UBumbano waseYurophu
| uBumbano waseYurophu | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Isiqubulo | "Munye ebuhlukaneni" |
| Inkondlo | "Indumiso yeNjabulo" |
| Amazwe angamalunga | 27 |
| Izilwimi ezisemthethweni | 24 |
| Isiqonga | Brussels |
| Umengameli woMkhandlu | Antonia Costa |
| Umengameli weKhomishini | Ursula von der Leyen |
| Izihlalo zezikhungo |
|
| Ubungakho bendawo | 4,103,987 km2 |
| Inani labantu | Izigidi ezi-451 |
| Ukusungulwa |
|
uBumbano waseYurophu uyinhlangano yamazwe angama-27.[1] Ngenxa yokuthi lawomazwe angamalunga eYurophu anamakoloni angaphesheya, kunezindawo ezingekho elizwekazini laseYurophu eziqukatheka kuyona.[2] iYurophu inenani labantu abayizigidi eziyi-450.[3] Izilwimi ezisemthethweni zeBumbano zingama-24.[4] Kuzo zonke, isiJalimani nesiFulenshi zikhulunywa yiningi labantu njengolwimi lwasekhaya, kepha isiNgisi sisetshenziswa ukuxhumanisa abantu abakhuluma izilwimi ezahlukene.
uBumbano waseYurophu uqanjwe njengomuntu ngokomthetho wamazwe. Lokho kuvumela uBumbano waseYurophu uzimele nokuthi uzikhulumele eZizweni eziHlangeneyo njengelizwe. Uhlaka lwezombangazwe woBumbano uhlose ukukhuthaza ukubumbana bokuhlangana kwamazwe angamalunga ayo. Lenhloso kanye nezikhungo eziqukathwa ehulumendeni yawo kusekelwe yimivumelwano emibili. Kulezizikhungo zombangazwe eziqukathwa egatsheni likashayamthetho, imikhandlu yaseYurophu nawoBumbano waseYurophu ikhethwa ngamahulumeni wamazwe, kepha iPhalamende ikhethwa yizakhamuzi zoBumbano. Igatsha lokuphatha libandakanya iKomishini yaseYurophu futhi igatsha lobulungiswa libandakanya iNkantolo yamaLungelo yaseYurophu.
Lenhlangano ebizwa namuhla uBumbano waseYurophu yayibizwa uMphakathi waseYurophu wamaLahle neNsimbi ngenkathi uqalwa ngo-1950. Lomphakathi usungulwe ukugwema amathuba wempi ngaphakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu ngokuxhumanisa nokuqinisa ubudlelwane ngaphakathi kwawo okomnotho. Kanye nalokho, lomphakathi wawusungulwe ukudlondlobalisa umnotho waseYurophu. Eminyakeni eyandlula, loMphakathi ususe imigoqo eyayivimba ukwenqwa kwamagcele ngaphakathi wamazwe angamalunga oBumbano. Lokhu kwenze kubelula ukuthi abantu, imali, nempahla bahambe kalula emazweni angamalunga. Lokho kwenzwe ngezi-1995 ngokusungulwa kweNdawo yaseShengeni. Ngenxa yokuthi amazwe angamalunga woMphakathi wayengaphansi kwethonya leMelika, lawomazwe awayengaphansi kwethonya loBumbano wamaSoviyethi aseMpumalanga leYurophu wayevalelwe ngapahandle. Lomkhawulo owawungaphakathi kweMpumalanga neNtshonalanga leYurophu, owawubizwa iKhethini leNsimbi, uwiswe ngezi-1990 ngenxa yobuntenge boBumbano waseYurophu. Kuholele ekutheni amazwe aseMpumalanga leYurophu angene eMphakathini waseYurophu. Ekuguqulweni kwegama kwiBumbano yaseYurophu ngowe-2007, uhlaka lwentandoyeningi weYurophu uqiniswe ngokusungulwa kwePhalamende yaseYurophu ngenxa yoMbumelwano waseLisaboni.
