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Robben Island

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Robben Island
Robbeneiland
Robben Island viewed from above
Robben Island viewed from above
Map
Robben Island is located in Western Cape
Robben Island
Robben Island
Location within Western Cape
Robben Island is located in South Africa
Robben Island
Robben Island
Location within South Africa
Coordinates: 33°48′18″S 18°22′12″E / 33.80500°S 18.37000°E
Country South Africa
Province Western Cape
Municipality City of Cape Town
Area
 • Total
 5.18 km2 (2.00 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Total
 116
 • Density 22.4/km2 (58.0/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2011)
 • Black African 60.3%
 • Coloured 23.3%
 • White 13.8%
 • Other 2.6%
First languages (2011)
 • Xhosa 37.9%
 • Afrikaans 35.3%
 • Zulu 15.5%
 • English 7.8%
 • Other 3.4%
Time zone UTC+2 (SAST)
PO box
7400
Type Cultural
Criteria III, VI
Designated 1999 (23rd session)
Reference no. 916
Region
 Africa

IRobben Island iyisiqhingi esisechwebeni iTable Bay, okungamakhilomitha ali-6 entshonalanga yothungulu lwaseBloubergstrand, enyakatho yeKapa, eNingizimu Afrika. Igama layo lisuselwa egameni lesiDashi lasendulo elisho izimvu zamanzi (robben), yingakho igama lesiDashi/isiBhunu iRobbeneiland, elihunyushwa ngokuthi iSiqhingi Sezimvu zamanzi .

Isiqhingi sezimvu zamanzi sicishe simise okweqanda ngesimo, singamakhilomitha amathathu ubude ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, futhi siyikhilomitha elilodwa ububanzi.[2] Siyisicaba futhi siphakeme ngamamitha ambalwa kuphela ngaphezu kolwandle, ngenxa yesigameko sokuguguleka komhlabathi sasendulo. Saqiniswa futhi sasetshenziswa njengejele kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 kwaze kwaba ngowe-1996, ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo .

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, sasisetshenziselwa ukugcina iziboshwa zezombusazwe ezaziphikisana nombuso wobandlululo. Isishoshovu sezombusazwe kanye nommeli uNelson Mandela waboshwa kulesi siqhingi iminyaka eli-18 kwengama-27 ayegwetshwe yona ngaphambi kokuphela kobandlululo kanye nokwethulwa kwentando yeningi egcwele, ehlanganisa izinhlanga eziningi eNingizimu Afrika. Kamuva wanikezwa uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel futhi wakhethwa ngowe-1994 njengoMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, waba ngumongameli wokuqala onsundu kuleli zwe. Wakhnza njengomongameli ihlandla elilodwa kusukela ngowe-1994 kuya kowe-1999.

Abanye ababili ababeyiziboshwa eSiqhingini sezimvu zamanzi, ngaphandle kukaMandela, nabo bakhethelwa ukuba ngomongameli kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990: uKgalema Motlanthe (2008–2009) [3] noJacob Zuma (2009–2018). Abanye ababeyiziboshwa bebenezikhundla ezahlukene kwezombusazwe embusweni wentando yeningi.

IRobben Island iyiSiza Sefagugu Likazwelonke laseNingizimu Afrika kanye neSiza Sefagugu Lomhlaba le-UNESCO. [4]

Umlando

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Ukufinyelela esiqhingini

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IRobben Island ingafinyeleleka kubavakashi ngokukhenketha zisuka othugulu lolwandle lwaseKapa. [5] Ukhenketho lusuka kathathu ngosuku futhi luthatha cishe amahora ama-3.5, okuhlanganisa ukuwela ngesikebhe ukuya nokubuya esiqhingini, kanye nokhenketho lweziza zomlando ezahlukahlukene esiqhingini ezakha ingxenye yeSigcinamagugu sesiqhingi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amathuna esiqhingi, inkwali yomcako engasasetshenziswa, indlu kaRobert Sobukwe, inkwali yeTshelundwa, inkambu yamabutho asezweni nasolwandle, kanye nejele elinesilondolozo esiphezulu. Futhi kuboniswa nejele likaNelson Mandela. [6]

Ubungozi bolwandle

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Ibalazwe lamaDashi lesiqhingi, kusukela ngo-1731

Imikhumbi ehamba olwandle kumele iqaphele kakhulu uma idlula eduze kweRobben Island kanye neWhale Rock eseduze (elingaphansi) njengoba lokhu kuyingozi ekuhameni kwemikhumbi. [7] Uthungulu lolwandle lwe-Atlantic oluvame ukuba khona luzungeze amatshe asogwini kanye nothungulu lolwandle olunamatshe aqinile lwalesi siqhingi. Imikhumbi eshayiwe ephonswa emadwaleni iphuka ngokushesha ngenxa yamagagasi anamandla. Kuyaziwa ukuthi imikhumbi engama-31 yaphahlazeka esiqhingini. [8]

