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Owesifazane

Hlela izixhumanisi
Kubuya ku Wikipedia
African_woman_rusinga

Owesifazane noma umame ungumuntu oyisifazane omdala. Ngaphambi kokuba ngumuntu omdala, udlula esigabeni sokuba uyingane yesifazane ebizwa ngokuthi intombazane, nasesigabeni sokuba intombi.[1]

Ngokomhlakahlo, inkondolo yesifazane evamile yokuba umuntu osimombaxa ngokobulili (sexual dimorphism) iwuhlelo lokuzala lesifazane, elihlanganisa amaqanda, amathumbu kaFallopi, isibeletho, inhlunu, negolo. Ezinye izinkondolo abanazo ngamabele (abesilisa banezibele) akhiqiza ubisi lomuntu, kanye nonkimfi omkhudlwana nenqulu ebanzi. Lezi zinkondolo zenza kube lula ukukhulelwa, ukubeletha, nokuncelisa. Ezinye izinkondolo ezengeziwe kowesifazane zihlanganisa izinwele zomzimba ezimbalwa, inani lamafutha omzimba eliphezulu, ukungabi mude, nesisindo semisipha esincane. Abesifazane basengcupheni enkulu yokuba nezifo ezifana nomdlavuza wamabele, Kodwa basengcupheni encane yokuba nezifo ezifana nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngokufuzo, abesifazane bathola ibhanqa leziphathafuzo X, elilodwa kumzali ngamunye. Ukwehlukana ngokobulili kombungu oyisifazane kulawulwa ukusweleka kwesifuzisi SRY esisebenzayo kunoma yisiphi isiphathafuzo sobulili.[2]

Abanye abesifazane banobulili obuphakathi, okusho ukuthi banezinkondolo zobulili ezixakile ezifana nalezi (chromosomes, genitalia or internal sex organs), Ubuthathu X noma ingquthu evalekile.[3][4]

Abesifazane abashintshubulili bayilabo abazalwe bangabesilisa.[5]

Abesifazane bamqoka emphakathini wabantu futhi babelokhu banezikhundla kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi emlandweni, kodwa izindima zobulili ezihlelwe yimvunabudoda (patriarchy) bezilokhu zibavimba ukuze zichachaze phezu kwabesifazane. Lapho lezi zindima ziqala ukungasalandelwa ekhulwini lama-20 emiphakathini eminingi, abesifazane baye bakwazi ukufikelela kwezemfundo nemisebenzi eminingi. Amalungelo wezokuzala, namalungelo wabesifazane ayaqhubeka nokuphakanyiswa, ikakhulu emazweni ancisha abesifazane amalungelo. Udlame oluhleliwe kwabesifazane ngokuyinhloko lwenziwa abesilisa. Izinkolo eziningi kanye nohulumeni, bashaye imithetho ethile yabesifazane. Ubunazi buwumbutho uhlose ukuba kube nokulingana phakathi kobulili.

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Elithi owesifazane nelithi isifazane, womabili lamagama ayisiphawulo selithi umfazi, lona eliphambana nelithi umufo (indoda. Okusho ukuthi elithi umufo lisebenza kwabesilisa, bese elithi umfazi lisebenze komame. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isijobelelo ''azi'' sijotshwe kwelithi umufo, njengalapho lijotshelelwa kwethi indoda + azi = indodakazi, noma inkomo + azi = onkomazi. Elithi isifazane lisho bonke abantu abanobulili besifazane, kuhlanganisa namantombazane kufika kwizalukazi, bese elithi owesifazane lona livame ukusebenza komame asebakhulile. Kodwa lamagama abuye asebenziswe ngokushintshana ngokobulili nangokwesigaba sokukhulu. Elithi umfazi lona lisho owesifazane oganile. Isichazamazwi sikaVilakazi sithi elithi umfazi akufanele lisethsneziswe kubo bonke omame, kungcono kusetshenziswe elithi owesifazane. Amagama wokuhlonipha owesifazane noma umfazi athi umnazi, umyazi.

Umchazampilo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Izinkondolo zofuzo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Isithombe somuntu wesilisa nowesifazane, amashishi asuswe ngebomu
Isithombe senkobofuzo yesifazane

Ngokuvamil, amangqamuzana esifazane aqukethe iziphathafuzo X ezimbili, kuyilapho amangqamuzana omuntu wesilisa aqukethe iziphathafuzo X ne-Y.[6] Lapho umuntu esengumbungu, lonke ufuzo lombungu linamadlala womphambili esifazane kufika esontweni lomkhothi, lapho kuvela umehluko wamasende esilisa ngenxa yokusebenza kwesifuzisi SRY kusiphahafuzo Y. Umehluko ngokobulli uyaqhubeka ukusebenza komuntu wesifazane ngendlela ezimele nengancikile kumachicho wamadlala omphambili.[7] Ngenxa yokuthi abantu banoLibofuzo lwe-mitochondria evela eqamdei likamama, abacwaningi bomlando wofuzo bayakwazi ukuthungatha ikhwali icaleni likamama kuya endulo.[8]

Ukuthomba, iqako nokunqamuka

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukuthomba yikona okudala izinguquko emzimbeni. Ngenxa yokusabela eziyabizweni zevange ezivela kwimfomavange (pituitary gland), amaqanda achicha amachicho akhuthaza ukukhula komzimba, kuhlanganisa nokwanda kobude nesinzima, ukukhula kwezinwele, ukukhula kwamabele nokuya odweni (ukuqala kodwa).[9] Inngi lamantombazane liya odweni lapho luneminyaka eli-12–13.[10][11]

