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Ukucobelela ngenzululwazi

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Umboniso oveza umkhakha kanye nabanengxenye ekucobeleleni ngenzululwazi ngokusho kukaCarsten Könneker

Ukucobelela ngenzululwazi kuhlanganisa izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe ezixhumanisa inzululwazi kanye noluntu. Imigomo evamile yokucobelela ngenzululwazi ihlanganisa ukwazisa labo abangebona ongoti ngeziphumo zocwaningo lenzululwazi, ukukhulisa ukuqwasha komphakathi kanye nentshisekelo ngenzululwazi, ukuthonya izimo zengqondo nokuziphatha kwabantu, ukwazisa inqubomgomo yomphakathi, nokuxhumana nemiphakathi eyahlukene ukuze kuxoxwe nezinkinga zoluntu. Igama elithi "ukucobelela ngenzululwazi" libhekisela ezimweni lapho izethameli zingezona izingcweti zesihloko senzululwazi okuxoxwa ngaso (ukufinyelela abangaphandle), nakuba abanye ababhali bethi ukucobelelana okwenzeka phakathi kwezingcweti ("ukufinyelela ngaphakathi" okwenziwa ngezishicilelwa eziyimihela yenzululwazi ) nakho kuluhlobo lokucobelelana ngenzululwazi.[1] Izibonelo zokufinyelela abangaphandle komkhakha emphakathini zihlanganisa ubuntatheli benzululwazi[2] kanye nokuxhumana kwezempilo. Njengoba Inzululwazi inomthelela ongokombusazwe, isimilo nezomthetho, ukucobelelana ngenzululwazi kungalekelela ukuvala igebe eliphakathi kwababambiqhaza abahlukene abasebenza ngequbomgomo yomphakathi, nakwezezimboni, nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, ngokwakha ukwethembena okuzoba umgogodla walenqubo.

Abacobeleli ngenzululwazi bayiqembu elibanzi labantu: ongoti benzululwazi, izintatheli zenzululwazi, amaciko wenzululwazi, izingcwepheshi zezempilo, abafundisi ngemvelo, abeluleki benzululwazi kwabenza ingqubomgomo, kanye nabo bonke abacobelela abanye emphakathini ngenzululwazi.[3][4] Bavame ukusebenzisa ubunyoninco bokunandisa nokuthonya, obuhlanganisa amahlaya, ukulandisa indaba, nezifenqo ukuze baxhumane nalokho okuthandwa futhi kuhlonishwe izethameli zabo.[5][6][7][8]

Ukucobelela ngenzululwazi kubuye kube umkhakha ovubuqeqesho womchazabuntu [9][10] kuzihlokondaba ezifana nesidukiso,[11][12][13] uvo lomphakathi ngezobuchwepheshe ezintsha,[14][15][16] kanye nokugxambukela kwezombusazwe kwezenzululwazi.[17][18][19][20] Sekuphele amashumi eminyaka, ucwaningo lokucobelela ngenzululwazi lungenalo ithonya elikhulu emkhakheni wokucobelela ngenzululwazi,[21][22]

Ngokomlando, osonzululwazi bakwaNgqondonkulu bebengavunyelwe ukuchitha isikhathi sabo beqwashisa umphakathi, kodwa lokho sekuguqukile. Abaxhasi bocwaningo sebalindele ukuba abacwaningi babe nethonya elikhulu ngale kokushicilela kumhela wakwaNgqondonkulu.[23] Inani elikhulayo losonzululwazi, ikakhulu abasebasha, bayakuthakasela ukuxhumana nomphakathi ngezinkundla zokuxhumana nangemicimbi enezihambeli, nakuba bethi kusanemigoqo yezikhungo ebavimbayo.[24][25][26]

Ukucobelelana ngenzululwazi kuhlobene kakhulu nemikhakha elandelayo: imfundo yenzululwazi engahleliwe, Inzululwazi yezakhamizi, nokudingida komphakathi ngenzululwazi, futhi ayikho indlela ecacile yokuhlukanisa lemikhakha.[27][28][29][30] Njengezinye izici zoluntu, ukucobelela ngenzululwazi kuthonywa ukungalingani okusezweni okunomthelela kokubili ngaphakathi [31][32][33][34][35] nangaphandle.[36][37][38][39][40]

