UbuKristu

isiThombe esiveza uJesu ngomqele wameva, ebethelelwe esiphambanweni. Kunesiphawu phezu kwakhe esilotshwe "INRI", isimfushisano samazwi esiLatin ("Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum") esichaza "uJesu waseNazaretha, iNkosi yamaJuda"

UbuKristu buyinkolo eqhamuka eMpakathi-Mpumalanga ekholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. Ihlukile kwezinye izinkolo eyihlobene nazo (ekuthiwa yizinkolo zika-Abrahama) ngokuba ikholelwa ekutheni uNkulunkulu unezinxenye ezintathu: uYise, iNdodana noMoya oyiNgcwele. UbuKristu bucike ekutheni uNkulunkulu iNdodana (owaziwa futhi njengeLizwi likaNkulunkulu) kwakunguJesu Kristu, owayengumuntu noNkulunkulu ngesikhathi sinye, owabethelwa esiphambanweni njengesinikelo sezono zabantu ukubasindisa ekubhubheni esiHogweni. AmaKristu bakholwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu waphawulwa eTestamenteni Elidala, impilo yakhe yalotshwa eTestamenteni Elisha, nokuthi uzobuya ahluthe abantu bakhe aphinde anqobe iSitha esiKhulu esizoletha izikhathi zobuhlungu emhlabeni.

Abafundi bakhe bashumayele ubuKristu eNdiya, eTophiya, eYuropu, naseMpakathi-Mpumalanga. Bebacindezelwa ngamaJuda namaRoma. iNkosi yamaRoma, uConstantine oMkhulu waphendukela ebuKristini futhi waqeda ukucindezelwa kwamaKristu embusweni wamaRoma. iNkosi yamaRoma, uTheodosius wokuQala, wamisa ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yaseRoma. Ngo-1045, amabandla waseMpumalanga wombuso wamaRoma (owaziwa namhlanje nge-Eastern Orthodox Church) aphule ubudlelwane namabandla waseNtshonalanga ngenxa yokuxabana nokuphikisana mayelana izindaba ezihlukile. Ngezi-1500, uMartin Luther, eJalimani, ubhikishe ibandla laseRoma ngenxa yokukhohlakala njengokudayisa insindiso —ngalokho kwasungulwa ibandla ekuthiwa lama-Protestant.

UbuKristu bulethwe eNingizimu Afrika ebantwini abansundu ngabelungu baseNetherlands ngezi-1650 abalethe i-Dutch Reformed Church. Incwadi yokukholwa yobuKristu, iBhayibheli, yahumushwa ngesiZulu ngezi-1880. AbaNgisi balethe i-Anglicanism ngezi-1790. Ibandla lokuqala lobuKristu eNingizimu Afrika elisungulwe ngabantu abansundu kwakuyi-Thembu National Church. Ibandla le-Zion Christian Church, elasungulwa ngezi-1920 ngu-Engenas Lekganyane liyibandla elinkulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Afrika ngobuningi bamalunga wayo. Namhlanje, ubuKristu yinkolo yokuqala ngobuningi lwenani labantu abakholelwa kuyo; Islamu ilandela ngasemuva. UbuKristu bubalulekile eNingizimu Afrika, ngesibonelo, izintsuku zePhasika neKhisimusi sigujwa isizwe sonke.

History

iPhepha elindala nazo zonke ekwalotshwa iTestamente Elisha kulo ngezi-250 AD

uJesu wayezalwa iminyaka eyindlula izinkulungwane ezimbili ezandlule eJudeya owabulawa ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Abacwaningi bayavumelana ukuthi wayengumuntu ngempela futhi wayeshumeyela eJudeya, eSamariya naseGalili, futhi bayavumelana ukuthi wabulawa. Kodwa, bayaphikisana ngokuthi wayeyenza izimanga, ukuthi wayenyukela ezulwini noma ukuthi wavuka kwabafileyo. Noma kunjalo, abafundi bakhe bashumayela ngaye emazwini ekude. uJakobe, uJohane noPhitha bahloma amabandla eJudeya naseSiriya njengezintsika ezintathu zokuqala zebandla yobuKristu. Amalungu webandla lasekuqaleni wayengamaJuda kodwa abasemazweni ebabemusaba uNkulunkulu babefuna ukuphendukela ebuKristini nokungena ebandleni likaJesu. Lokhu kwadalela amaKristu abengamaJuda izinkinga ngoba bebaphoqelela ukuthi abantu landele imigomo, amasiko nemithetho yamaJuda.