Ngowe-1990, ithimba lemivubukulo yasolwandle elivela eNyuvesi yaseKapa laqala Umgidingo obizwa "Sea Eagle". Kwakuyinhlolazwe yangaphansi kwamanzi eyayihlola amakhilomitha-skwele ali-9 olwandle oluzungeze isiqhingi sezimvu zamanzi. Lo msebenzi waba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yemisinga enamandla kanye namagagasi aphezulu. Leli qembu lithole imikhumbi engama-24 eyayicwile eduze nesiqhingi. Iningi lezimekemeke ezaphukile zitholakale emanzini angaphansi ngamamitha ali-10 ukujula. Ithimba laphetha ngokuthi isimo sezulu esibi, ubumnyama kanye nenkungu yizona ezabangela ukucwila. [8]

Imikhumbi eyamehlezeka eduze nesiqhingi kanye nasemanzini azungezile ihlanganisa imikhumbi efana neDutch East Indiaman wangekhulu le-17, iYeanger van Horne (1611), iShaapejacht (1660), kanye neDageraad (1694). Imikhumbi eyamehlezeka kamuva yekhulu le-19 yayihlanganisa imikhumbi eminingana yaseBrithani, okuhlanganisa iGondolier (1836), kanye nowaseMelika , i-AH Stevens (1866). Ngowe-1901 isikebhe esithwala izimpahla ngeposi i-SS Tantallon Castle sashaya amatshe eRobben Island enkungwini ethe khuhle! ngemva nje kokusuka eKapa. Ngemva kokuba kuqhunyiswe izinganono zokucela usizo esiqhingini, imikhumbi eseduze yaphuthuma ukuyosiza. Bonke abagibeli abali-120 kanye nabasebenzi bakhishwa emkhunjini ngaphambi kokuba uqhekeke ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamadwala. Eminye imikhumbi eli-17 yamehlezeka ngekhulu lama-20, okuhlanganisa nemikhumbi yaseBrithani, yaseSpain, yaseNorway kanye neyaseTaiwan . 

Indlu yesibani yaseRobben Island

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Indlu Yesibani yaseRobben Island

Ngenxa yobungozi bolwandle lwaseRobben Island kanye nobamanzi aseduze kwayo, uJan van Riebeeck, umphathi wokuqala wamakoloni aseDashi eKapa ngawo-1650, wayala ukuthi kushiswe imililo emikhulu ebusuku phezu kweGquma Lomlilo, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke esiqhingini (manje esiyiGquma iMinto). Lokhu kwakuwukuxwayisa imikhumbi yenkampani i-VOC ukuthi yayisondela esiqhingini.

Ngowe-1865, indlu yesibani yaseRobben Island yaqedwa eGqumeni iMinto. [9] Umbhoshongo wokwakha oyisigqonqolozi, onendlu yomgcinisibani ngaphansi kwawo, ungamamitha ali-18 ukuya phezulu kanye nesigungelo sesibani phezulu. Ngowe-1938, isibani saguqulwa saba esogesi. Indlu yesibani isebenzisa isibani esikhanyayo esikhundleni sesibani esijikelezayo; sikhanya imizuzwana emi-5 njalo ngemizuzwana eyisikhombisa. Ukukhanya kwaso kubonakala ibanga amakhilomitha angama-44 ukuqhela, sikhanyisa ukukhanya okumhlophe kude neTable Bay . [10] Isibani esibomvu sesibili sisebenza njengosizo lokugegezela lemikhumbi entaza eningizimu-mpumalanga.

Izilwane zasendle kanye nokulondolozwa

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Umbono weTable Bay ukusuka ogwini lwaseRobben Island
Uthungulu lwesiqhingi saseRobben olunombono weNtaba yesithebe
Inguza yase-Afrika esengozini yokuqothulwa eRobben Island, 2015

Lapho amaDashi efika kule ndawo ngweo-1652, izilwane ezinkulu kuphela esiqhingini kwakuyizimvu zamanzi nezinyoni, okuhlanganisa nezinguza. Ngowe-1654, abahlali bakhulula onogwaja esiqhingini ukuze bakwazi ukuthola umthombo wenyama olungele imikhumbi edlulayo. [11]

