Izinkomo

IziNkomo uhlobo lezilwane ezifuywayo ezinesolosha. Yizona ezingamalungu aseqhulwini womndeni wezinkunda (Bovinae) futhi ziwumqhinqo osabalele wozalo lwezinkasha (Bos). Izinkomo ezikhulile zensikazi zibizwa iziNkomazi noma iziNsengwakazi, njengoba kuyizo ezisengwa ubisi. Bese izinkomo zeduna zona zibizwe iziNkunzi. Izinkomo ezincane zona zibizwa iziNkonyane, ezinsikazi kuthiwa iziThole, eziduna kuthiwa iziNkunzana, amathole noma izinkabi. Ibizo elithi inkabi libuye lisho isilwane seduna esitheniwe. Izinkomo yizilwane ezifuywayo ukuze kutholwe inyama, ezomchago, umgquba, nesikhumba kuzo. Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukudonsa izinqola, nemisheshane yokulima efana nekhuba. Ezinye izizwe ziyazihlonipha izinkomo, futhi enkolweni yamaHindu kuyicala elibomvu ukubulala inkomo.

Umsukagama

Ibizo elithi inkomo liyigama elivela kwelithi khomo, ngokwezigaba zamabizo leli gama liba sesigabeni ithoba (9) bese ubuningi bube sesigabeni seshumi (10). Isichazamazwi sikaVilakazi noDoke sibonisa ukuthi lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kwinkunzi, inkomazi noma inkabi. Elithi "inkomazi" nalo lisuselwa egameni elithi khomazi elisho isilwane sensikazi esisengwayo ^[1]. Amanye amagama izinkomo ezibizwa ngawo kuye ngokwezigaba zawo ahamba kanje^[2]:

umvemve - isigaba kusuka lapho izalwa
inkonyane - isigaba lapho iqala ukudla utshani, ithanda ukudlala, itshakadule
ithole - isigaba lapho ingexhofuzayo nxa incela, iqala ukuba namandla ekudleni utshani.
iguqa - isigaba lapho kudingeka iguqe ngamanqina angaphambili lapho incela

Emva kwalesigaba sokugcina, isilwane sesiyinkomo ngokugcwele.

Izinkondolo

Ingcaziso

Isikhehle senkomo

Unongo lomhlakahlo, luveza amakhikhi amane esigimbelo senkomo

Izinkomo ziyizincelisi ezibathuzayo (artiodactyl) ezinenselo, okusho ukuthi zinyathuza ngezinzwane ezimbili, olwesithathu nolwesine. Njengazo zonke izinkunda, zinezimpondo, kodwa ezingenawo amagatsha futhi ezingebuleki.^[3] Izinkunzi zinkulu kunezinkomazi zesizalo esisodwa ngamakhilogremu angamakhulu ambalwa.^[4] Eqinisweni izizalo zezinkomo nazo ziyahlukahluka ngokobungako.^[5] Ngokwemvelo izinkomo ziphila iminyaka ephakathi kwama-25–30 ubudala. Izinkomo zenyama zona ziyahlatshwa lapho zinezinyanga ezili-18, futhi izinkomo zomchago noma iziNsengwakwazi zona zihlatshwa lapho zineminyaka emihlanu ubudala.^[6] Imibala yezinkomo iyahlukahluka kuye ngesizalo sazo; imibala evamile ngompisholo, omhlophe kanye nobomvu, ezinye ziba namabhadubhadu noma imibala exubene.^[7]