uPawuli owayengummeli owagxeka futhi wahlukumeza abakholwa waphendukela ebuKristini ehamba emgwaqeni waseDamasiki. Ekungeneleleni kwebandla likaJesu, wayeletha ixazululo ekuhlanganeni kwamaJuda namaGreki abebangamakholwa, ngokufundisa ukukholwa kuJesu nokwamkelwa kwabantu abangasibona amaJuda ensindisweni. Imisebenzi yakhe yayibalulekile ekuhlukaniseni kwobuKristu nobuJuda nokuhlonywa kwamabandla embusweni wamaRoma ezindaweni ezifana nase-Efesu, eKorinte, eKolose, eThesaloniki nezinye izindawo. Kodwa, ekwandeni nokukhula kwebandla, abakholwa babehlukunyenzwa ngamaRoma: uPhitha, uFilipi no-Andrew babulawe ngokubethelwa eziphambanweni, uStefanu wabulawa ngokushaywa ngamatshe noJakobe, iNdodana kaZebedi owabulawa ngenkemba.

isiTeshu sekhanda sikaConstantine oMkhulu

INkosi uTiridates wesi-III umise ubuKristu e-Armenia njengenkolo ngokomthetho, ilizwe lokuqala emhlabeni elaphendukela ebuKristini eminyekeni eyingamakhulu amane ngemva kokuzalwa kukaJesu (AD). Kanye kanye, u-Constantine oMkhulu, iNkosi yamaRoma, yaqeda ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu embusweni wakhe ngokukhipha isimemezelo saseMilani naseSerdica. uConstantine usebenza ukuhlanganisa uMkhandlu wokuQala waseNisiya ukuze kuxazululwe iminxabano yezenkolelo zamaKristu nokugxeka izimfundiso zeArianizimu (inkokelo engavumi ubuntathu bukaNkulunkulu).

iNkosi yamaRoma uTheodosius woku-I, umise ubuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yamaRoma. Ngenxa kwalokho ubuKristu banda ngokushesha eYuropu, neDuze-Mpumakanga naseNyakatho Afrika. UbuKristu bafika nasezindaweni ezikude naseRoma njengeThopiya, eNdiya, eGaliya, naseBulithani. Ngeminyaka eyingamakhulu ayinhlanu AD, umbuso wamaRoma wabhidlika ezingxenyeni zimbili zaseNtshona naseMpumalanga, kodwa ubuKristu babuqinile kangangokuthi uPapa (umbhishobhi omkhulu webandla labaKristu baseRoma) uLeo wayexoxisana namaHani namaVandali. AmaRoma waseMpumalanga (isiqonga sabo siseConstantinople) waqala ukuveza izimpawu zokuhlukana ngokuxabana namaKristu waseNtshonalanga mayelana ukuphathwa kwesonto nokuhlonishwa kwezithombe.

isiThombe sikaMartin Luther, umsunguli wenguquko yabaphikisi

Kusukela iminyaka eyingamakhulu ayisikhombisa AD kufikela iminyaka eyingamakhulu ayisishumi nantathu, kwakukhona ukuphikisana ngaphakathi kwabaKristu naseMpumalanga waseNtshonalanga, kodwa noma bezama ukukhulimisana ukuze kubenokuvumelwano, ibandla laseMpuma lashaya isicathulo phantsi eMkhandlwini wesiBili waseLyon nasemkhandlwini waseFlorence ukuthi ayisoze ithobele uPapa, umbhishobhi waseRoma, ngakho yaphula ubuhlobo, waguquka i-Eastern Orthodox Church. Eminyekeni eyingamakhulu eyishumi nanhlanu AD, uMartin Luther waloba iziMfundiso eziNgamashumi ayiSishiyagalolunye neSishiyagalolunye, ezasungula inguquko yabaphikisi (phecelezi, Protestant Reformation) ngenxa yokudayiswa kwokuxolelwa kwezono ngamaphristu.

