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Umbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu naseNyakatho Ayilendi
Umbuso Ohlangeneyo
Isaga: eNgilandi naseAyilendi: "Dieu et mon droit" (isiFulentshi)
"Unkulunkulu nelungelo lami"
esiKotilandi: "Nemo me impune lacessit" (isiLatini)
"Ongicasulayo uzophendula"
Inkondlo: God save the King (isiNgisi)
Nkulunkulu hlenga iNgonyama
(futhi idolobha elikhulu) iLondon
Izilimi ngokomthetho: isiNgisi
ngezifunda: isiKhonishi, isi-Ayilendi, isiSikoti-Gelishi, isiSikoti, isiWelishi, isiSikoti sase-Ulster
Abantu 68,138,484
Government Intandoyeningi okwephalamendi ngaphansi kobunkosi bomthethosisekelo
 -  iNgonyama Charles wesiThathu
 -  iNdunankulu Keir Starmer
Ukwenza
 -  Ukuhlanganiswa kwemiQhele yaseNgilandi nasesiKotilandi 24 kaNdasa 1603 
 -  Imithetho yobumbano yeNgilandi nesiKotilandi 1 kaNhlaba 1707 
 -  Imithetho yobumbano yeBhulithani Nkulu neAyilendi 1 kaMasingana 1801 
 -  Umthetho oMthethosisekelo weZwe Khululekile lase-Ayilendi 6 kaZibandlela 1922 
Ubukhulu
 -  Jikelele 243,610 km2 
94,058 sq mi 
 -  Ixuku labantu 258/km2 
668.2/sq mi
Imali iPondo sitelingi (GBP/£)

Umbuso Ohlangeneyo (ngesiNgisi: United Kingdom), ngokuphelele ngokomthetho: Umbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu naseNyakatho Ayilendi, uyisizwe onyakatho ntshonalanga eYurophu oqukatha iziqhingi zaseBhulithani. Ingaphakathi koLwandle waseNyakatho ngasempumalanga nasenyakatho, iLwandlekazi lase-Atlantiki ngasentshonalanga, ne-English Channel ngaseningizimu. Iseduzane naseFulansi namaQhingi waseFaroe wombuso waseDanemaki.

Ngenxa yokunqoba izizwe eziningi (ukwakha umbuso omkhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni omhlaba wonke), Umbuso Ohlangeneyo wawunethonya kwezombusazwe, kwezohwebo, zolimi, nobuchwepheshe. Abadlibezwe base-Ngilandi banqobe amomdabu baseNyakatho Melika ukusungula isizwe esaziwa ngesimanje ngeMelika ngo-1783. Kusukela 1931, amakoloni lapho kwakuhlala abadlibezwe abaningi njengase-I-Ostreliya nase-Khanada, wayenikezwe ubuzimela. Kusukela 1960, amakoloni ase-Afrika namanye amazekazi athole ukuzimela. Namuhla kusele amakoloni ambalwa ancane kodwa Umbuso Ohlangeneyo usaxhumene namakoloni wakudala ngenxa yobumbano we-Commonwealth of Nations.

Kusukela ikhulu lweminyaka eleshumi nanye, iNgilandi yayihlasela i-Ayilendi. Ngokuhamba kwesikathi i-Ayilendi yawela ngaphansi kobukhosi base-Ngilandi olupheleliswe ngo-1541 ma u-Henry VIII azigcoba iNkosi yase-Ayalendi. Nakuba ama-Ayilendi evukele amaNgisi ngo-1594 ku-1603, konke ukuzimela kwacishwa ngenxa yokuphumelela kwamaNgisi ekunqobeni kwama-Ayilendi.

iNdlovukazi yase-Ngilandi u-Elizabethi I wayeyitshitshi. Ngenxa yokuthi ubundlalifa baseNgilandi babundluliswa kwabesilisa phezu kwabesifazane (nakuba abesifazane bebakhono ukubayizindlalifa uma indodana ingekho), indodana kadadewabo uMariya, iNdlovukazi yama-Skoti, u-Jakobe VI (owayebalwa ngwesiqala e-Ngilandi) wabayinkosi yase-Ngilandi nasesiKotilandi ngo-1603. Ngokubuswa iNkosi eyodwa, amaPhalamende ase-Skotilandi nase-Ngilandi ashaye Imithetho oBumbano eholele ekuhlanganweni kwalezizizwe ngo-1707. Ngo-1861, iPhalamende yase-Ayalendi yalethwa ngaphansi kwePhalamende yoMbuso waseBhulithani Nkulu. Lokho kuholele ekusungulweni koMbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu nase-Ayilendi.

