihlalo asizange sibe yilungelo lombuso futhi saba yinto ejwayelekile yefenisha yanoma ubani owayengakwazi ukusithenga. Lapho umqondo wamalungelo uphela,isihlalo saqala ukusetshenziswa kabanzi.Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi isihlalo saqala ukushintsha njalo eminyakeni embalwa ukubonisa imfashini yosuku.
UThomas Edward Bowdich wavakashela iSigodlo esikhulu soMbuso Wase-Ashanti ngo-1819, futhi wabona izihlalo ezigcotshwe ngegolide embusweni. Ngawo-1800, izihlalo zaqala ukujwayelekile emindenini yaseMelika futhi ngokuvamile kwakukhona isihlalo esinikezwe wonke amalungu omndeni ukuba ahlale phansi ukuze adle ukudla kwakusihlwa. Ngawo-1830, "izihlalo ezinhle" ezakhiwa efektri njengalezo zikaSears, Roebuck, and Co. zavumela imindeni ukuba ithenge amasethi anemishini. Nge-Industrial Revolution, izihlalo zaqala ukutholakala kakhulu.
Izihlalo zingenziwa ngokhuni, insimbi, noma ezinye izinto eziqinile, njengetshe noma i-acrylic. Kwezinye izimo, izinto eziningi zisetshenziselwa ukwakha isihlalo; ngokwesibonelo, imilenze kanye ne-frame kungenziwa ngensimbi kanti isihlalo nomhlane kungenziwa ngepulasitiki. Izihlalo zingase zibe nezindawo eziqinile zokhuni, insimbi, ipulasitiki, noma ezinye izinto, noma ezinye noma zonke lezi zindawo eziqinile zingase zimbozwe nge-impolstery noma i-padding. Umklamo unganziwa ngezinto ezinemigodi, noma ubhobozwe ngezimbobo zokuhlobisa; umhlane ophansi noma izikhala zingaletha umoya. Umhlane ungaba ngaphezu kokuphakama kwekhanda lomgibeli, okungase kube nokuma kwekhanda. Izihlalo zingaphinde zenziwe ngezinto ezenziwe ngobuciko, njengezinto ezisetshenziswa kabusha njengezindwangu zokubumba nezitini zokudlala zokhuni, amapeni, amapayipi amapayipi, intambo, ikhadi elenziwe kabusha, kanye nepayipi le-PVC.
Ezimweni ezingavamile, izihlalo zenziwa ngezinto ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi njengohlobo lobuciko noma ukuhlolwa. URaimonds Cirulis, umklami wangaphakathi waseLatvia, wenza isihlalo esilengayo sentaba-mlilo esenziwe ngezandla ngamadwala entaba-mungwa. UPeter Brenner, umklami waseJalimane owazalelwa eNetherlands, wenze isihlalo esenziwe ngoshukela we-lollipop - amakhilogremu angu-60 (27 kg) kashukela wabathengisi bamakhekhe.
Umklamo wesitulo ucabangela ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, I-ergonomics (ukulula kangakanani kumuntu ohlala kuyo), kanye nezidingo zokusebenza ezingezona ezomklamo we-ergonomic njengobukhulu, ikhono lokuqoqa, ikhono lokugoba, isisindo, ukuqina, ukumelana namabala, kanye nomklamo wobuciko.
Umklamo we-ergonomic uhlukanisa isisindo somuntu ohlala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene umzimba. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuba nesitulo esiguquguqukayo kalula. Isihlalo esiphakeme siholela ekulengiseni izinyawo kanye nokucindezela okwengeziwe ngaphansi kwedolo ("I-popliteal fold"). Kungase futhi kungabi nesisindo ezinyaweni okusho isisindo esengeziwe kwenye indawo. Isihlalo esiphansi singashintsha isisindo esikhulu kakhulu "ngamathambo esihlalo" ("ischial tuberosities"). Ama-gas springs anamathela emzimbeni wesitulo ukuze kunikezwe ukulungiswa kokuphakama nokududuza okwengeziwe kumsebenzisi.