Ikoloni lokuqala lezinguzaz ase-Afrika esiqhingini labhujiswa ngokuphelele ngowe-1800. Kodwa, kusukela ngowe-1983, ikoloni elisha selisungulwe lapho, futhi lesi siqhingi sanamuhla siyindawo ebalulekile yokuzalela yalezi zinhlobo. [12] Ikoloni lakhula laba ubungakoi wabantu abayizi-16,000 ngowezi-2004, ngaphambi kokuba liqale ukwehla ngobungako futhi. Ngokwezi-2015, lokhu kwehla bekulokhu kuqhubeka (kwaze kwaba ubungako wekoloni labantu abayizi~3,000). Ukwehla okunjalo kutholakale cishe kuzo zonke ezinye izindawo zokuhlala zezinguza zase-Afrika. Izimbangela zalokhu azikacaci kahle futhi kungenzeka zihluke phakathi kwamakoloni, kodwa eRobben Island cishe zihlobene nokuncipha kokudla (amasadini nama-anchovies) ngenxa yokuncintisana kwabadobi. [13] Kulula ukubona izinguza endaweni yazo yemvelo, futhi athandwa kakhulu yizivakashi.

Cishe ngowe-1958, uLieutenant Peter Klerck, isikhulu sezempi saseNingizimu Afrika esasikhonza kulesi siqhingi, sangenisa izilwane ezahlukahlukene. Isiqephu esicashuniwe sendatshana eyabhalwa yindodana yakhe uMichael Klerck, owayehlala kulesi siqhingi kusukela esemncane, sichazisa izilwane zasendaweni: [14]

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, inani lonogwaja lase lifinyelele kuzi-25,000, okwase kuyizinhlobo ezihlaselayo, okwabeka ezinye engozini. Abantu bazingela futhi babulala onogwaja ukuze banciphise inani labo.

Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu

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Ngowezi-2022, uMbiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC wafaka iRobben Island ohlwini lweziza ezingokwesiko zase-Afrika ezazizosongelwa yizikhukhula kanye nokuguguleka kogu ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, kodwa kuphela uma ukuguquguquka lwesimo sezulu lulandela i-RCP 8.5, okuyisimo sokukhishwa kohowo olushisa okuphezulu nokuqhubekayo okuhambisana nokufudumala okwedlula amazinga amane °C. , futhi akusabhekwa njengokungenzeka.[15] [16] Ezinye izimo ezinengqondo kakhulu ziholela emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi ngenxa yalokho kukhuphuka amazinga olwandle aphansi: noma kunjalo, amazinga olwandle azoqhubeka nokukhula iminyaka engaba yizi-10,000 ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo. [17] Noma ngabe ukufudumala kukhawulelwe ku-1.5 °C, ukwenyuka kwezinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kudlule 2–3 metres (7–10 ft) ngemva kweminyaka engu-2000 (futhi amazinga okufudumala aphezulu azobona ukwanda okukhulu ngaleso sikhathi), ngenxa yalokho kudlule amazinga angu-2100 okuphakama kwezinga lolwandle ngaphansi kwe-RCP 8.5 (~ 0.75 metres (2 ft) enobubanzi obungu 0.5–1 metre (2–3 ft) ) ngaphambi konyaka ka-4000.

Izithombe

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Amaphatho

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  1. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "census2011".
  2. ↑ "Avian Demography Unit: Robben Island". Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town.
  3. ↑ "New S. Africa president sworn in". BBC News. 25 September 2008. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 22 November 2008.
  4. ↑ "Robben Island". UNESCO. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2 June 2011.
  5. ↑ "Robben Island Tours". Robben Island Tours.
  6. ↑ "Robben Island tours". Robben Island Museum. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 16 May 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ James Horsburgh (1852). The India Directory, Or Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia and the Interjacent Ports. W. H. Allen & Co. p. 71.
  8. 1 2 Smith, Charlene (1997). Robben Island. Struik. pp. 30–32. ISBN 9781868720620.
  9. ↑ William Henry Rosser, James Frederick Imray (1867). The Seaman's Guide to the Navigation of the Indian Ocean and China Sea. J. Imray & Son. p. 280. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 4 October 2008.
  10. ↑ "Robben Island Lighthouse". Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 October 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ George McCall Theal (1897). History of South Africa Under the Administration of the Dutch East India Company (1652 to 1795). Swan Sonnenschein. p. 442. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 October 2008.
  12. ↑ Les Underhill. "Robben Island". Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 12 October 2008. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Weller, F.; Cecchini, L.A.; Shannon, L.; Sherley, R.B.; Crawford, R.J.; Altwegg, R.; Scott, L.; Stewart, T.; Jarre, A. (2014). "A system dynamics approach to modelling multiple drivers of the African penguin population on Robben Island, South Africa". Ecological Modelling. 277: 38–56. Bibcode:2014EcMod.277...38W. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.013.
  14. ↑ Michael Klerck. "Robben Island: Childhood Memories—a personal reflection". robbenisland.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 23 November 2008.
  15. ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
  16. ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (20 October 2020). "RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions". PNAS. 117 (45): 27791–27792. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11727791H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2017124117. PMC 7668049 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33082220 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). IPCC. August 2021. p. TS14. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 12 November 2021.
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