Ngenxa yempi yezakhamuzi yango-1919 ku-1921, i-Ayilendi yahletshulwa ngezinxenye ezimbili: yasenyakatho yegcinwa nguMbuso Ohlangeneyo kepha yaseningizimu yaphenduka isizwe esizimele, iRiphabhuliki yase-Ayilendi. Lokho kuholele ekuguqulweni kwegama kulelo esilaziyo namuhla. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo (isifinyezo: UK), sibuswe ngentandoyeningi ngenxa yokuthi iNkosi yayiphucwe amandla okubusa. i-UK isezingeni eliphezulu lentuthuko okwomnotho nobuchwepheshe – idume ngokukhiqiza ucwaningo onzululwazi. Futhi, idolobha lase-London, isiqonga sombuso, siyihola ezemalini nasezobuciko nezekugqoka.


Umlando wegama

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e1707 "Acts of Union" uhlanganisa amazwe iNgilandi nosiKotilandi.[1][2][note 1][3] Igama "Umbuso Ohlangeneyo" ukusebenzisa ekhulunyaka yishumi nesishiyagalombili.[4][5][6][7] Igama "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" angeniswile e1927 nga-"Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act" ukunikela ukuzimela waFleyistata Ayilandi e1922.[8] Ushiya i-Ayilandi Senyakatho izwe kuphela esiqhingi, ukuhlanganyela wUmbuso Ohlangeneyo.

Umlando phambi kwa-1066

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Stonehenge, e-Wiltshire, akwakha e-2500BC.

Abantu nguNeolithiki abazinza iminyaka yinkulungwane ngamashumi amathathu kade.[9] Ekupheleni ikhathi udaladala, abantu bahlangene naqembu bambiza Insular Celtic, uqukatha Brythonic Britain no-i-Ayilendi Geyilikhi.[10] Emva kwaNhlaselo iRhomani, uqala 43 AD, nombuso iminyaka amakhulu okune (rule of southern Britain), inhlaselo isiJalimani (Anglo-Saxon).[11] Ingilandi wAnglo-Saxon uhlanganisa ungUmbuso iNgilandi ekhulunyaka yisishiyagalolunye.[12] Okwamanje, abantu Geyilikhi esiKotilandi senyakatho (nokuhlangana e-Ayilendi impumalanga nenyakatho)[13][14] bahlanganisa namaPikithi ukudala Umbuso isiKotilandi.[15]

iBayeux Tapestry ubonakalisa ukulwa waHastings.

e-1066, amasefulansi bangena iNgilandi.[16][17] Amakhosi isiNgisi banqoba iWelisi, bafeyila ukubanqoba isiKotilandi. Amakhosi isiNgisi, bamukela amaiziqithi eFulansi, namalungelo lobukhosi, pho balwa eFulansi, empi ngu-Impi Iminyaka Kakhulu.[18]

Ukuqhatha wemkolo ngenxa ya-Reformation nokungenisa wenkolo iProtestant.[19] IWelisi ukaka ngemibuso engilandi.[20] I-Ayilandi umbuso womshado yinskosana isiNgisi.[21] e-1603, imibuso wengilandi, wesiKotilandi no-Ayilandi bahlangana womshado ngenxa yaJames VI, King of Scots.

ILondon

Ezombusazwe

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Charles III, iNgonyama
Keir Starmer, iNdunankulu

Nakuba umthethosisekelo ungalotshwanga embhalweni omunye njengawaseNingizimu Afrika, imikhuba ejwayelekile, izinqumo zezinkantolo zobulungiswa kanye nemithetho eshayiwe iPhalamende, namuhla ezombusazwe Umbuso Ohlangeneyo zihamba ohlakweni wentandoyeningi yesishayamthetho ongaphansi kobunkosi bomthethosisekelo.