AbaKhosana baseJalimani baphendukela ezimfundisweni zikaMartin Luther ngemva kokuxoshwa kwakhe nabafundi bakhe ebandleni labaKristu. Futhi, iNkosi yamaNgisi, uHenry wesi-VIII walandela ezinyathelweni zabo ngokuba uPapa uClement wesi-VII wala ukumvulema ukuthi ahlukane nenkosikazi yakhe. Noma uMaria wamaSkoti waaza ukubuyisa ubuKatholiki (inkokelo yaseRoma), uLizabethi woku-I wabuyisa ubuProtestant mhla enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi eNgilandi. Lokhu kudale izimpi nokuhlukunyenzwana ngaphakathi kwamaKatholiki namaProtestant.

eFulansi kwaqala isigameko esikhulu sokuqala esasongela ubuKristu eYuropu: abashokobezi abamenule umbuso wamaBourbon ngezi-1700 bachitha amandla nesikhundla sesonto embusweni waseFulansi. Lokho kwadala umbono ekutheni ukukholwa kufanele kuhlukaniswe nokubusa isizwe. AbaseMelika mabasungula Izizwe Ezihlangene zaseMelika, baqinisekisa ekushayuweni komthethosisekelo ukuthi umbuso ngeke umise iSonto linye njengenkolo esemthethweni yesizwe. Noma kunjalo, ubuKristu kwanda ngokunqotshwa ngabelungu kwabantu base-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, naseKude Mpumalanga Eshiya.

uEngenas Lekganyane, umsunguli webandla laseZayoni

Ngezi-1910, kwakukhona umbhali odumile weKomunizimu uKarl Marx owafundisa akuthi ukukholwa kuyisidakamiswa sokulawula iningi labantu. Lezimfundiso zatshenziswa ngamaKomunisti baseRashiya ukumenula iNkosi yaseRashiya, uNicholas wesi-II nokucindezela iBandla laseRashiya nasezizweni ebawanqobile aseMpumalanga Yuropu. UbuKristu bwanda ezizweni Futhi kwasungulwa amagatsha amasha njengobuPentecost. Ngezi-1900, uEngelas Lekganyane wasungula ibandla laseZayoni (Zion Christian Church) esifundazweni ekwakuseNyakatho Transvaal. U-Isaiah Shembe, owayaziwa njengeNyazi leZulu, usungule ibandla lamaNazaretha ngezi-1910, esifundazweni ekwakuseNatali.

Izinkolelo

isiThombe sokubhajadiswa kukaJesu Kristu ngoJohane uMbhabhadisi ngamanzi, nejuba eliphethe igatsha lomuthi womquma esimele uMoya oyiNgcwele eliveza ukubhabhadiswa lokuqala okwenyama nokwamoya ekulotshwe encwadini ngokukaMathewu 3:13-17, uMarku 1:9-11, noLukha 3:21-22

UbuKristu bucike ezimvumeni ezichaza isisekelo senkolo yabaKristu. Eyokuqala ithi: "uJesu uyiNkosi". Elandelayo evunyelwe ngawonke amaKristu ibizwa ngeMvumo yeNkolo yabaPhostoli echaza izintsika zenkolo njengokulandelayo:

• Ukukholwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu uYise, ungumninimandla onke, ungumdali wezulu nomhlaba
• Ukukholwa ukuthi uJesu Kristu owazalwa yintombinto uMaria, waphila emhlabeni emsulwa, eshumayela ivangeli, wahlukinyenzwa nguPontius Pilatu, wabulawa, wehla wabangasekho, wavuka kwabafileyo, wanyukela ezulwini lapho wahlala kwesasokudla sikaYise, uyakubuya ehlulele abantu bonke abasekhona nabafileyo
• Ukukholwa kuMoya oyiNgcwele
• Ukukholwa ebandleni lakhe elingcwele nokuhlangana kwabangcwele
• Ukukholwa ekuxolelweni kwezono, ekuphileni okomzimba, nasekuphileni obungunaphakade

Imvumo yakwaNisiya iqhubeka ukuchaza inkolo yobuKristu ngokwandisela iMvuma yabaPhostoli ngokulandelayo:

• uJesu Kristu nguyena yedwa ndodana kaNkulunkulu eyazalwa (engabumbwanga) yintombinto uMaria, iLizwi likaNkulunkulu elaphenduka inyama
• Ngaye uNkulunkulu uYise wadala konke okukhona, okubonakalayo nokungabonakali
• uMoya oyiNgcwele uphuma kuNkulunkulu uYise neNdodana, wembulela futhi wethulela abaphrofethi, ufanelwe ukudunyiswa, ngoba naye umunye, ufana, futhi ulingana noYise neNdodana.
• Kunombhabhadiso munye wokudedela izono zonke

iMvumo yakwaNisiya yaqiniswa yimvumo kawaThanasi egxila ebunyeni nakwebuhlukeni kwobuThathu bukaNkulunkulu njengokulandelayo ekutheni:

• Ongakholwi enkolweni yobuKristu uzakubhubha ngunaphakade
• uNkulunkulu munye ebuthathwini bakhe: uYise ongadalwanga, iNdodana ozwelwe Nguyen noMoya oyiNgcwele uphumayo kuye.
• Abasibona abonkulunkulu abathathu kodwa bangunkulunkulu munye, bahlukile kodwa bayalingana ebumninimadleni, ebungunaphakadeni, ebungcweleni, ebungadalwangeni. Akekho kubona olandela omunye — badunyiswa ngokufana, ukulingana nokubamunye
• uJesu uqobo lwakhe kungubunkulunkulu nobuntu, ekuvela kuNkulunkulu uYise, noMaria uNina, uqobo lwakhe aluhlukaniswanga kodwa lumunye kuyena, olumsulwa, oluphelele, olungena sono noma cala.

Iminqubo nemikhuba

iTafule lesinkwa newayini zesidlo seNkosi

AmaKristu anemikhuba uhlukahlukene Kidwai emqoka noma ejwayelekile yilena:

• Ukubhabhadisa: kuchaza ukuthela noma ukufafaza umuntu ngamanzu noma ukumjula emanzini ngomzimba wonke egameni likaYisa, leNdodana nelikaMoya oyiNgcwele (noma okunye okukhulunywayo ekuthe kufana nalokho), ukuze umuntu ahlanzeke ezonweni zakhe, evuke engumzalwane
• Ukudla isidlo seNkosi: kuchaza ukudla isinkwa newayini emele inyama negazi zikaJesu Kristu ukuba yisikhumbuzo sokuzinikela kwakhe ukuze izono zabantu zidedelwe.

Iminqubo elandelayo ivunyelwe ngamabandla athile njenge Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran Church, ne-Anglican Church:

• Umshado
• i-Penance: ukuvuma izono zakho kumfundisi noma ukuveza ukuzisola nokuphenduka ezonweni ngokwenza izenzo ezinhle.
• Ukugcoba abagulayo ngamafutha
• Ukuphelelisa umbhabhadiso owanyenzwa umuntu esemncane
• i-Ordination: Ukuqoka abafundisi namabhishobu ngokubagcoba ngamafutha ukuza bahlukaniselwe umsebenzi wokufundisa, ukuhola, nokunakelela abakholwa

AmaKristu aneminye imikhuba njengelandelayo:

• Ukuhlangana kanye ngeviki ngeSabatha ngoMgcibelo noma ngoSonto ukukhonza, ukudumisa, ukufundiswa, nokugcinwa kweminqubo yebandla
• Ukugcina nokuguba izintsuku elingcwele njengePhasika neKhisimusi
• Ukusebenzisa, ukuqamba noma ukuhlonipha izimpawu njengesiphambano, intlanzi, Imvana ehlatshiweyo, nejuba eliphethe igatsha lomthi womquma

Izibhalo

iBhayibheli laseGutherburg eMelika

Izibhalo ezinhloniphekile futhi ezivunyelwe zenkolo yiTestamente Elidala neTestamente Elisha ezihlangene encwadini nye: iBhayibheli. iTestemante yakudala ihlanganisa izibhalo zamaJuda. iTestemante yakudala ihlanganisa izincwadi eziyi-39 (lama-Protestant), 46 (lamaKatholiki) nezinye zeziminye imibandla eziqoqiwe emikhakheni emithathu: Umthetho (ngesiHeberu iTorah, noma ngesiGreki iPentateuch), Umlando (kusukela incwadi kaJoshuwa kufikela incwadi kaEstheri), Inhlakanipho (kusukela incwadi kaJobe kufikela incwadi yoMshumayeli), naBaphrofethi (kusukela incwadi ka-Isaya kufikela incwadi kaMalaki). Kunezincwadi ezaziwa nge-Apocrypha (isiGreki esichaza "Izincwadi eziFihlekileyo") ezingavunyelwanga njengezibhalo ezongcwele kodwa noma kunjalon zingasetshenziswa ukufundiswa (kodwa ibandla laseRoma liwabiza ama-Deuterocanonical, lokho kuchaza ngesiNgisi izincwadi zokubili ezivumelekile). Ama-Protestant namaJuda wesimanje awazivumi lezincwadi.