Imibala yezinkomo

Imibala yezinkomo nokuhloba kwayo
umbala omnyama	Umbala obomvu	Eminye imibala
Ebafazibewela	Ebubende ebubendekazi	Uhlakuva
Ebhanqule	Idube idubekazi	Ukholo
Ibhondwe	Ifusa ifusakazi	Emakhwezikhwezi emakhwezikhwezikazi
Ubhulomu	Egwaqa egwaqakazi	Emanangananga
Ufipha ufiphakazi	imahwalahwala imahwalahwalakazi	Emaqandakacilo
Ufukufuku ufukufukukazi	Imahwaqahwaqa imahwaqahwaqakazi	Emaqandakahwayiba
Igambu igambukazi	Imampilimpili imampilimpilikazi	Emaqandeqelu
Ihhemu ihhemukazi	Imbondwe imbondwekazi	Emavakavaka Emavakavakakazi
Ihunqu ihunqukazi	Umbomvu umbomvukazi	Emavovo
Ihwanqa ihwanqakazi	Emdokwe	Emavukuthu emavukuthukazi
Ijoli ijolikazi	Inhlabavu Inhlabavukazi	Ensiphozamabele ensiphozamabelekazi
Ukhozi	Ensundu	Emseka
Iklilathi iklilathikazi	Umtoto umtotokazi	Intenjana intenjanakazi
Ilunga ilungakazi	Insasa insasakazi	Umbungu umbungukazi
Emaqgabhagqabha Emagqabhagqabhakazi	Inala inalakazi	Emvukuzi emvukuzikazi
Emakhwifikhwifi	Ephuzingwebu	Umqungokazi
Emasavutshiwe	Umkhandlu	Inselekazi
Imfezi imfezikazi	Inco incokazi	Umthuqu umthuqukazi
Umngquphane	Itshinaha	Emdaka
Impemvu impemvukazi	Umviyo umviyokazi	Impofu impofukazi
Umsheko umshekokazi	Intusi intusikazi	Isiqanda isiqandakazi
Umthika	Inhlamvazana	Engamunwe
Imvunduma imvundumakazi	Inzotha inzothakazi	Umhlophe umhlophekazi
Umzondo umzondokazi	Inkone inkonekazi	Umlaza umlazakazi
R32

Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla

Izinkomo ziyizilwane ezetshisayo, okusho ukuthi uhlelo lokugaya lazo lwakhelwe ukudludlunga izithako zokudla ezifana notshani obunothe ngesincimfino (cellulose), okuyintshogcezi efukuthisayo, futhi izilwane eziningi ezihlulekayo ukuyigaya. Lokhu zikwenza zisebenzisana neziphilincinci ezifana nezinungwana, nokhunta – eziqukethe izinzwayiza eziqephula isincimfino ngokoshukela lwaso.^[8] Uma ukudla kwesilwane kuguquka emva kwesikhathi, isakhiwo seziphilincinci naso siyaguquka ngokufanayo.^[9]

Izinkomo zinenqashambana yesigimbelo esinamakhikhi amane; ulusu (rumen), ingobo (Reticulum), inanzi (omasum), kanye netwani (abomasum). Ulusu luyikhikhi elikhulu futhi lithwele izingxenye ezibalulekile zeziphilincinci.^[9] Ingobo, okuyikhikhi elincane kanamanye, laziwa nangokuthi isandlwana. Umsebenzi wenanzi oyinhloko ukumunyunga amanzi nemisoco ekudleni okugayekayo. Itwani lona linomsebenzi ofanayo nowesisu somuntu.^[10]

Izinkomo ziyabuyisa ukuze zikuhlafune kabusha ukudla kwazo ngenqubo ebizwa ukwetshisa, njengazo zonke izilwane ezetshisayo. Lapho zidla, izinkomo zigimbila ukudla kwazo; bese zikuqoqonga oluswini. Kamuva, lokho kudla kuzobuyiselwa emlonyeni ngamathamo, kwetshiswe, kuncushuzwe kube izinhlayiya ezincane. Bese ekugcineni lowo metshiso uyagwinywa futhi ukuze uyogaywa yiziphilincinci esigimbelweni.^[10]

Ukucondoza kwazo

Izinkomo zikleliswe ngokoqhiwu lokuchachaza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isibaya esisodwa asikwazi ukuba nezinkunzi eziningi, futhi kuvamile ukubona izinkomo zizwana amandla. Okunye ezivame ukukwenza ukukhothana, njengoba ezichachazwayo kuyizona ezivame ukukhotha ezinye.^[11]