Umqhele umele ubukhosi, kepha ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNgonyama (noma iNdlovukazi) ayinalo igunya lokufezekisa imiyalo yobukhosi kanye namandle ombuso ngaphandle kwemvumo nombono wabasombangazwe abakhethwe ngabantu. Ubundalifa basebukhosini budlula ngaphandle kokubuka ubulili lokho kuchaza ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane abayizingane zeNgonyama noma abazalwane bakhe uma enganayo inzalo banefa ngobulingana. Lokho kuchaza ukuthi amagatsha wombuso akheke ngokulandelayo:

  • Isishayamthetho siqukatha Umqhele oPhalamendeni, iNdlu yeZakhamuzi, neNdlu yamaKhosi.
  • Isiphatha siqukatha Umqhele oMkhandlwini kanye noMkhandlu wangaSese (kakhulu ikomiti yayo yayokuphatha: iKhabhinethi)
  • Esobulungiswa siqukatha Umqhele oBhentshini nezinkantolo

Nakuba Umqhele unamandla okuphawula umthethosivivinywa, iNgonyama ayikwazi ukuhoxa imvumo yomqhele ngaphandle kokuboniswa (mpeleni ukuyalelwa) yiNdunankuku. Nakuba Umqhele unamandla okukhetha nabani na ukuba yiNdunankulu, umthetho uphoqa iNkosi ukuthi ikhethe ilunga leNdlu yeZakhamuzi elinokhono lokugcina ukwethembeka kwePhalamende (mpeleni, umholi weqembu lezombangazwe elineningi eliNdlini yeZakhamuzi). iNgonyama iphoqeke ukuqoka abongqongqoshe, abehluleli bezinkantolo eziphezulu (ngenxa yesithakazelo seNgonyama sikaMthombo wobuLungiswa), abakhuzi bamabutho ahlomileyo, kanye namabhishobhu weSonto laseNgilandi (ngenxa yesithakazelo seNgonyama sikaMbusi oPhakemeyo weSonto laseNgilandi) ngombono yeNdunankulu.

Nakuba ekuqaleni, iNdunakulu yayingusophambili ebalinganweni, ngenxa yokugcina izikhundla zikaNkosi yokuQala yesiSkhwama noNgqongqoshe wabaSebenzi boMbuso nokuphucwa kobuholi negunya lokuqoka abehluleli begatsha lobulungiswa kuNkosi Shansela, iNdunankulu iyihloko yehulumeni. Phezu kwalokho, njengomholi weqembu lezombangazwe elineningi eNdlini yeZakhamuzi, iNdunankulu inethonya emthethweni ovivinywayo futhi noshayiwayo. Uma iNdlu yeZakhamuzi ilahlekelwe ithemba kuNdunankulu, iNdunankulu (kanye namalunga eKhabhinethi) iphoqekile ukwehla esikhundleni noma ukucela iNkosi ukuthi icithe iNdlu yeZakhamuzi ibize ukhetho omusha.

uKeir Starmer weqembu labasebenzi (Labour Party) uyindunankulu kusukela 2024. Umholi weqembu lokuphikisana elisemthethweni elithembekile loPhakemeyo ngu-Kemi Badenoch we-Conservative Party (elaziwa ngama-Tories). Izishayamthetho zasesiKotilandi kanye nase-Wales zinikezwe igunya lokushaya imithetho emkhakheni ethile kepha azilingani ekuzimeleni. iNyakatho Ayilendi ayisanoso isishayamthetho. iScottish National Party, ekhankasela ukuzimela kwesiKotilandi, iyiqembu lombangazwe elineningi esiKotilandi. Izinhlobo ze-Labour nama-Conservatives zaseWales kanye ne-Plaid Cymru ziqukatha i-Senedd, isishayamthetho saseWales.

Isigodlo saseWestminster, lapho kuhlangana iPhalamende

iNgilandi neWales zinohlaka lunye lezinkantolo zobulungiswa. Inkantolo yokugcina lapho amacala ahlulelwe kulezo zinkantolo iyiNkantolo ePhakeme. Ezomthethosisekelo zingandluliswa kuyona uma ziqhamuka ezinkantolweni zasesiKotilandi kepha esisemthethweni jikelele ziphelela e-Court of Session uma zimayelana umthetho womphakathi kanye ne-High Court of Justiciary uma zimayelana umthetho wobugebengu. iKomiti Yobulungiswa yoMkhandlu wangaSese yayinamandla okuhlulela izindaba eNgilandi kepha izinkantolo ziwathathile lawomandla. Nakuba kunjalo kusakhona izizwe namakoloni asandlulisa amacala kuyo.

Nakuba iNdlu yamaKhosi ibizwa indlu yangaphezulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amandla okushaya umthetho nokulawula uhulumeni asezandleni ngci zendlu yangaphansi, iNdlu yeZakhamuzi. Amalunga weNdlu yamaKhosi angaba amakhosi akhethwa yiNkosi ngomboniso yeNdunakulu, noma amabhishobhu weSonto laseNgilandi kanye namakhosi angene ngobundlalifa. Lendlu ayinawo amandla okunqaba ukushayiwa komthetho kepha ingaletha umbono wayo mayelana umthethosivivinywa. iNkosi ivula ukuhlangana kwePhalamende okyenyaka ngesiMemezo esoHlalweni sobuKhosi futhi umcimbi wemiBuzo kwiNdunankulu iyindlela yoqinisekisa ukwephenduleka egatsheni lokuphatha.

