Ubushiqela
Ubushiqela uhlobo lukahlumeni oluohawulwa ngokuba nomholi ongumashiqela, phethe zonke izintambo zamandla, oyindlovukayiphikiswa futhi onamandla wezombusazwe aphelele.[1][2][3] Ezombusazwe ngaphansi kobushiqela zilawulwa umashiqela (dictator), futhi zisekelwa iqeqebana lezicukuthwane eziseduze naye ezihlanganisa abeluleki, abakhuzi nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu. Umashiqela ulawula ngokuthi athonye futhi ajabulise iqeqebana eliseduze naye futhi aphinge ukuphikiswa, okuhlanganiswa anamqembu aphikisyo ezombusazwe, umzabalazo, noma amalungu eqeqebana amhlubukayo. Imibuso yobushiqela yakheka lapho kuketulwa uhulumeni ophethe ngodlame noma lapho uhulumeni uziketula ngokwawo ngokuthi abakhethiwe babuse unomphela. Ubushiqela baziwa ngokuba ubundlovukayiphikiswa noma ngokucindezlea (totalitarian),[4] futhi bungajinjwa ngokuthi ubushiqela bezempi (military dictatorship ), ubushiqela beqembu elilodwa noma ubushiqela bomholi.[5]
Igama lesiZulu elithi ubushiqela livela esenzwe shiqela esisho ukugxushela into ishone, naso esivela kusenzukuthi esithi shiqe esihlobene nesithi shide. Lo msuka uveza ukuthi umashiqela umuntu ogxushela abanye ngamandla akhe esebenzisa isandla sensimbi. Ibizo elihlobene elithi isishiqeli lona lisho onolimi elikhuluma kabi.[6] Omashiqela banamuhla baqala ukuvela ekhulwini le-19 ngenkathi ka-Bonaparte. Ekufineni kwekhulu mama-20, ubushiqela nemibuso yabantu kwavela njengezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu zohlobo lukahulumeni, futhi zaqeda nya ngohulumeni obukhosi, okwayindlela ohulumeni ababeqitshwa ngayo ngokwesiko.[7]
Amaphatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ Robertson, David Professor (22 April 2015). A Dictionary of Modern Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-63943-5.
- ↑ Treisman, Daniel; Guriev, Sergei (4 April 2023). Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-22447-3.
- ↑ Brown, Garrett W.; McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (6 January 2018). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-254584-8.
- ↑ "What is the difference between totalitarianism and authoritarianism?". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1965-03-12. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2024-01-13.
- ↑ Wintrobe, Ronald (2019-02-28). "Are There Types of Dictatorship?". In Congleton, Roger D.; Grofman, Bernard; Voigt, Stefan. The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 285–310. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190469771.013.13. ISBN 978-0-19-046977-1.
- ↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 741.
- ↑ "Dictatorship | Definition, Characteristics, Countries, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/dictatorship.