Izinkomo zidla ukudla okuxubile, kodwa zincamela ukwaluka amaphesenti angama70 esithathe namaphesenti angama-30 otshani.^[12] Lapho zaluka, izinkomo zigubulunda ngezindlela ezingafani, ulimi lwazo nesihlathi kunyakaza ngendlela ehlukile lapho zigwaphuna utshani obude kunobufishane.^[13] Izinkomo lapho zigubulunda ziyayigwema indawo egcwele amasimba wezinye izinkomo ukwedlula egcwele amasimba wezimvu,^[14] Kodwa azinankinga nedlelo eligcwele amakaka womvundla.^[15]

Ukufuya

Uzalo lwezinkomo olubizwa Hereford olunenyama eningi
Izinkomo zase-Ostraliya emadlelweni
inkomo ethandwa nevame ezweni lase-Austiya, igaxe insimbi

Kwezomnotho

Izinkomo ziyafuywa ukuze zikhiqize inyama, ubisi, isikhumba futhi ukuze zisebenza lapho kulinywa.^[16] KwaZulu, izinkomo ziyigugu lesizwe njengoba zisetshenziswa noma zihlatshwe lapho kulotsholwa, kuhlanzwa umuzi, kukhotheme iNkosi, lapho kwenziwa ihlambo, lapho kushwelezwa, kubikelwa abangasekho, ngoMkhosi womhlanga, ngoMkhosi weLembe, lapho kutshalwa iNkosi, lapho kwenziwa umemulo, ngomgcagco njll.

Inyama

Inyama yenkomo iyisidlo esithandwa kakhulu KwaZulu nasemhlabeni jikelele. Akwenzeki ukuba umcimbi omkhulu ungabi nayo inyama. Izitho ezidliwayo zenkomo zinamagama azo, futhi kukhona izitho ezidliwa abantu besigaba esithile njengomama, abafana, abadala, abanumzane njll.^[17]

Izitho zenkomo ezidliwayo yilezi

Izitho ezidliwayo zangaphakathi - Ubende, ubhedu, ilulu, uluntu, amathumbu, umhlehlo, umminzo, impundu, umthala, umtshazo, imvali, umvimba, inazo, ingwaqo, ingobo, inhliziyo, iphaphu, upopopo, isibindi, usinyaka, isinye, isisu, ulusu, itwani, izinhlonhlo, izinso, neziphapha.

Izitho ezidliwayo ezangaphandle - Ubebebe, ibele, icwiyo, idevu, ugalu, ikhala, ulimi, ilunda, amaguma, amanqina, amantshontsho, umgogodla, umhlathi, umhlubulo, umkhele, umkhono, umlenze, ungiklane, inhloko, insonyama, intamo, inyama yamehlo, uqwanga, isifuba, isikhaba, umsila, isinqe, isiphanga, isixhanti, ithebe, izimambo.

Ezomchago

Ubisi lutholakala ezinkomeni ezisengwayo, iziNsengwakazi kuphela, ezinamabele okuncelisa,^[18]^[19] Futhi ubisi lwezinkomo kwenziwa ngalo imikhiqizo yezomchago eminingi efana nePhehlwa, injibini, uBhobe, ubisi olukhothe, umQungo, uLaza, umThubi, uLazaqhwa, amasi, ubisi olunguliwe, umHongo, uLaza olukhwixiwe, nomKhumuza wobisi. Izinkomazi zomchago zigcinwa emapulazini akhethekile wokukhiqiza ubisi. iziNsengwakazi eziningi zisengwa kabili ngosuku.^[20] Izinkomazi ukuze ziqhubeka nokukhiqiza ubisi, kufanele zizale kanye ngonyaka. Kodwana uma zizala eyeduna, ivame ukuhlatshwa ngenxa yokuthi kufuneka ezinye izinkomazi.^[21] Izinkomazi ubisi zilukhiqiza kuze kusale amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuzala.^[19]

KwaZulu ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu ngamasi. Kunezigaba ezihlukene zamasi lapho afanele ukudliwa kuzo. Isigaba sokuqala, esamasi ayizaqheqhe noma izangqondo (izamfemfe). okungamasi avuthwe kahle, angenawo umlaza.