ITestamente Elisha lihlanganisa izincwadi ezine zeVangeli (noma iziNdaba Ezinhle: ngokukaMathewu, ngokulaMarku, ngokukaJohane, ngokukaLukha), izincwadi zezenzo zabaPhostoli (iZenzo, izincwadi zikaPawilu kumaRoma, amaKorinte, amaHeberu namanye amabandla, lezincwadi zikaPitha nabanye abafundi bakaJesu), ivale ngeSambulo sikaJohane. iTestamente Elisha ilotshwe ngomlando nezifundiso zikaJesu, izenzo nemigxameko enzeke kubaPhostoli, nezimfundiso zabo, nesambulo sikaJohane uMbuli mayelana ukuphela kwendalo nokudalwa kabusha kwezulu nomhlaba. iTestamente Elisha ibhalwe kakhulu ngesiGreki esijwayelekile (i-Koine Greek) kodwa iTestamente yakudala ibhalwe ngesiHeberu nesi-Aramaic.

Izindawo zokukhonza

Church of the Holy Sepulchre (iSonto leThuna eliNgcwele), eJerusalema, isonto elakhiwe phezu kweGolgotha, indawo uJesu abulawe khona, nethuna avuke kulo

AmaKristu akholelwa ekutheni indawo engcwele yokuHlala kukaNkulunkulu kusemzibeni yabantu ebakholwayo. Kodwa abantu bakhe izakhiwo lapho bakwazi ukuhlangana nokukhonza behlangene: isonto noma enkhonzweni. Isakhiwo lapho kufundisa umbhishobhi esihlalweni samandla sakhe sibizwa nge-Cathedral. Isonto elibalulekile elinikwze isidima esingaphezu kwemanye amasonto ibizwa nge-Basilica. AmaKristu wokuqala wayehlangana ezindaweni ezihlukene njengezindlu zabantu, isibonelo indawo yokuqala lapho khona abaPhostoli behlelwa uMoya oyiNgcwele kwakusendlini esukwini elaziwa esikhathini samanje njenge-Pentecost. Abakholwa baseNingizimu Afrika, bakhonza ezindaweni ezihlukile njengasetendeni nasendle ethathini kakhulu ngungumkhuba wamaNazaretha, ibandla lamaPhostoli nebandla laseZayoni. AmaKristu akholwa ekutheni uJesu noMoya oyiNgcwele bakhona kunoma yiphi indawo "ababili noma abathu behlangene egameni [lakhe]" (ngokukaMathewu 18:20). Futhi bakholwa ukuthi bubalulekile ukuthi behlangene ngengoba bayalelwa nguPawuli (amaHeberu 10:24-25).

iSakhiwo sesonto sivame ukuba netafule lapho kubusiswa isinkwa newayini, eliyisikhumbuzo sokuhlatshelea kukaJesu ngenxa yezono zabantu, eliyisifaniso setafule ethempelini laseJerusalema lapho Umpristi oMkhulu wayeletha isihlabelo sokuthi uNkulunkulu axolele izono zesizwe. Futhi, lesisakhiwo sivame ukuba nendawo ephakeme lapho umfundisi ethulela inkulumo khona. Amabandla anezindawo lapho abahlabeleli bama khona uma becula izingoma zokudumisa. Ezakhiweni zesimanje kungabakhona izinsimbi zomculo njengeziginci nezigubu.

Ezezibalo zabantu

Kunenani labantu abandlula izigidigidi eziyi-1.4 abakholelwa ebuKristini. Izizwe lakho kulandelwa ubuKristu ngobuningi kakhulu yilezi ezilandelayo:

Izinga	Isizwe	Inani labaKristu	% labaKristu
1	IMelika	246,790,000	79.5%
2	IBrazili	175,700,000	81.6%
3	IMekisiko	107,780,000	95.0%
4	IRashiya	105,220,000	73.6%
5	iFilipinzi	86,790,000	93.1%
6	INigeria	80,510,000	50.8%
7	IShayina	67,070,000	5.0%
8	IKhongo-Kinshasa	63,150,000	95.7%
9	IJalimani	58,240,000	70.8%
10	INingizimu Afrika	52,886,000	85.3%