Ngo-1999, kuqalwe ukusungula inhlobo yemali eyodwe esetshenziswa ngamazwe weBumbano wonke. Lemali, i-Euro, iqale ngemali okwencwadi kuphela. Ikhiqizwe njengemali ephathekayo ngowe-2002. Nakuba Inhlangano yoMvumelwano waseNyakatho Atlantiki oholwa yiMelika ukhona ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ekuhlaselweni ngamazwe ayizitha njengeRashiya, uBumbano unezinhlelo nezivumelwano okuqinisa ukuphepha nokusebenzisana kwezomphoqelelo womthetho. Futhi, ngenxa yokukhuluma ngomlomo munye emikhakheni eminingi, uBumbano unekhono lokuma uhlangene ezobudlelwane namazwe angaphesheya. Lokho kuholela ekutheni uBumbano ubeyilunga lezinhlangano zamazwe ze-G7 ne-G20.
Abacwaningi nabahlaziyi bezombangazwe abaningi babiza uBumbano waseYurophu "umandlamakhulu" noma "umandlamaphezulu" emkhakheni wezobudlelwane bamazwe. Lesithakazo sisuka ekutheni umkhiqizo omnotho wayo umkhulu kangangokuthi wenqa wonke amazwe ngaphandle kweMelika neShayina. Futhi, amazwe ayo asezingeni eliphezulu lezentuthuko yabantu kangangokuthi amanye amazwe ayo endlula wonke amazwe omhlaba ngalesici. Inhlokodolobha yaseYurophu yi-Brussels eBelgium. Futhi idolobha laseFrankfurt-am-Main eJalimani liyisihlalo seBhange ePhakeme yaseYurophu, iStrausbourg iyisihlalo sesibili sePhalamende yaseYurophu, neDolobha laseLuxembourg liyisihlalo sezinye izikhungo.
Umlando
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Isendlalelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]_(B&W).jpg)
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwoBumbano waseYurophu, kwakukhona ukudingida mayelana ukuqinisa ubudlelwane nokusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwamaze aseYurophu. uSomchazamnotho odumele iminqubomqondo wokuhlaziya umnotho wesizwe emkhulwini wama-20, uJohn Maynard Keynes, uphakamise umbono okusungula ubumbano owohwebo eYurophu ngezi-1920 ukusiza amazwe aseYurophu athinteke yiMpi yoMhlabawonke yokuQala.[5] Ngo-1923, kwasungulwa i-Pan-European Union eyayiholwa nguRichard von Coudenhove-Karlergi, isinyathelo sokuqala ekufezekisweni kwokubumbana eYurophu (nakuba yayiyinhlangano yomphakathi okukhankasela lokhu kubumbana). Ngokundlula kwesikhathi abanye basungula ezinye izinhlangano, njenge-European Parliamentary Union.
Imizamo yokuqinisa ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu ivuseleleke ngenxa yeMpi yoMhlabawonke yesiBili ngokuba kwasekumqoka ukugwema izimpi ezinye ngaphakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. Emuva kwokuphela kwalempi, kwakunezinkomfa ezahlukene zokudingida ukusunglwa kwezikhungo nokuqamba uhlaka olusha lokuphatha ubudlelwane bamazwe aseYurophu: njengezinkomfa zase-Moscow eRashiya naseTehran e-Iran. Ngo-1944, abaholi bama-Allies bahlengene kwinkomfa yaseYalta, lapho banquma ukuthi kusungulwe uMkhandlu waseYurophu okuBonisa. Isikhala salomkhandlu sithathwe nguMkhandlu waboNgqongqoshe bezobuDlelwane beziZwe kanye noMkhandla woLawulo wabaFelandawonye emuva kokuzinikezela kweJalimani neMvumelwano yasePotsdam ngo-1945.