Izinkomazi ezilukhozi ngombala yizona ezisengwa kakhulu.
Ukusenga umsebenzi owenziwa ngesandla kusuka endulo
Isindiyane sanamuhla okusengelwa kuso, eJalimani

Izaga ezisuselwa ezinkomeni


Ezenkonyane	Ezenkunzi	Ezenkomazi
Inkonyane yeqa lapha kweqe khona unina	Akukho zinkunzi zadla ndawonye	Indlezane isengelwa phansi
Amathole akhethwa konina	Izinkunzi ezirnbili azibusi esibayeni sinye	Ikhaba abayisengayo
Inkonyane yethuka isisinga	Nginjenjenje mntanethu ngoniwa inkunzi	Inzimakazi izala iIungakazi
Yawuchitha umuthi inkonyane	Inkunzi inqunywe amanqindi	Isigqala sizala insengwakazi
Umbala ucaca enkonyaneni	Inkunzi iyazibeka	Ayimithi ingaphindwanga
Inkomo ixakelwe inkonyane	Yeka ubambo lwenkabi ukudliwa kwandlwana	Kazi iyozala nkomoni
Inkonyane ifuza unina	Yayihlaba yema nayo	Inkomo isengwa ngoyaziyo
Inkonyane yenye iyayiqhubulusha, eyayo iyayikhotha	Inkunzi isematholeni	Kukwankomo isengwa ilele
Usenga inkomo nenkonyane		Inkomo enomlomo kayinamasi
Inkonyane ikhethwa kusakhanya
Inkonyane iyashiyelwa

Imithombo

↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 400-401.
↑ Mthembu, V.J., 2009. Ubumqoka beziNkomo eseZweni samaZulu. PhD Thesis. University of Zululand, KwaDlangwezwa, South Africa.
↑ "Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives: Introduction" (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. 1–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ "Hereford cattle weight". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ "Chianina". The Cattle Site. 29 September 2022. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024.
↑ "Cattle factsheet". RSPCA. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 February 2024.
↑ Rolf, Megan (February 2017). "Color Patterns in Crossbred Beef Cattle". University of Oklahoma Extension. p. AFS-3173. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Hua, Dengke; Hendriks, Wouter H.; Xiong, Benhai; Pellikaan, Wilbert F. (3 November 2022). "Starch and Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen and Applications of Metagenomics on Ruminal Microorganisms". Animals 12 (21): 3020. doi:10.3390/ani12213020. PMC 9653558. PMID 36359144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9653558.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Kibegwa, Felix M.; Bett, Rawlynce C.; Gachuiri, Charles K.; Machuka, Eunice; Stomeo, Francesca; Mujibi, Fidalis D. (13 January 2023). "Diversity and functional analysis of rumen and fecal microbial communities associated with dietary changes in crossbreed dairy cattle". PLOS ONE 18 (1): e0274371. Bibcode 2023PLoSO..1874371K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274371. PMC 9838872. PMID 36638091. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9838872.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Orr, Adam I. (28 June 2023). "How Cows Eat Grass: Exploring Cow Digestion". Food and Drug Administration. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 February 2024.
↑ "Signs of Heat (Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle)". Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle (Penn State Extension). Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Rutter, S.M. (2006). "Diet preference for grass and legumes in free-ranging domestic sheep and cattle: current theory and future application.". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97 (1): 17–35. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.016.
↑ Laca, E.A.; Ungar, E.D.; Seligman, N.; Demment, M.W. (1992). "Effects of sward height and bulk density on bite dimensions of cattle grazing homogeneous swards". Grass and Forage Science 47 (1): 91–102. Bibcode 1992GForS..47...91L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02251.x.
↑ Forbes, T.D.A.; Hodgson, J. (1985). "The reaction of grazing sheep and cattle to the presence of dung from the same or the other species". Grass and Forage Science 40 (2): 177–182. Bibcode 1985GForS..40..177F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01735.x.
↑ Daniels, M.J.; Ball, N.; Hutchings, M.R.; Greig, A. (2001). "The grazing response of cattle to pasture contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis". The Veterinary Journal 161 (3): 306–313. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2000.0550. PMID 11352488.
↑ "Cattle". Food and Agriculture Organization. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 February 2024.
↑ "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 October 2019.
↑ "UK Dairy Cows". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 "Compassion in World Farming: Dairy Cattle". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Pearson, R.E.; Fulton, L.A.; Thompson, P.D.; Smith, J.W. (1979). "Milking 3 Times per day". Journal of Dairy Science 62 (12): 1941–1950. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2. PMID 541464. http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2/abstract.
↑ "About calves reared for veal". Compassion in World Farming. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 9 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[1] Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 400-401.