Imithombo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ Illingworth, Sam; Allen, Grant (2020). "Introduction". Effective science communication: a practical guide to surviving as a scientist (2nd ed.). Bristol, UK; Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-2520-2ch1. ISBN 9780750325189. OCLC 1172776633. This chapter provides a clearer distinction between the two aspects of science communication that are discussed in this book: that which is aimed at engaging scientists (inward-facing) and that which is aimed at engaging non-scientists (outward-facing).
  2. ↑ Anderson, Josh (February 2023). "A View From the Trenches: Interviews With Journalists About Reporting Science News": 39–64.
  3. ↑ "Build Trust in Science for a Better Future". Association of Science Communicators (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  4. ↑ "About". Association of Science Communicators (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "POIOlson".
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Krulwich".
  7. ↑ Dudo, Anthony; Besley, John C. (16 April 2019). "What it means to 'know your audience' when communicating about science". The Conversation (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  8. ↑ Dahlstrom, Michael F. (2014-09-16). "Using narratives and storytelling to communicate science with nonexpert audiences". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in i-English). 111 (supplement_4): 13614–13620. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320645111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4183170. PMID 25225368.
  9. ↑ Guenther, Lars; Joubert, Marina (2017-05-03). "Science communication as a field of research: identifying trends, challenges and gaps by analysing research papers". Journal of Science Communication. 16 (2): A02. doi:10.22323/2.16020202. ISSN 1824-2049.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ":16".
  11. ↑ Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Cook, John; Schmid, Philipp; Fazio, Lisa K.; Brashier, Nadia; Kendeou, Panayiota; Vraga, Emily K.; Amazeen, Michelle A. (2022-01-12). "The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction". Nature Reviews Psychology (in i-English). 1 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y. hdl:1983/889ddb0f-0d44-44f4-a54f-57c260ae4917. ISSN 2731-0574. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Scheufele, Dietram A.; Krause, Nicole M. (2019-04-16). "Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in i-English). 116 (16): 7662–7669. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7662S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6475373. PMID 30642953.
  13. ↑ Krause, Nicole M.; Freiling, Isabelle; Scheufele, Dietram A. (March 2022). "The "Infodemic" Infodemic: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Truth-Claims and the Need for (Not) Combatting Misinformation". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (in i-English). 700 (1): 112–123. doi:10.1177/00027162221086263. ISSN 0002-7162. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Scheufele, Dietram (2006). "Messages and Heuristics: How Audiences Form Attitudes About Emerging Technologies". In Turney, Jon. Engaging Science: Thoughts, Deeds, Analysis and Action. London: Wellcome Trust. pp. 20–25.
  15. ↑ Anderson, Ashley A.; Brossard, Dominique; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Xenos, Michael A.; Ladwig, Peter (April 2014). "The "Nasty Effect:" Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies: Crude comments and concern". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication (in i-English). 19 (3): 373–387. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12009. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Cacciatore, Michael A.; Anderson, Ashley A.; Choi, Doo-Hun; Brossard, Dominique; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Liang, Xuan; Ladwig, Peter J.; Xenos, Michael; Dudo, Anthony (September 2012). "Coverage of emerging technologies: A comparison between print and online media". New Media & Society (in i-English). 14 (6): 1039–1059. doi:10.1177/1461444812439061. ISSN 1461-4448. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Drummond, Caitlin; Fischhoff, Baruch (2017-09-05). "Individuals with greater science literacy and education have more polarized beliefs on controversial science topics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in i-English). 114 (36): 9587–9592. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.9587D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704882114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5594657. PMID 28827344.
  18. ↑ Motta, Matthew (October 2018). "The Polarizing Effect of the March for Science on Attitudes toward Scientists". PS: Political Science & Politics (in i-English). 51 (4): 782–788. doi:10.1017/S1049096518000938. ISSN 1049-0965. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Chinn, Sedona; Hart, P. Sol; Soroka, Stuart (February 2020). "Politicization and Polarization in Climate Change News Content, 1985-2017". Science Communication (in i-English). 42 (1): 112–129. doi:10.1177/1075547019900290. ISSN 1075-5470. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Hart, P. Sol; Chinn, Sedona; Soroka, Stuart (August 2020). "Politicization and Polarization in COVID-19 News Coverage". Science Communication (in i-English). 42 (5): 679–697. doi:10.1177/1075547020950735. ISSN 1075-5470. PMC 7447862 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38602988 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "JensenGerber2020".
