Jump to content

Ukhwantalala

Kubuya ku Wikipedia
Umfanekiso oveza ukhwantalala

Ukhwantalala noma Ukucindezeleka kuyisimo sengqondo sokubizwa kabi kanye nokungafuni ukwenza imisebenzi. Ithinta cishe u-3.5% wabantu bomhlaba wonke, noma abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-280 emhlabeni wonke jikelele kusukela ngonyaka ka-2020. Ukucindezeleka kuthinta imicabango yomuntu, ukuziphatha, imizwa, kanye umuzwa wenhlalakahle.[1] injabulo noma injabulo umuntu ayithola ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile iyancipha, futhi lowo ogulayo uvamise ukulahlekelwa umdlandla noma isithakazelo kulezo zenzo. Abantu abacindezelekile bangase bezwe usizi, imizwa yokulahlekelwa yithemba,ubunzima ekucabangeni nasekugxileni , ingqondo , ukulala ngokweqile noma ukungakwazi ukulala., ukudla ngokweqile noma i-anorexia, noma imicabango yokuzibulala.

Ukucindezeleka kungaqubuka ngenxa yezizathu nemithombo eminingi, ngezinye izikhathi ehlangene. Ukucindezeleka kungaba ukusabela okujwayelekile okuvamile ezenzakalweni zempilo, njengokushonelwa ngothandiweyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka kungaba uphawu lwezinkinga ezithile zengqondo, njengokuphazamiseka okukhulu kokucindezeleka, ukuphazamiseka kwe-bipolar, kanye ne-I-dysthyma. Ukucindezeleka nakho kuyisibonakaliso sezifo ezithile ezingokomzimba kanye nomphumela ongasebenzi wezinye izidakamizwa nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha.

Ubunzima Ebuntwaneni, njengokushonelwa, ukunganakekelwa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokwengqondo, ukuhlukumezwa ngokomzimba, ukuhlukunyetwa ngokocansi noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engafani kwabantwana ngabazali kwezingane zakubo, kungafaka isandla ekucindezelekeni ebudaleni.[2][3] Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzimba noma ngokobulili ebuntwaneni ikakhulukazi kuhlobene kakhulu namathuba okucindezeleka kukho konke ukuphila komuntu osindile.[4] Abantu abaye babhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwasebuntwaneni okune noma ngaphezulu banamathuba aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-3.2 kuya kwezingu-4.0 okuba nokucindezeleka.[5] Izinga eliphansi lezindlu, ukungasebenzi kahle ukushoda kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokuvezwaemikhulungwaneni nasekushiseni komoya nasekungcoleni komoya kuhlotshaniswa nemizwa yokucindezeleka, okugcizelela isidingo sokucatshangelwa ekuhlelweni kokuvimbela imiphumela enjalo.[6] Indawo iye yahlotshaniswa nokucindezeleka kanye neminye imizwelo emibi. Izinga lokucindezeleka phakathi kwalabo abahlala ezindaweni ezinkulu zasemadolobheni libonakala liphansi kunalabo abangenalo.[7] Ngokufanayo, labo abavela emadolobheni amancane nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni bavame ukuba namazinga aphakeme okucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nokungaphili kahle kwengqondo.[8]

Ekubhekeni kuye lwakhombisa njalo ukuthi odokotela babe nezimanga aphakeme okucindezeleka nokuzibulala uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu kweminye imilayini eminingi yomsebenzi - ngokuzibulala, okungu-40% ngaphezulu kodokotela besilisa kanye no-130% ngaphezulu kodokotela besimame[9][10]