[:1-2] Mthembu, V.J., 2009. Ubumqoka beziNkomo eseZweni samaZulu. PhD Thesis. University of Zululand, KwaDlangwezwa, South Africa.

[3] "Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives: Introduction" (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. 1–23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[4] "Hereford cattle weight". Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[5] "Chianina". The Cattle Site. 29 September 2022. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024.

[6] "Cattle factsheet". RSPCA. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 February 2024.

[7] Rolf, Megan (February 2017). "Color Patterns in Crossbred Beef Cattle". University of Oklahoma Extension. p. AFS-3173. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 March 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Hua_Hendriks_Xiong_Pellikaan_2022-8] Hua, Dengke; Hendriks, Wouter H.; Xiong, Benhai; Pellikaan, Wilbert F. (3 November 2022). "Starch and Cellulose Degradation in the Rumen and Applications of Metagenomics on Ruminal Microorganisms". Animals 12 (21): 3020. doi:10.3390/ani12213020. PMC 9653558. PMID 36359144. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9653558.

[Kibegwa2023-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Kibegwa, Felix M.; Bett, Rawlynce C.; Gachuiri, Charles K.; Machuka, Eunice; Stomeo, Francesca; Mujibi, Fidalis D. (13 January 2023). "Diversity and functional analysis of rumen and fecal microbial communities associated with dietary changes in crossbreed dairy cattle". PLOS ONE 18 (1): e0274371. Bibcode 2023PLoSO..1874371K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274371. PMC 9838872. PMID 36638091. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=9838872.

[Orr_2023-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Orr, Adam I. (28 June 2023). "How Cows Eat Grass: Exploring Cow Digestion". Food and Drug Administration. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 13 February 2024.

[11] "Signs of Heat (Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle)". Heat Detection and Timing of Insemination for Cattle (Penn State Extension). Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[12] Rutter, S.M. (2006). "Diet preference for grass and legumes in free-ranging domestic sheep and cattle: current theory and future application.". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97 (1): 17–35. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.11.016.

[13] Laca, E.A.; Ungar, E.D.; Seligman, N.; Demment, M.W. (1992). "Effects of sward height and bulk density on bite dimensions of cattle grazing homogeneous swards". Grass and Forage Science 47 (1): 91–102. Bibcode 1992GForS..47...91L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02251.x.

[14] Forbes, T.D.A.; Hodgson, J. (1985). "The reaction of grazing sheep and cattle to the presence of dung from the same or the other species". Grass and Forage Science 40 (2): 177–182. Bibcode 1985GForS..40..177F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01735.x.

[15] Daniels, M.J.; Ball, N.; Hutchings, M.R.; Greig, A. (2001). "The grazing response of cattle to pasture contaminated with rabbit faeces and the implications for the transmission of paratuberculosis". The Veterinary Journal 161 (3): 306–313. doi:10.1053/tvjl.2000.0550. PMID 11352488.

[FAO_Cattle-16] "Cattle". Food and Agriculture Organization. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 February 2024.

[17] "FAOSTAT". www.fao.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 October 2019.

[ukcows-18] "UK Dairy Cows". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[CIWF_2015-19] 19.0 ^19.1 "Compassion in World Farming: Dairy Cattle". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[dairy_science-20] Pearson, R.E.; Fulton, L.A.; Thompson, P.D.; Smith, J.W. (1979). "Milking 3 Times per day". Journal of Dairy Science 62 (12): 1941–1950. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(79)83526-2. PMID 541464. http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302%2879%2983526-2/abstract.

[21] "About calves reared for veal". Compassion in World Farming. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 9 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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