  22. ↑ Isihlaziyo sokuqala esiningiliziwe socwaningo lamazwe sagunyazwa uMnyango kahulumeni obizwa German Federal Ministry of Education and Research: Gerber, Alexander (2020). Science Communication Research: an Empirical Field Analysis. Germany: Edition innovare. ISBN 978-3-947540-02-0. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 11 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Broader Impacts". NSF - National Science Foundation (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  24. ↑ Rose, Kathleen M.; Markowitz, Ezra M.; Brossard, Dominique (2020-01-21). "Scientists' incentives and attitudes toward public communication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in i-English). 117 (3): 1274–1276. Bibcode:2020PNAS..117.1274R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1916740117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6985784 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31911470.
  25. ↑ Calice, Mikhaila N.; Beets, Becca; Bao, Luye; Scheufele, Dietram A.; Freiling, Isabelle; Brossard, Dominique; Feinstein, Noah Weeth; Heisler, Laura; Tangen, Travis; Handelsman, Jo (2022-06-15). Baert, Stijn, ed. "Public engagement: Faculty lived experiences and perspectives underscore barriers and a changing culture in academia". PLOS ONE (in i-English). 17 (6). Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1769949C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269949. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9200360 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35704652 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ Sha, Mandy (2025-03-02). "Expanding the Reach of Scientific Communication: Tools, Motivation, and Recommendations". Survey Practice (in i-English). 19 Special Issue: 1–8. doi:10.29115/SP-2024-0032.
  27. ↑ Ellenbogen, Kirsten (January 2013). "The Convergence of Informal Science Education and Science Communication". Curator: The Museum Journal (in i-English). 56 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1111/cura.12002.
  28. ↑ "Communicating the Future: Engaging the Public in Basic Science". SciPEP (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  29. ↑ Vohland, Katrin; Land-Zandstra, Anne; Ceccaroni, Luigi; Lemmens, Rob; Perelló, Josep; Ponti, Marisa; Samson, Roeland; Wagenknecht, Katherin, eds. (2021). The Science of Citizen Science (in i-English). Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4. ISBN 978-3-030-58277-7. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Martin, Victoria Y. (April 2017). "Citizen Science as a Means for Increasing Public Engagement in Science: Presumption or Possibility?". Science Communication (in i-English). 39 (2): 142–168. doi:10.1177/1075547017696165. ISSN 1075-5470. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Bjork, Collin (2022). "Book Review: H. Glasman-Deal, Science Research Writing for Native and Non-Native Speakers of English". Journal of Second Language Writing. 56. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100877. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Smith, Olivia M.; Davis, Kayla L.; Pizza, Riley B.; Waterman, Robin; Dobson, Kara C.; Foster, Brianna; Jarvey, Julie C.; Jones, Leonard N.; Leuenberger, Wendy; Nourn, Nan; Conway, Emily E.; Fiser, Cynthia M.; Hansen, Zoe A.; Hristova, Ani; Mack, Caitlin (2023-03-13). "Peer review perpetuates barriers for historically excluded groups". Nature Ecology & Evolution (in i-English). 7 (4): 512–523. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7..512S. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01999-w. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 36914773 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Freelon, Deen; Pruden, Meredith L; Eddy, Kirsten A; Kuo, Rachel (2023-02-17). "Inequities of race, place, and gender among the communication citation elite, 2000–2019". Journal of Communication (in i-English). 73 (4): 356–367. doi:10.1093/joc/jqad002. ISSN 0021-9916.
  34. ↑ Zheng, Xiang; Yuan, Haimiao; Ni, Chaoqun (2022-07-13). Groll, Helga; Rodgers, Peter, eds. "How parenthood contributes to gender gaps in academia". eLife. 11. doi:10.7554/eLife.78909. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 9299837 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35822694 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Ni, Chaoqun; Smith, Elise; Yuan, Haimiao; Larivière, Vincent; Sugimoto, Cassidy R. (2021-09-03). "The gendered nature of authorship". Science Advances (in i-English). 7 (36). Bibcode:2021SciA....7.4639N. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe4639. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 8442765 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34516891 Check |pmid= value (help). Unknown parameter |article-number= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Lewenstein, Bruce V. (2022). "Is Citizen Science a Remedy for Inequality?". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 700: 183–194. doi:10.1177/00027162221092697. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Amarasekara, Inoka; Grant, Will J (January 2019). "Exploring the YouTube science communication gender gap: A sentiment analysis". Public Understanding of Science (in i-English). 28 (1): 68–84. doi:10.1177/0963662518786654. ISSN 0963-6625. PMID 29974815. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Hu, Jane C. (2017-02-14). "Gender Differences in Pitching: Results from the TON Pitching Habits Survey". The Open Notebook (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  39. ↑ Santos-Muñiz, Mariela (2019-12-10). "On the Shortage of Spanish-Language Science Journalism in U.S. Media". The Open Notebook (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
  40. ↑ "Anti-racist science communication starts with recognising its globally diverse historical footprint". Impact of Social Sciences. 2020-07-01. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2023-04-09.
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