Isiko LaseNingizimu Afrika

INingizimu Afrika yaziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga namasiko. Cishe bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bakhuluma IsiNgisi ngezinga elithile, IsiNgisi sisiza wonke umuntu ukuthi akhulume ngomunye nomunye lapho enza ibhizinisi, eya esikoleni noma esebenza kwahulumeni..^[1] INingizimu Afrika inezilimi eziyi-12 ezivumelekile, kodwa ezinye izilimi zemvelo zikhulunywa izixuku amancane, ikakhulukazi Izilimi zamaKhoisan.^[2]

Amalungu esigaba esiphakathi, ngokuyinhloko abamhlophe namamaNdiya kodwa ahlanganisa inani elikhulayo lezinye izixuku, anezindlela zokuphila ezifana ngezindlela eziningi nalezo zabantu abatholakala ENtshonalanga Yurophu, INyakatho Melika, e-I-Australia naseNew Zealand.

Umbuso Wobandlululo wahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni abantu baseNingizimu Afrika kwelinye lwezinhlanga ezine, wakhetha ukuthi bangahlala kuphi, futhi waphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwezemfundo, amathuba omsebenzi, izinto zomphakathi kanye nobuhlobo bezenhlalo. Nakuba le mithetho yaqedwa ekuqaleni kwawo u-1990, izigaba zobandlululo zisekhona emasikweni aseNingizimu Afrika, ^[3] nabantu baseNingizimu Afrika baqhubeka nokuzihlukanisa, futhi omunye nomunye, njengabangamalungu elinye lamaqembu amane ohlanga (abamnyama, abamhlophe, amaKhaladi namaNdiya) ^[4] okwenza kube lukhuni ukuchaza isiko elilodwa laseNingizimu Afrika elingabhekiseli kulezi zigaba zobuhlanga.^[4]

Main article: Art of South Africa

Izinto zobuciko ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni zatholakala emhumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Kusukela eminyakeni engu-75,000 edlule, la magobolondo amancane eminenke abhodwe ayengeke abe nomsebenzi owodwa ngaphandle kokuboshelwa entanjeni njengomgexo. INingizimu Afrika yayingenye yezindawo zokuzalwa zezinhlobo zabantu. Esinye sezici ezidalula kabanzi uhlobo lwesintu ukudalwa kwezobuciko (kususelwa kwelesiLatini "ars", okusho ukuthi kusetshenziswe noma kwakhiwe ngezinto eziyisisekelo).

Izizwe ezisakazekile zabantu baseKhoisan ezafika eNingizimu Afrika kusukela cishe ngo-10,000 BC zazinesitayela zazo zobuciko ezibonakala namuhla emidwebweni eminingi yemihume. Bathathelwa indawo AmaBantu baseBantu naseNguni abanamagama abo ezobuciko. Ngekhulu lama-20, izinhlobo zobuciko besizwe zisakazeke futhi zahlanganiswa kabusha yizinqubomgomo ezihlukanisayo ubandlululo.

Izinhlobo ezintsha ezinkulu zobuciko zavela ezimayini nasemadolobheni: ubuciko obunamandla obusebenzisa konke kusukela emithini yepulasitiki kuya kuma-spokes amabhayisikili. Ubuciko obuthonywe amaDashi be-Afrikaner I-Trekboer kanye nabaculi abamhlophe basemadolobheni ngokulandela ngobuqotho amasiko ashintshile aseYurophu kusukela ngawo-1850 kuya phambili nabo banikela kulenhlanganisela ehlukahlukene, eqhubeka nokuthuthuka namuhla.

Olunye uhlobo lobuciko olwakhula ngenkathi yobandlululo. Lokhu kuchaza okusha kwabizwa ngokuthi "ubuciko badolobha" futhi kwavamile ngawo-1960 nawo-1970. Lesi sitayela sobuciko sasivame ukubonisa izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu abamnyama abampofu eNingizimu Afrika.^[5] Izinto ezivamile ezibonakalayo kulesi sitayela sobuciko yizindlu ezimoshekile, abesifazane abawasha izingubo, ama-penny whistlers, kanye nama-tableaux omnyama omama nomntwana.

