Ubuphathimhlaba

Ubuphathimhlaba babuyinhlanganisela yamasiko nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezachuma eYurophu yasendulo kusukela ngekhulunyaka lesi-9 kuya kwele-15. Uma kuchazwa kabanzi, kwakuyindlela yokuhlela umphakathi ngobudlelwano obuvela ekubanjweni komhlaba ngokushintshana ngokukhonza noma ngabasebenzi.

Incazelo yakudala, kaFrançois Louis Ganshof (1944)^[1], ichaza uhleleko lwezibopho zomthetho nezempi ezihambisanayo zezikhulu zamabuthi futhi igxile emiqondweni eyinhloko yamakhosi, izikhonzi, kanye nezinduna . ^[1] Incazelo ebanzi, njengoba ichazwe nguMarc Bloch (1939), ayihlanganisi nje kuphela izibopho zezikhulu zamaqhawe kodwa nezibopho zazo zonke izigaba ezintathu zombuso : izikhulu, abamasonto kanye nabampofu, bonke ababeboshwe uhlelo lokusebenzisa amandla ezandla ; lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kubizwa ngokuthi "umphakathi wobuphathimhlaba".

Kusukela kwashicilelwa incwadi ka -Elizabeth AR Brown ethi " The Tyranny of a Construct " (1974) kanye neka -Susan Reynolds ethi Fiefs and Vassals (1994), kube nengxoxo engaphelele phakathi kwezazi-mlando zesikhathi esiphakathi mayelana nokuthi ubuphathimhlaba buyindlela ewusizo yini yokuqonda umphakathi wesikhathi esiphakathi.

Ezinye izazi zisebenzise leli gama ngaphandle kweYurophu, okuhlanganisa iJapane yasebukhosini, iTopiya yasendulo, Isikhathi saseNtwasahlobo kanye neSikhathi saseKwindla iShayina, iGibhithe lasendulo, uMbuso waseParthian, iNdiya kuze kube yilapho ubukhosi bukaMughal kanye nemithetho ye -Antebellum South kanye nekaJim Crow eNingizimu yaseMelika .

Izinkomba

1 2 François Louis Ganshof (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, with a foreword by F. M. Stenton, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.

[:0-1] 1 2 François Louis Ganshof (1944). Qu'est-ce que la féodalité. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, with a foreword by F. M. Stenton, 1st ed.: New York and London, 1952; 2nd ed: 1961; 3rd ed.: 1976.

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