Inxabano yamaSoviyethi nezimandla zaseNtshona
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Impi leli ivese ubumqoka bokuhlangana ukukhawula ubuziqhenya ngokwezizwe obuholele kuyona, njengoba kukhulunywe yiNdunankulu yoMbuso oHlangeneyo, uWinston Churchill, eNyuvesisi yaseZurich. Ngemphoxeko, ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwabaFelandawonye eMpini yesiBili yoMhlabawonke kwaqala ukuncipha. iNsusa yalokhu yayibangwe ufakwa kwesandla okhethweni wesishayamthetho sasePolandi ngo-1947, umvelwano ngaphakathi kwoMbuso oHlangeneyo kanye neFulansi ukuvikelana uma lamazwe angahlaselwa (isenzo esabonwa nguBumbano wamaSoviyethi njengophawu lobusitha), kanye nesimemezo soMnqubomgomo kaTruman (uMengameli waseMelika) mayelana ukusebenzisana ngaphakathi kwamazwe abuswa ngohlaka lwentandoyeningi ukumelana noBumbano wamaSoviyethi.
uBumbano wamaSoviyethi uphumile oMkhandlwini woLawulo wabaFelandawonye ngenxa yenkomfa yaseLondoni yamazwe amathathu okudingida ukuthathwa kwombuso ngemphoqo yiQembu laseCzechoslovakia loCosulelwano eCzechoslovakia ngoNhlolanja ka-1948. NgoMbasa waleyonyaka, uMvumelwano waseBrussels usungule uBumbano waseNtshonalanga. Futhi, iMelika iqale uhlelo loNgqongqoshe wesiZwe uMkhuzi uGeorge C. Marshall lokulekela amazwe aseYurophu uzakha kabusha ngokuwanikeza (noma ukubaboleka) imali okuzakha kabusha. Loluhlelo luvalele amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu awaye ngaphansi kwethonya loBu,bano wamaSoviyethi. Lokhu kuholele ekusungulweni kweNhlangano yaseYurophu yokuSebenzisana okoMnotho ukuhlela ukuphoqelelwa kwohlelo lukaMarshal. Ukugcina ithonya labo eMpuma Yurophu, amaSoviyethi aqale uhlelo olufanayo lukaComecon lwamazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.
Ukuqiniswa kwobumbano
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ngo-Nhlaba ka1948, kwasungulwa uMkhandlu waseYurophu, isikhungo sokuqala esasihlanganisa amazwe aseYurophu (nakuba abaseMpuma Yurophu ababandakanywangwa kuyo).[6] Ngo mhla ka-9 kaNhlaba 1950, ejadwini lokuguba usuku lokuNqobe eYurophu, uNgqongqoshe waseFulansi uRobert Schuman uphakamise ukuthi umkhiqizo wamalahle nensimbi eNtshona Jalimani naseFulansi kufanelwe ubekwe ngaphansi kwesiphathamandla esisodwa. Lokho kuholele ekutheni iNtshona Jalimani, iFulansi, iNetherlands, iLuxembourg, iTaliya nayo iBelgium zisungule uMphakathi waseYurophu weNsimbi namaLahle ngo-1925. loMphakathi wakhiwe emahlombeni wesiPhathamandla samaZwe weRuhr, inhlangano yokuhlela nokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwezinsiza ezimqoka zokuzihlomelela ukuvusa impi namanye amazwe. Ngenxa yosizo lohlelo lukaMarshal, lenhlangano ikwaze ukusungula izikhungo ezayisisekela sezikhungo zoBumbano waseYurophu. Ngo-1958, lamazwe asungule uMphakathi waseYurophu woMnotho kanye noMphakathi waseYurophu woMbani weNuzi. Ngo-1961. Lemiphakathi esanda kudingidwa, ihlanganiswe enhlanganweni eyodwa: imiPhakathi yaseYurophu.
Ukwamkela amalunga amasha
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ngo-1973, kwakelwe amazwe amasha kulomphakathi: IDenimaki, I-Ayilendi nawo Umbuso Ohlangeneyo. Ngo-1979 kwabanokhetho wokuqala wePhalamende yaseYurophu. iGreki ingene ngo-1981. iGreenland (inxenye yeDenimaki) iphumile kulenhlangano ngo-1985 ngenxa yokuphikisana mayelana ukudojwa kwezinhlanzi. Ngo-1985, uMvumelwano waseSchengen uvumele ukuthi abantu bakwazi ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwalamazwe ngaphandle kwencwadi yokuvumela inkambo. Ngo-1986 kungene IPhothugali ne-Speyini. Ngo-1990, iMpuma Jalimani inhlangene neNtshona Jalimani ukubumba iJalimani ehlangene, ngakho izakhamuzi zaseMpuma Jalimani zangena kulenhlangano.
