Ulwandlekazi

Ulwandlekazi yindikimba yamanzi anetswayi ehlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-70.8% woMhlaba. Ulwandle luhlukaniswe lwaba izindikimba zamanzi ezinkulu, ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi izilwandlekazi ( iPacific, i-Atlantic, i-Indian, i- Antarctic/ iNingizimu, ne- Arctic Ocean ) , futhi zona ngokwazo zihlukene kakhulu zaba ulwandle, gulfs kanye nezindikimba zamanzi ezilandelayo . Ulwandle luqukethe amaphesenti angama-97% wamanzi oMhlaba ^[1] futhi luyisigcoyi esiyinhloko samanzimbulunga womhlaba, lusebenza njengenqolobane yokushisa egcina isidlakalasi somhlaba , kanye nomjikelezo wawo womCalahle nomjikelezo wamanzi, okwakha isisekelo sezulu nesimo sezulu emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwandlekazi lubalulekile kwimpilo eseMhlabeni, luphethe izilwane eziningi zomhlaba kanye nempilo ye -ngunaza, ^[2] okuyimvelaphi yomdibakhanya futhi ngalokho-ke isOhwe somoyambulunga woMhlaba, sihlinzeka ingxenye yawo.

Amanzi olwandle aqukethe uhowo oluncibilikileyo, oluhlanganisa IsOhwe, UmCalahle ontuhlambili, kanye neNihwe. Kukhona ukwenanana kohowo okwenzeka ebusweni bezilwandlekazi. Ubuncibiliki baloluhowo buncike kumazinga wokushisa kanye nobutswayi bamanzi.^[3] Ukukhuphuka komCalahle ontuhlambili kumoyambulunga woMhlaba, kuyanda ngenxa yokuphafuzwa kwe- CO₂ , okubangwa ukushisa kwesivamelo sezintshicwa. Lapho izilwandlekazi zimunyunga lo- CO₂ kusuka kumoyambulanga, kuba nokuqoqeleka kwamanani aphezulu aholela ekuphenduleni izilwandlekazi zibe yisimunyu, okwehlisa isizima sodliki leHwanzi .^[4]

Ulwandlekazi lunezinzuzo eziningi kubantu ezifana nezinkonzo zempilandawonye, ukufinyelela ekudleni kwasolwandle, kanye nensiza yezokuthutha. Ulwandlekazi lwaziwa ngokuba ikhaya lemiqhinqa engaba yizi-230,000, futhi kungenzeka mingi kunalesibalo – mhlampe elimiqhinqa engaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili.^[5] Nakuba kunjalo, ulwandlekazi lubhekene, nezinsongo ezingokwemvelo eziningi, ezifana nomnukubalo wolwandle, ukudoba ngokweqile, Kanye nokukhahlanyezwa ukuguquguquka kwezulu. Lokhu kukhinyabezeka kuhlanganisa ukufudumala kolwandlekazi, ukumunyuzeka kolwandlekazi nokukhuphuka kwesihlelembo solwandle.

uMsukagama

Ulwandlekazi nolwandle

Amagama athi "ulwandlekazi" nelithi "ulwandle" asho izindikimba zamanzi ezingafani ezimboze uMhlaba. NgesiZulu esivamile lonke udwadwakazi lamanzi sithi ulwandle, sisho sihlanganisa izilwandlekazi iPacific, iAtlantic, i-Indian, i-Antarctic, kanye ne-Arctic. Zonke lezi zilwandlekazi sibuye sizibize ngokuthi ulwandle, kuyinjwayelo ukuwaphambanisa.

Kodwa uma sesihlukanisa kahle ukwabiwa kwamagana, "ulwandle" alulingani nolwandlekazi, njengoba ulwandle kuyindikimba yamanzi engungwe yizwe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye, njengolwandle iMedithera. Ulwandle igama elibuye lisho udwadwakazi oluncane lamanzi njengolwandle oluBomvu (Red sea) noma ulwandle laseNyakatho (North sea). Izilwandle zincane kunezilwandlekazi.

uNyembezi uyawusekela lombono njengoba Isichazamazwi sakhe sithi sea - ulwandle, bese siqhubeka sithi ocean - ulwandlekazi.^[6]

Umlando wemvelo

Imvelaphi yamanzi

Osonzululwazi bakholwa ukuthi udwadwakazi lenani lamanzi lwaluyingxenye yoMhlaba kusuka ekubumbekeni kwawo.^[7] Imizwayi yamanzi kungenzeka yayiputshuka kalula emandleni womnyondo woMhlaba lapho ungkabi usaqala ukwakheka ungakabi namandla amakhulu.

