Jump to content

Isithuthi samazuba

Kubuya ku Wikipedia
Izithuthi zamazuba zomhlaba jikelele (kusuka kwesokunene kuya kwesokudla, uqala phezulu):
  • Imoto yamazuba: yohlobo lwe-BMW i3 idlwezwa kusuka esiqhazeni samazuba.
  • Indiza yamazuba: ebizwa Solar Impulse 2, eduze ngokuzongolozela Imbulunga yomhlaba.
  • Umkhumbi wamazuba, obizwa China Zorrilla, isithuthi sesiphathanzuba esikhulu.
  • Isitimela samazuba sejubane: sohlono lwe-N700 Series Shinkansen saseJapani
  • Ibhasi lesiphathanzuba: ibhasi lenkampani BYD eLandskrona, eSwedeni
  • Ingqayika yamazuba, ebizwa Geero: enesiohatuanzuba esisuswayo esididiyewle ethunjini elisezansi.
  • Iloli lamazuba: lohlono lwe-Class 8, lakwa-Tesla, eRocklin, eCalifornia
  • Isithuthi samazuba esiyingolovane: sohlobo lwe-Italcar Attiva C2S.4

Isithuthi samazuba (EV) yimoto esebenza ngenjini kagesi eyodwa noma ezingaphezu, ethatha amandla kumabhethri angaphinde agcwaliswe noma kunkqubo yokugcina amandla eyakhelwe ngaphakathi. Izimoto zikagesi zifaka phakathi izimoto, amabhasi, izithuthuthu, amaloli namabhayisikili. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukubhekisela ezimotweni zomgwaqo ezinamaphakethe webhethri angavuselelwa kabusha angashajwa kusuka kumthombo wamandla kagesi wangaphandle.

Izimoto zikagesi azikhiqizi ukungcola okuqondile lapho zisetshenziswa khona, okuhlukanisa zivela ezimotweni ezisebenzisa injini yokushisa yangaphakathi egijima kaphethiloli noma kudizili. Ngenxa yalokho, sezibhekwa kakhulu njengobuchwepheshe obubalulekile emizamweni yokunciphisa ukungcola komoya emadolobheni kanye nokukhishwa kwemisi emhlophe evela embonini yezokuthutha. [1]

Isichasiselo semigomo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izigaba zezimoto zikagesi zifaka izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zokushayela, futhi ukuvutha phakathi kwazo kuvamile. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zimi kanje:[2]

Imoto kagesi ebhethri (BEV)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imoto kagesi ebhethri (BEV) isebenza ngokuphelele ngogesi ogciniwe kuphakethe lebhethri elakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ayinayo injini yokushisa yangaphakathi futhi ayikhiqizi ukungcola okukhishwa ngenxa yokushisa. Ibhethri ligcwaliswa ngokuxhuma imoto kumthombo wamandla wangaphandle. Izibonelo zifaka i-BYD Dolphin, i-Volkswagen ID.3 ne-Tesla Model 3.[3]

Imoto ye-plug-in hybrid kagesi (PHEV)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imoto ye-plug-in hybrid kagesi (PHEV) inayo zombili injini kagesi esebenza ngebhethri nenjini yendabuko yokushisa uphethiloli. Ibhethri lingashajwa ngogesi oluvela ngaphandle, futhi imoto ingahamba ibanga elilinganiselwe ngogesi kuphela ngaphambi kokuba injini yokushisa uphethiloli ithathe ukulawula. Izibonelo zifaka i-BYD Atto 2 DM-i ne-Volvo XC60 Recharge.[4]

Imoto kagesi ehlanganisiwe (HEV)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imoto kagesi ehlanganisiwe (HEV), kwesinye isikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-hybrid ezizitshaja yodwa", nayo ihlanganisa injini kagesi nenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi, kodwa ibhethri alikwazi ukushajwa ngomthombo wangaphandle. Ibhethri ligcwaliswa lapho imoto ibremha noma ihamba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa injini, kanye nenjini uqobo. Ngenxa yokuthi ayikwazi ukuxhunywa kagesi, i-HEV ayiyona imoto kagesi exhunywayo futhi ayinikezi ukonga uphethiloli okufana ne-BEV noma i-PHEV. I-Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid iyisibonelo se-HEV.[5]

Imoto kagesi ehlanganisiwe ethambile (MHEV) isebenzisa injini encane kagesi ukusekela injini yokushisa, kodwa ayikwazi ukusebenza ngogesi kuphela. Nakuba kwesinye isikhathi ithengiswa njengezimoto "zogesi" noma "ezihlangene", i-mild hybrid iseyinjini kaphethiloli noma yedizili ngokuyisisekelo futhi inikeza ukonga okuncane kakhulu.[6][5]

Imoto kagesi esebenzisa iseli likaphethiloli (FCEV)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imoto kagesi esebenzisa iseli likaphethiloli (FCEV) ikhiqiza ugesi ngaphakathi emotweni ngokuphenduka kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-hydrogen ne-oksijini, ikhiqiza kuphela umusi wamanzi njengomkhiqizo ohlangene. Ama-FCEV, afana neToyota Mirai, awasasebenzi kabanzi ezimakethe zokuhweba.[7]

Indlela izimoto zikagesi ezisebenza ngayo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izimoto ezisebenza ngamabhethri kagesi zigcina amandla ebhethri elikhululekile elinika amandla imoto eyodwa noma ezingaphezulu zikagesi ezixhunywe emavili agudlukayo. Ngokungafani nezinjini zangaphakathi ezishisayo, izinjini zikagesi zinikeza i-torque ephezulu kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, okunikeza izimoto ezisebenza ngamabhethri kagesi (BEVs) ukusheshisa okunamandla. Ibhhethri liyashajwa lapho imoto ibreka noma ihamba ngaphandle kokuchofoza, njengoba ukujikeleza kwemoto kudalela ugesi ogcwalisa ibhhethri. Lokhu kwandisa ibanga lemoto.[8][9]