Izenzakalo zokuphila nezinguquko ezingabangela isimo sokucindezeleka zihlanganisa, kodwa azilinganiselwe, ukubeletha, ukunqamuka kokuya esikhathini kowesfazane, ubunzima obungokwezimali, ukungabikhona kwemisebenzi, ukucindezeleka (njengokusebenza, imfundo, inkonzo yezempi, umndeni, izimo zokuphila, umshado, njll.), ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha (umdlavuza, i-HIV, isifo sikashukela, njll), ukuhlukunyezwa, ukulahlekelwa othandekayo, umhawu, umona inhliziyo embi noma Ukulimala okuyinhlekelele.[11][12][13] Izimpawu ezifanayo zokucindezeleka zihlobene nokuzizwa enecala komuntu osindile.[14] Abashadile bangase babe nesimo sokucindezeleka ngemuva Ukwenqatshwa komphakathi, ukucindezela kontanga, noma ukuhlukunyezwa.[15]

Umzimba wocwaningo olude lwezinga eliphakeme uye wahlobanisa ukusebenza kabi kanye nezimpawu zokucindezeleka ezengeziwe nezifo. Ukucindezela endaweni yomsebenzi kwandisa ingozi yokucindezeleka kufaka phakathi umthwalo omkhulu womsebenzi, ukuzimela okuncane, ukungalingani komzamo ongathandeki wemivuzo, kanye nokuhlukumezeka lapha endaweni yomsebenzi.

Ukucindezeleka ebunganeni i nasebusheni kufana nokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka okukhulu kwabantu abadala, yize abasebasha bengabonisa ukucasuka okwengeziwe noma ukulawula ukuziphatha esikhundleni semizwa ejwayelekile yokudabuka, engenalutho, noma engenathemba ebonakala kubantu abadala.[16] abantwana abacindezelekile, ezibhekene nokulahlekelwa noma usizi, noma ezinezinye izifo eziyinhloko zisengozini enkulu yokucindezeleka. Ukucindezeleka kwentsha kuvame ukuhambisana nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngaphandle kwezinye izifo zengqondo, ngokuvamile ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka, ikakhulukazi ukuphazame kokukhathazeka komphakathi, nokuphazamisekeni kokuziphatha. Ukucindezeleka nakho kuvame ukuqhubeka emindenini.

Ukucindezeleka kuhlotshaniswa ne-extroversion ephansi, futhi abantu abanezinga eliphakeme le-I-neuroticism banamathuba amaningi okuba nezimpawu zokucindezeleka futhi banamathuba kakhulu okuthola ukuxilongwa kokuphazamiseka kokucindezeleka.[17][18] Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezeleka kuhlotshaniswa ukunganaki. Ezinye izici ezingavela ngenxa yokunganaki okuphansi zihlanganisa ukuphazamiseka nokunganeliseki ngokuphila. Abantu bangaba sengotini yokucindezeleka nokucindezeleka ngenxa yalezi zici.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izizukulwane zokuqala ze-I-Beta-blockers zibanga ukucindezeleka kwezinye iziguli, yize ubufakazi balokhu bungenaso isiqinisko futhi bungavumelani. Kunobufakazi obubukhali bokuxhumana phakathi kwe-i-alpha interferon therapy nokucindezeleka. kantu olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ilunga elilodwa kwezintathu leziguli ezelashwa nge-alpha interferon yaqala ukucindezeleka ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu zokwelashwa. (Ukwelashwa kwe-Beta interferon kubonakala kungathinti emazingeni okucindezeleka.) Kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi i-finasteride uma isetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-alopecia yandisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka kwezinye iziguli. Ubufakazi obuxhumanisa i-isotretinoin, ukwelashwa kwezimpawu, nokucindezeleka kunamandla.[19] Eminye imithi ebonakala ikhulisa ingozi yokucindezeleka ihlanganisa ama-anticonvulsants, ama-antimigraine drugs, ama-antipsychotics, kanye nAma-hormone afana ne-gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist.[20]

Izidakamizwa eziningana zokuxhaphaza zingadala noma zibhebhethekise ukucindezeleka, kungaba ngokudakwa, ukuhoxa, kanye nokusetshenziswa okungapheli. Lezi zihlanganisa uphuzo oludakayo, ama-sedative (kuhlanganise nAma-benzodiazepine), ama-opioids (kuhlanganise nezibulala izinhlungu ezidingwa ngemithi kanye nezidakamizwa ezingekho nhlobo emthethweni okunjenge heroin), ama-stimulant (njenge-cocaine ne-amphetamines), ama-hallucinogens, kanye nama-inhalants.