Ekubumbekeni koMhlaba, usaseyisicaba sothuli, kungenzeka ukuthi uMhlaba wawunezilwandlekazi ze-magma. Ngokomphumela, ukuhwamuka kohowo, ubuqhebeqhebe entshabamlilo, ukugadlaza kwamaqhumanyezi, kwakhiqiza umoyambulunga wokuqala womCalahle ontuhlambili, iNihwe, nomhwamuko wamanzi, ngokwemichachiso yakamuva. Uhowo nomoyambulunga kukholwa ukuba kwanqwabelana ezigidini zeminyka edlule. Ngemuva kokuphola kobuso bomhlaba, umhwamuko wamanzi wajiyeka emva kwesikhathi, kwase kube izilwandlekazi zokuqala zoMhlaba.^[8] Kungezneka ukuthi izilwandlekazi zokuqala zazishisa kunezanamuhla, futhi zazinombala oluhlaza ngenxa yokugcwala kwensimbi.^[9]

Ubufakazi besimomhlaba busilekelela ukuba sithole inkathi yokuvela kwamanzi aluketshezi eMhlabeni. Uqweqwe lwetshenso olwatholakala e-Isua Greenstone Belt lusinika ubufakazi bokuthi amanzi ayekhona eminyakeni eyizigidinqindi ezi-3.8 ezidlule.^[10] Uma izilwandlekazi zazikhona kuleyo minyaka, kusamle kusadingek obunye ubufakazi obuzofakazela obukhona. Kamuva, ngo-August wezi-2020, abacwaningi babika ukuthi ayehlezi ekhona amanzi angagcwalisa izilwandlekazi zoMhlaba kusukela ekubumbekeni kwawo.^[11]^[12]^[13] Kulolu nongo olusha, uhowo lomoyambulunga yilona olwagcina izilwandlekazi ukuba zingaqandeki lapho ilanga elisanda kubumbeka lingwangwanza ngamaphesentu angama-70.^[14]

Ukwakheka kwezilwandlekazi

Imvelaphi yezilwandlekazi zoMhlaba ayikacaci kakhle.

Ezokuzabazaba, nokukhuphuka kolwandle kuyaqhubeka nokuguqula uthungulu nokwakheka kwezilwandlekazi. Kodwa kungenzeka ulwandlekazi yinto kudala ikhona eMhlabeni, izigidi zeminyaka.

Selokhu lwabumbeka, ulwandlekazi zilubhekene nezimo eziningi lwaba nomumo oluhlukahlukene, kwezinye izikhathi lumboza imbulunga yonke.

Izinkathini zesimo sezulu esimakhaza, kwakuba namaqeqeba eqhwa amaningi, futhi amanzi wembulunga yonke ayeqogelelana kube yiqhwaukuze angabi maningi kweinye izinngxenye zomhlaba.

Amaphathelelo

↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Percentage
↑ The biomass distribution on Earth. June 2018. p. 6506–6511.
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
↑ IUCN (2017) The Ocean and Climate Change , IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Issues Brief.
↑ Drogin, Bob (August 2, 2009). "Mapping an ocean of species". Los Angeles Times. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 18, 2009.
↑ Dent, Nyembezi (1995). Scholar's Zulu Dictionary. Shuter & Shooter Publishers. p. 232.
↑ Drake, Michael J. (2005), "Origin of water in the terrestrial planets", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 40 (4): 515–656, Bibcode 2005M&PS...40..515J, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00958.x .
↑ "Why do we have an ocean?". NOAA's National Ocean Service. 2013-06-01. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-09-03.
↑ "NASA Astrobiology". Astrobiology. 2017-06-05. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-09-13.
↑ Pinti, Daniele L.; Arndt, Nicholas (2014), Oceans, Origin of, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4, ISBN 978-3-642-27833-4
↑ Washington University in St. Louis (27 August 2020). "Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed – Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans – and then some". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 28 August 2020.
↑ American Association for the Advancement of Science (27 August 2020). "Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 28 August 2020.
↑ Piani, Laurette; Marrocchi, Yves; Rigaudier, Thomas; Vacher, Lionel G.; Thomassin, Dorian; Marty, Bernard (2020). "Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites" (in en). Science 369 (6507): 1110–1113. Bibcode 2020Sci...369.1110P. doi:10.1126/science.aba1948. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32855337. https://hal.science/hal-02933795.
↑ Template:Cite conference

[Percentage-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Percentage

[Bar-On_2018-2] The biomass distribution on Earth. June 2018. p. 6506–6511.

[:9-3] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9

[:10-4] IUCN (2017) The Ocean and Climate Change , IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Issues Brief.

[la.2009-5] Drogin, Bob (August 2, 2009). "Mapping an ocean of species". Los Angeles Times. Kulandwe ngomhlaka August 18, 2009.

[6] Dent, Nyembezi (1995). Scholar's Zulu Dictionary. Shuter & Shooter Publishers. p. 232.

[7] Drake, Michael J. (2005), "Origin of water in the terrestrial planets", Meteoritics & Planetary Science 40 (4): 515–656, Bibcode 2005M&PS...40..515J, doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00958.x .

[NOAAs_National_Ocean_Service_2013-8] "Why do we have an ocean?". NOAA's National Ocean Service. 2013-06-01. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-09-03.

[Astrobiology_2017-9] "NASA Astrobiology". Astrobiology. 2017-06-05. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-09-13.

[:62-10] Pinti, Daniele L.; Arndt, Nicholas (2014), Oceans, Origin of, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–5, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4, ISBN 978-3-642-27833-4

[SCI-20200827wu-11] Washington University in St. Louis (27 August 2020). "Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed – Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans – and then some". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 28 August 2020.

[SCI-20200827aa-12] American Association for the Advancement of Science (27 August 2020). "Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water". EurekAlert!. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 28 August 2020.

[13] Piani, Laurette; Marrocchi, Yves; Rigaudier, Thomas; Vacher, Lionel G.; Thomassin, Dorian; Marty, Bernard (2020). "Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites" (in en). Science 369 (6507): 1110–1113. Bibcode 2020Sci...369.1110P. doi:10.1126/science.aba1948. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32855337. https://hal.science/hal-02933795.

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