Uqako lona liwumjikelezo wamachicho wanyanga zonke obandakanya ukuphuma kwegazi elisesibelethweni. Kuthiwa ukuya esikhathini. Igazi livame ukuphuma ngenhlunu. Imijekelezo yoqako ayiqali ngokulandela uhlelo olucacile, futhi ivamise ukwanda kwabesifazane abangephezu kweminyaka engama-20..[12] Iningi labesifazane liyakwazi ukuqhubeka nobuqhebeqhebe nemisebenzi yalo lapho lisesikhathini,[13] nakuba abanye bebhekana nezimpawu ezifana nezinhlungu[14] noma bevinjwa ekwenzeni imisebenzi ngenxa yezinkolelo zomphakathi.[15]

nude woman in the middle of pregnancy
A pregnant woman

Izinguquko ezenzeka lapho ethomba yizo ezivumela ukuzala. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka lapho kuhlangana amalotha owesilisa namaqanda owesifazane. Abantu bayafana nezinye izincelisi ezinkulu njengoba bevame ukuzala inzalo eyodwa ngokumitha kunye, kodwa futhi ba (altricial) ngokungavamile, okusho ukuthi inzalo ayikathuthuke ngokwanele lapho izalwa futhi kudingeka ilekelelwe noma inakekelwe abazali kufika ikwazi ukuzimela.[16] Ngezinye izikhathi, abantu bazala amawele noma amaphahla.[17]

Ngokuvamile lapho owesifazane eneminyaka engama-49–52, ufika enkathini yonqamuko, lapho kunqamuka khona uqako noma ukuya esikhathini naphakade, futhi ngeke esakwazi ukukhulelwa nokuzala.[18][19][20] Izimpawu zonqamuko zihlanganisa ukushiselwa, ukujuluka ebusuku, nokunkeketha kwekhanda, nezinye; ukuguqula indlela yokuphila nemishanguzo kungalekelela ukubhekana nazo.[21]

Izinkondolo zochazomzimba nokwakheka

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
diagram of internal anatomy
The human female reproductive system

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ "Definition of girl noun". Oxford learner's Dictionary.
  2. ↑ Passarge, Eberhard (2017). Color Atlas of Genetics. New York. p. 362. ISBN 978-3-13-241440-2.
  3. ↑ "Intersex people". OHCHR. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024.
  4. ↑ United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2024.
  5. ↑ "Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression". American Psychological Association. 9 March 2023. Archived from the original on 1 May 2025. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 14 June 2023.
  6. ↑ Hake, Laura; O'Connor, Clare (2008). "Genetic Mechanisms of Sex Determination". Nature Education. 1 (1): 25.
  7. ↑ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences; Wizemann, Theresa M.; Pardue, Mary-Lou (2001). "Sex Begins in the Womb". Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health (in i-English). National Academies Press (US). doi:10.17226/10028. ISBN 978-0-309-07281-6. PMID 25057540. All human individualsTemplate:Sndwhether they have an XX, an XY, or an atypical sex chromosome combinationTemplate:Sndbegin development from the same starting point. During early development the gonads of the fetus remain undifferentiated; that is, all fetal genitalia are the same and are phenotypically female. After approximately 6 to 7 weeks of gestation, however, the expression of a gene on the Y chromosome induces changes that result in the development of the testes.
  8. ↑ Kivisild, Toomas (2015). "Maternal ancestry and population history from whole mitochondrial genomes". Investigative Genetics. 6: 3. doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0022-2. PMC 4367903. PMID 25798216.
  9. ↑ Hamilton-Fairley, Diana (2009). Lecture notes. Obstetrics and gynaecology. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-7801-3. OCLC 230193908.
  10. ↑ Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). "Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth". BMC Public Health. 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-736. PMC 3001737. PMID 21110899. Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart". Pediatrics. 111 (4 Pt 1): 844–850. Bibcode:2003Pedia.111..844A. doi:10.1542/peds.111.4.844. PMID 12671122.
  12. ↑ "Menstrual Cycle". Cleveland Clinic. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 19 November 2025.
  13. ↑ Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, Braat DD, Nap AW (2019). "The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life: a survey among 42,879 women". American Journal of Obstetric Gynecology. 220 (6): 569.e1–569.e7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.02.048. PMID 30885768.
  14. ↑ Biggs WS, Demuth RH (October 2011). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder". American Family Physician. 84 (8): 918–924. PMID 22010771.
  15. ↑ Thakuri, Dipendra; Thapa, Rashan (1 September 2021). "A harmful religio-cultural practice (Chhaupadi) during menstruation among adolescent girls in Nepal: Prevalence and policies for eradication". PLOS ONE. 16 (9). Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1656968T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256968. PMC 8409632 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34469491 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "Overview of Multiple Pregnancy". Stanford Medicine Children's Health. Archived from the original on 3 December 2024.
  17. ↑ "Twins, Triplets, Multiple Births". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-07-25.
  18. ↑ "Menopause: Overview". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2013-06-28. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 8 March 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ "Menopause: Overview". PubMedHealth. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 8 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Takahashi TA, Johnson KM (May 2015). "Menopause". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 521–34. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006. PMID 25841598.
  21. ↑ "What are the 34 symptoms of menopause, and what helps?". 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024.

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