Isimo sokucindezeleka singaba umphumela wezifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo.[21] Ukungafuni ukudla, izimo zezinzwa, nezinkinga zomzimba, kufaka phakathi I-hypoandrogenism (kubesilisa), Isifo sika-Addison, Isifo sikaCushing, i-anemia eyonakele, I-hypothyroidism, I-hyperparathyroidism, isifo se-Lyme, I-multiple sclerosis, Isifo se-Parkinson, isifo sama-celiac,[22] ubuhlungu obungapheli, isifo sikashukela, umdlavuza, ne-HIV[23] Ukuswela amandla kwe-autistic kungangase kutholakale ngokungeyikho njengokucindezeleka.[24]

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi noma kuphi kusukela kumaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-85 eziguli eziphethwe izinhlungu ezingapheli nazo zicindezelekile ngokwezokwelashwa.[25][26][27] Ucwaningo lwango-2014 oludalwa ngu-Hooley et al. lwagcina ngokuthi ubuhlungu obungapheli bukhulisa amathuba okufa ngokuzibulala kabili noma kathathu. Ngo-2017, i-British Medical Association yabona ukuthi amaphesenti angu-49 eziguli ezinobuhlungu obunganciphi zase-UK nawo ayenokucindezeleka.

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ "Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28 (5): 544–562. October 2019. doi:10.1017/S2045796018000227. PMC 7032752. PMID 29769159. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7032752.
  2. ↑ The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. p. 693–710.
  3. ↑ Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms among Adult Children. p. 333–345.
  4. ↑ Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis. p. 359–72.
  5. ↑ The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. p. 174–186.
  6. ↑ Living environment and its relationship to depressive mood: A systematic review. p. 92–103.
  7. ↑ Evidence and theory for lower rates of depression in larger US urban areas.
  8. ↑ Rural–urban differences in personality traits and well-being in adulthood. p. 73–87.
  9. ↑ Rotenstein, Lisa S. (6 December 2016). Prevalence of Depression, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. p. 2214–2236.
  10. ↑ Mata, Douglas A. (8 December 2015). Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physicians. p. 2373–83.
  11. ↑ . p. 54–8.
  12. ↑ . p. 11–16.
  13. ↑ . p. 2373–83.
  14. ↑ . p. 176–190.
  15. ↑ . p. 1–19.
  16. ↑ Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. November 1996. p. 1427–1439.
  17. ↑ Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. September 2010. p. 768–821.
  18. ↑ Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants. October 2016. p. 2883–2906. https://zenodo.org/record/895885. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  19. ↑ General Medical Drugs Associated with Depression. p. 28–41.
  20. ↑ . p. 1–23. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ "The relationship of depression and diabetes: pathophysiological and treatment implications". Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 (9): 1276–86. October 2011. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.005. PMID 21474250.
  22. ↑ "Psychological morbidity of celiac disease: A review of the literature". United European Gastroenterology Journal 3 (2): 136–145. April 2015. doi:10.1177/2050640614560786. PMID 25922673.
  23. ↑ "Evidence-based treatment of depression in patients with cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology 30 (11): 1187–96. April 2012. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.39.7372. PMID 22412144.
  24. ↑ "Confirming the nature of autistic burnout". Autism 27 (7): 1906–1918. 2023. doi:10.1177/13623613221147410. PMID 36637293.
  25. ↑ "The Link between Depression and Chronic Pain: Neural Mechanisms in the Brain". Neural Plasticity 2017: 1–10. 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/9724371. PMID 28706741.
  26. ↑ "Chronic pain and depression". Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 14 (2): 85–89. April 2014. doi:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkt046.
  27. ↑ "Depression and chronic pain". Medical Journal of Australia 199 (S6): S17-20. October 2013. doi:10.5694/mja12.10589. PMID 25370278.
"https://zu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukhwantalala&oldid=121266" تان ورتل