Ngo-1993, amalunga woMphakathi waseYurophu aphawule uMvemelwano waseMaastricht okuguqula igama kuMphakathi waseYurophu. NgoNhlangulana ka-1993 amalunga avumele imibandela yaseCopenhagen okwamukela amalunga amasha. Lokhu kuvele ngoba uBumbano wamaSoviyethi uwile. Kanjalo amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu aphume ngaphansi kwethonya yoBumbano wamaSoviyethi. Imibandela yaseCopenhagen yayiyindlela yokucacisa umnqubomgomo wokwamukela amalunga waseMpuma Yurophu. Ngo-1995, uBumbano wamukele i-Ostriya, IFinlandi neSwidi. Ngo-2002, kwaqala ukushicilelwa amaphepha nezinhlamvu zohlobo wemali entsha yaseYurophu: i-Euro. Ngo-2005, kwamukelwe amalunga ayisishiyagalombili: IHungariya, ILatviya, I-Estoniya, IMalta, ILithuwaniya, IPolandi, ISlovaki, ne-Sloveniya. Ngo-2007, kungene iBulgariya ne-IRomaniya. NgoZibandlela ka2009, amalunga aphawule uMvemelwano waseLisaboni ukusungula izikhungo ezintsha nokuhlanganisa izinxenye ezintathu zohlelo loMphakathi waseYurophu.
Ngo-2009 kuqale iNhlekelelo yezeMali eholele ekutheni amazwe ambalwa (iGreki, iPhothugali, i-Ayilendi ne-Cyprus) ahluleke ukukhoka imiboleko yawo. iBhange eyiNqangi yaseYurophu ikhokhele inxenye yalemiboleko ukugwema ukudilika kweEuro. Ngo-2012, uBumbano waseYurophu uklonyiswe ngoMklomelo wokuThula kaNobel. Ngo-2015, kwaqala iNhlekelelo yeziFuduki. Ngo-2016 Umbuso Ohlangeneyo ukhethe ukuphuma oBumbanweni waseYurophu. Ngo-2018 kungene IKrowati. Ngo-2020 kwabanobhubhano weCOVID-19. Abaholi boBumbano bavumile ukuqamba uhlelo lokuthi amazwe aboleke imali behlangene ukukhokhela ukuvuswa kwomnotho waseYurophu. Ngo-2022 iRashiya ihlasele iYukreyini ngenxo yokuthatha umhlaba wayo ngamandla. uBumbano waseYurophu uqoqe imali futhi yanikela izikhali nezinsiza zempi ukusingatha iYukreyini izivikele. Futhi uBumbano waseYurophu ushaya izibopha zokucindezela umnotho waseRashiya ukuthi iRashiya iqede ukulwa neYukreyini.
Ezombusazwe
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umthetho waseYurophu omqoka uvela emivumelwaneni ngaphakathi kwamazwe angamalunga ayo, isib.: uMvemelwano waseMaastricht noMvumelwano waseLisaboni. uBumbano waseYurophu kufanele wenze izinto emikhawulweni ebekwe yimivumelwano kuphela. uBumbano waseYurophu unamandla okushaya umthetho mayelana udaba olunikezwe igunya yimivumelwano. Futhi, ivumelekile ukushaya umthetho emikhakheni lapho amazwe angakwazi ukuzishayela umthetho kuyona ngenxa yokuthi lowodaba uthintha amanye amalunga woBumbano. Kunezigaba ezine ezihlela amagunya woBumbano okushaya umthetho. Isigaba somikhakha egcinelwe uBumbano sibandakanya ezokudoba izinhlanzi nokulondoloza izinzisa zemvelo zolwandle, umnqubomgomo mayelana imali yamalunga eEurozone, uhwebo nezizwe zangaphandle kwoBumbano, kanye nomqhudelwano wezinkampani eziseBumbanweni.