INingizimu Afrika yanamuhla inesimo sobuciko esisheshayo, nabaculi abathola ukuvela emhlabeni wonke. Umbukiso wamuva we- "Figures and Fictions" wezithombe zaseNingizimu Afrika e-Victoria and Albert Museum eLondon wahlanganisa umsebenzi UMikhael Subotzky, UZanele Muholi, UDavid Goldblatt, UZwelethu Mthethwa UGuy Tillim. Abaculi baseNingizimu Afrika banamuhla umsebenzi wabo oye wahlonishwa emhlabeni wonke bahlanganisa UMarlene Dumas, UWilliam Kentridge noJohn Smith.

Izakhiwo zaseNingizimu Afrika zibonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlanga namasiko alelizwe kanye nenkathi yalo engokomlando yamakoloni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathonya avela kwamanye amazwe akude anengxenye ehlobonhlobo kwendawo yezakhiwo yaseNingizimu Afrika.

UHerbert Baker, phakathi kwabaklami bezakhiwo abanomthelela kakhulu ezweni, waklama izakhiwo ze-Union ePitoli. Ezinye izakhiwo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa Isikhumbuzo saseRhodes kanye neSt George's Cathedral IKapa, kanye neSt John's College esiseGoli.

Izakhiwo zaseKapa Dutch zazivamile ezinsukwini zokuqala (ngekhulu le-17) zeKholoni yaseKapa, futhi IKapa lisuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi abafuduki bokuqala baseKapa ngokuyinhloko babengamaDashi. Isitayela sinezimpande eHolland yangenkathi ephakathi, eJalimane, eFrance nase-Indonesia. Izindlu zalolu hlobo zinomklamo ohlukile futhi owaziwayo, nesici esivelele yi-gables enkulu, eziyindilinga, ezikhumbuza izici ezindlini zasedolobheni zase-I-Amsterdam ezakhiwe ngesitayela samaDashi.

Indawo yasemakhaya yaseNingizimu Afrika igcwele izakhiwo zendabuko nezithonya laseYurophu zase-Afrika.

Amabhayisikobho

Ngenkathi amafilimu amaningi angaphandle ekhiqizwa ngeNingizimu Afrika (ngokuvamile ahilela ubudlelwano bezinhlanga), kunemikhiqizo embalwa yendawo eyaziwa ngaphandle kweNingizimu Afrika uqobo. Okunye okuhlukile kwakuyifilimu ethi The Gods Must Be Crazy ngo-1980, eyayiseKalahari. Lokhu kumayelana nendlela ukuphila emphakathini wendabuko waseSan (Bushmen) okushintshashintsha ngayo lapho ibhodlela le-Coke, liphonswa ngaphandle kwendiza, liwela ngokungazelelwe livela esibhakabhakeni. U-UJamie Uys ongasekho, owabhala futhi waqondisa i-The Gods Must Be Crazy, naye waphumelela phesheya kwawo-1970 ngamafilimu akhe i-Funny People ne-Funny people II, afana nochungechunge lwe-TV i-Candid Camera e-US. ULeon Schuster's Kufanele Uhleka! Amafilimu aphansi kohlobo olufanayo, futhi athandwa kakhulu ngabantu baseNingizimu Afrika. Ibhayisikobho kaSchuster ephumelela kakhulu emhlabeni wonke yi-Mr Bones, eyayibuye ibe ibhayisikobho esebenza kahle kakhulu endaweni ngesikhathi sokukhululwa kwayo, ethola imali engama-USD ayizigidi ezingama-35. Lokhu kwadlulwa ukulandelwa, uMnu Bones 2: Back from the Past.

Ibhayisikobho edume kakhulu eveza iNingizimu Afrika eminyakeni yamuva nje kwakuyiDistrict 9. Iqondiswa nguNeill Blomkamp, umdabu waseNingizimu Afrika, futhi ikhiqizwa nguPeter Jackson, ibhayisikobho ye-action/science-fiction iveza isigaba esiphansi sababaleki abavela kwamanye amazwe abaphoqelekile ukuba bahlale emikhukhwini yaseGoli kulokho abaningi abakubona njengomfanekiso wobandlululo. Ibhayisikobho yaba yimpumelelo yokugxeka nokuthengiswa emhlabeni wonke, futhi yakhethwa njengeSithombe Esingcono Kakhulu kuma-Academy Awards we-82. Enye ibhayisikobho ephawulekayo eyakhiqizwa eNingizimu Afrika yI-Chappie.

Ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo yifilimu ethi I-Tsotsi, eyawina umklomelo we-Academy for Foreign Language Film kuma-78th Academy Awards ngo-2006 kanye ne-U-Carmen eKhayelitsha, eyawina i-Golden Bear ku-Berlin International Film Festival ka-2005.