Ubude bohambo be-BEV buxhomeke ngobukhulu bebhethri yayo, elilinganiswa ngamahora e-kilowathi (kWh), ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kanye ne-drivetrain, kanye nezici ezifana ne-aerodynamics, ijubane, izinga lokushisa, nokuthi ingabe i-air conditioning isetshenziswa. Ama-BEV anamuhla anikeza ibanga eliphakathi kuka-250 km no-600 km ngokushaja okugcwele.[10][11]

Ukushaja

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izimoto zikagesi zingashajwa ekhaya noma eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi. Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko.[12]

Izinga 1 (kucothayo)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Isokhethi kagesi ejwayelekile yasekhaya. E-Afrika Dzonga, lesi yisokhethi engu-230V, 16A, enikeza cishe ama-2.0 kW – okulingana nalokho okusetshenziswa yi-kettle kagesi noma i-geyser. Ukuze kushajwe ngale ndlela, kusetshenziswa ishaja efana naleyo yekhompyutha ephathekayo, kodwa enkulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile inikezwa mahhala nemoto. Ukushaja ngokuphelele kungathatha amahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-36, kuye ngobukhulu bebhethri.

Izinga 2 (okuphakathi)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

I-AC charger ekhethekile efakwe odongeni, evamise ukuhlinzeka phakathi kuka-7.4 kW no-22 kW. Ukufakwa kudinga umjikelezo kagesi okhethekile. Ukushaja ngokuphelele kuvame ukuthatha phakathi kwamahora angu-4 kuya kwayi-10. Imfuneko ye-AC charger eyakhelwe ngaphakathi emotweni inqunqa ijubane lokushaja. Eyona ivamile yi-11 kW. Iningi lababanikazi be-EV abashaja ekhaya bafaka i-Level 2 charger. Lokhu kumele kwenziwe uchwepheshe kagesi. Abanye abakhiqizi banikeza ama-charger e-Level 2 mahhala, kanti abanye bakhokhisa imali eyengeziwe – cishe ama-R13,000. Ama-charger e-AC nawo kwesinye isikhathi atholakala ezindaweni zokushaja zomphakathi, isibonelo ezikhungweni zokuthenga.

Izinga 3 (ukushaja okusheshayo noma i-DC)

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ama-charger e-DC anamandla aphezulu, avame ukutholakala eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi. Lawa ma-charger angahlinzeka ngamandla asuka ku-25 kW kuya ku-400 kW noma ngaphezulu, futhi angashaja imoto iye ku-80% kungakapheli imizuzu engu-20 kuya kwengu-45, kuye ngemoto kanye ne-charger.[13]

Izinzuzo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izindleko zikagesi ngakhilomitha ngakunye okuhamba ngazo ngokuvamile ziphansi kunezindleko zikaphethiloli noma idizili ngomgama ofanayo, okuholela ezindlekweni zokusebenza eziphansi kubanikazi be-EV. Imoto zikagesi nazo zinezicucu ezishukumisayo ezimbalwa kunezinjini zokushisa, okusho izindleko zokulungisa eziphansi phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila semoto.[14]

Okubi nezinselelo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Intengo yokuthenga ama-BEV nama-PHEV ivamise ukuba phezulu kunaleyo yezimoto ezifanayo eziphethiloli noma ezidayiseli, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezindleko zamabhethri. Nokho, izindleko zamabhethri zehle kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje: amanani amabhethri e-lithium-ion ehle ngo-20% ngo-2024 kuphela, afinyelela ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu elingu-$115 ngekilowatt-hour, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi aqhubeke ehlisa. <ref>BloombergNEF. "Amanani Amaphakheji Amabhethri eLithium-Ion Abona Ukwehla Okukhulu Kakhulu Kusukela Ngo-2017, Ewehla Wafika ku-$115 Ngekilowatt-Hour." BloombergNEF, 10 Disemba 2024.[15]

Ukukhathazeka ngobude bohambo, ukwesaba ukuthi ibhethri lemoto lizophela ngaphambi kokufika endaweni oya kuyo noma endaweni yokushaja, kuyisithiyo esivame ukukhulunywa ngaso ekwamukelweni kwezimoto zikagesi, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezinhlelo zokushaja zomphakathi ezilinganiselwe.

Imithombo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ I-International Energy Agency.
  2. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  3. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: All-Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  4. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  5. 1 2 "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Hybrid Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  6. ↑ Articles. "BEV, PHEV or HEV: The Differences Affect the Architecture". Aptiv (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  7. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  8. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: How Do All-Electric Cars Work?". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  9. ↑ "Alternative Fuels Data Center: All-Electric Vehicles". afdc.energy.gov (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  10. ↑ "EV Basics: Understanding Electric Vehicles". SEVA (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  11. ↑ "How far can electric vehicles go on a single charge? - Electric Vehicle Council" (in i-English). 2023-09-21. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  12. ↑ International Energy Agency. "Global EV Outlook 2024". IEA, Paris, 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024
  13. ↑ "Global EV Outlook 2024 – Analysis". IEA (in i-English). 2024-04-23. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-02.
  14. ↑ "2024 Electric Vehicles Market Intelligence Report". GreenCape (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03.
  15. ↑ Catsaros, Oktavia (2024-12-10). "Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Prices See Largest Drop Since 2017, Falling to $115 per Kilowatt-Hour: BloombergNEF". BloombergNEF (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2026-09-03. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
"https://zu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isithuthi_samazuba&oldid=128311" تان ورتل