Isigaba ekungavumelekanga ukuthi amalunga ashaye umthetho uma uBumbano use uwushayile ubandakanya uhwebo ngaphakathi kwamalunga woBumbano, ukunciphiswa kwamalungelo amqoka wezakhamuzi (kakhulu wobulungiswa, ukulingana phambi kwomthetho njl.), ezolimo nokufuya izinhlanzi, ukulondoloza imvelo, ukuvikela abathengi, ezokuthutha abantu, ezokuphephisa abantu okwezempilo, uxhoxho wokuthutha bokuxhumanisa waseYurophu, nezokukhiqiza umbane. Akuvumelanga ukuthi ubmBumbano ukhawule igunya lamalunga okushaya umthetho mayelana ucwaningo, intuthuko yobuchwepheshe, ezokuhlola umkhathi, kanye nokunikela kwobuntu. Ubumbano ungasiza amazwe emikhakheni yemboni, ukuvakashela izizwe, amasiko, ubuciko, ezemfundo, ezabasha, nezokugwema izinhleleleko.
Amalunga woMkhandlu waseYurophu ngabonhloko besisizwe noma bohulumeni bamalunga oBumbano. loMkhandlu unegunya lokwethula isiqondiso seminqubimgomo jikelele yoBumbano. iKhomishini yaseYurophu ingumkhandlu okuphatha izindaba zezinsuku zobumbano futhi iyisikhungo esisodwa esivumelekile ukuphakamisa imithethosivivinywa yoBumbano jikelele. Usihlalo weKhomishini nguMenganeli weKhomishini, uNkk-Ursula von der Leyen, onegunya lokwala abakhankasi bezikhundla zekhomishini abaphakamiswe ngamalunga obumbano. Futhi, uMengameli weKhomishini uyisigcino sezinqumo zekhomishini.
Isishayamthetho siqukatha uMkhandlu woBumbano waseYurophu kanye nePhalamende yaseYurophu. uMkhandlu woBumbano unezithunya ezilanganayo zamalunga wobumbano ezikhethwe ngamahulumeni awo. iPhalamende ikhethwe yizakhamuzi zoBumbano. Imvumo yoMkhandlu woBumbano kanye neyePhalamende iyafuneka ukuthi imithethosivivinywa ingene emphoqelelweni. Igatsha lobulungiswa liqukatha iNkantolo yobuLungiswa yoBumbano waseYruophu. iNkantolo leli inamaphiko amabili: iNkantolo yobuLungiswa eyinkantolo ephakeme yobumbano, neNkantolo Jikele egweba amacala alethwe phambu kwayo. Uma icala elomthetho woBumbano lilethwa phambu kwenkantolo yelizwe eliyilunga kufanele leyonkantolo ibuze iNkantolo yoBumbano. iBhange eyiNqangi yaseYurophu ishicilela imali futhi ishaya umnqubomgomo wezemali futhi ingumgcinamafa wezikhwama zomshintshisano wezizwe eziyongwe ngamazwe angamalunga.
Imithombo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ European Union. EU Countries. Kungenwe umhla-5 kaNhlangulana 2026.
- ↑ Diplomatic Service of the European Union. Overseas countries and territories. European Union External Action. Kungenwe umhla-5 kaNhlangulana 2026
- ↑ European Commission. Demography of Europe -- 2026. Eurostat
- ↑ European Union. Languages
- ↑ Taussig, F.W.; Keynes, John Maynard (1920). "Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 34 (2). Oxford University Press: 381. doi:10.2307/1882372. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 1882372.
- ↑ Mahncke, Dieter; Bekemans, Léonce; Picht, Robert, eds. (1999). The College of Europe. Fifty Years of Service to Europe. Bruges: College of Europe. ISBN 978-90-804983-1-0.isiGcino sobhalo oluyingqayivela ngomhla-28 kaZibandlela 2016.