Izincwadi

Kunezilimi zikazwelonke ezingu-11 eNingizimu Afrika. Umlando omgajwayelekile wezenhlalo nezombusazwe waseNingizimu Afrika uye wakhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zezincwadi, ngezihloko ezihlanganisa ukuphila kwangaphambi kokwenziwa kwamakoloni, izinsuku zobandlululo, kanye nokuphila kwabantu "eNingizimu Afrika entsha".

Abaningi bababhali bokuqala abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika ababefunde njengezithunywa zevangeli, futhi abaningi babhala ngesiNgisi noma ngesi-Afrikaans. Enye yezincwadi zokuqala ezaziwayo ezabhalwa ngumlobi omnyama ngolimi lwase-Afrika kwakuyi-UMhudi USolomon Thekiso Plaatje, eyabhalwa ngo-1930.

Ababhali baseNingizimu Afrika abavelele abakhuluma isiNgisi bahlanganisa uNadine Gordimer, owayengomunye "wezempi zokucabanga", futhi owaba ngowokuqala waseNingizimu Afrika nowesifazane wesikhombisa owanikezwa Umklomelo kaNobel Wezincwadi ngo-1991. Inoveli yakhe, i-July's People, yakhululwa ngo-1981, iveza ukuwa kokubusa kweqembu elincane labamhlophe.

U-Athol Fugard, omdlalo wakhe ubelokhu udlalwa njalo ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini eNingizimu Afrika, eLondon (iRoyal Court Theatre), naseNew York City. I-The Story of an African Farm (1883) ka-U-Olive Schreiner yayiyisambulo ezincwadini ze-Victorian: imenyezelwa ngabaningi njengokwethula ubufazi esimweni senoveli.

U-Alan Paton washicilela inoveli edumile ethi Cry, the Beloved Country ngo-1948. Wadlulisa indaba yompristi omnyama oweza eGoli ukuyofuna indodana yakhe, okwaba incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi nawo-1950, umagazini i-Drum waba yindawo eyinhloko yokuhlazisa kwezombusazwe, izindaba eziqanjiwe, nezindaba, ezinikeza izwi lesiko labamnyama basemadolobheni.

Ababhali bezilimi ze-Afrikaans nabo baqala ukubhala izinto eziyimpikiswano. UBreyten Breytenbach waboshwa ngenxa yokuzihlanganisa kwakhe nenhlangano yabashokobezi emelene nobandlululo. U-Andre Brink wayengumbhali wokuqala wase-Afrikaner owavinjelwa nguhulumeni ngemuva kokukhulula inoveli ethi A Dry White Season ephathelene nomuntu omhlophe waseNingizimu Afrika othola iqiniso ngomngane omnyama ofela egcinwe amaphoyisa.

INingizimu Afrika nayo ibe nomthelela omkhulu emzabalazweni wamaScouting, namasiko amaningi namaScouting avela kokuhlangenwe nakho kukaRobert Baden-Powell (umsunguli weScouting) ngesikhathi sakhe eNingizimu Afrika njengesikhulu sezempi ngawo-1890-1900. Ama-Scouts aseNingizimu Afrika (ngaleso sikhathi aziwa ngokuthi ama-Boy Scouts aseNingizimu Africa) ayengenye yezinhlangano zentsha zokuqala ukuvula iminyango yayo entsheni nakubantu abadala bazo zonke izinhlanga eNingizimu Afrika. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-2 July 1977 engqungqutheleni eyaziwa ngokuthi yI-Quo Vadis.

↑ Home language and English language ability in South Africa: Insights from new data. p. 115–126.
↑ The Khoisan Languages of Southern Africa: Facts, Theories and Confusions. p. 1–22.
↑ Posel, Deborah (2001). What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife. pp. 50–74.
1 2 . p. 77–92. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ . p. 31. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[PoselZeller2011-1] Home language and English language ability in South Africa: Insights from new data. p. 115–126.

[du_Plessis2019-2] The Khoisan Languages of Southern Africa: Facts, Theories and Confusions. p. 1–22.

[Posel2001-3] Posel, Deborah (2001). What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife. pp. 50–74.

[Pillay2019-4] 1 2 . p. 77–92. Missing or empty |title= (help)

[5] . p. 31. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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