Ezokuvikela

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Isithwalandiza, uMkhumbi koPhakemeyo (HMS) iNdlovukazi uElizabethi II

Amabutho Ahlomileyo woPhakemeyo avikela Umbuso Ohlangeneyo namakoloni awo. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uyilunga weHlangano Yomvumelwano waseNyakatho Atlantiki, umfelandawonye wezizwe zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Amabutho Ahlomileyo anamajoni angama-127,000 (Ibutho laseBhulithani: 72,000, Ibutho laseLwandle leNkosi: 28,000, Ibutho laseMoyeni leNkosi: 28,000).

iBhulithani inezikhali zenuzi. iBhulithani inezithwalandiza ezimbili kanye nemikhumbi yempi (ngaphezu- nangaphansi kwamanzi) ezingama-63. iBhulithani inezizinda zamabutho ezingama-145 ezizweni ezingama-42. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unezizulane zibunjiwe zamabutho. Imboni yezihlomile ikhiqiza izikhali ezisetshenziswa namabutho aseBhulithani kanye nezinye izizwe futhi iBhulithani ithenga izikhali nezinye izinsiza zempi ezizweni zaseYurophu, iMelika nase-Isirayeli.

Ezobudlelwanenezizwe

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iNgonyama uCharles III noMengameli waseMelika uDonald Trump

Amanxusa wezizwe ezinye amkelwa enkantolweni yesigodlo sikaNgcwele uJakobe. Amanxusa athunywa kwezinye izizwe ziqokwa egameli lomqhele kulesosigodlo sikaNgcwele uJakobe. Nakuba Umqhele unegunya lokushicilelela izakhamuzi nabanye abangaphansi kokuphephiswa kohulumeni koPhakemeyo amapasi, lenkambo iqhutshwa nguMnyango wazaseKhaya.

iBhulithani iyilunga likanomphela loMkhandlu wezokuPhephisa senhlangana yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo. Lokho kuyinikeza igunya lokuvimba izinqumo zalomkhandlu. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unobudlelwane nezizwe eziyi-160. Umnyango wezobuDlelwanenezizwe noMdlelandawonye weZizwe wenza umsebenze wazinsuku ngezinsuku omayelene ubudlelwane boMbuso Ohlangeneyo nezinye izizwe. uNobhala wezobuDlelwanenezizwe (isithakazo sengqongqoshe yalomnyango) usebenzisana neNdunankulu ukuqhuba iminqubomngomo yesizwe mayelana loludaba.

Nakuba iNdunankulu inamandla okuvumelana nezinye ezizwe ngenxa yokuletha umbono eMqheleni, ukuze leyomvumelwano ibengumthetho waseBhulithani, kufanele ushayiwe njengamuphi namuphi umthetho wePhalemende. iBhulithani iyilunga lezihlangano zezizwe ezahlukene, isibonelo, iBhange Yomhlaba, isiKhwama soMhlabawonke weziMali, iQembu labesiKhombisa, Umdlelandawonye weZizwe, uMkhandlu waseYurophu neNkantolo Yomhlabawonke Wobugebengu. Ngenxa yokhetho waka-2016, ngo-2020 Umbuso Ohlangeneyo iphumile eBumbanweni yaseYurophu. iNobudlelwane obusondelene kakhulu neMelika, iKhanada, i-Ostreliya ne-INyuzilandi.

Ezamafundazwe

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Izindawo ezingaphansi koMbuso Ohlangeneyo (ehlaza otshani): iziNciko oMqhelweni (ezihlaza obhakabhaka) neziNdawo ezingaPhesheyakolwandle (ezibomvu)

Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uqukathwa amazwenxenye amane: iNgilandi, iWales, isiKotilandi kanye neNyakatho Ayilendi. Nakuba zingabizwa izifundazwe ngokujwayelekile, mpeleni zisebenza njengezifundazwe emikhakheni eminingi njengezinye izizwe ngoba zinezikhungo zikahulumeni ezikhethwe izakhamuzi zazo ezingaphansi koHulumeni woMqhele futhi amandla okushaya umthetho nokuziphatha anikezwa iPhalamende yaseBhulithani. iNgilandi ihlukile kulamazwenxenye amanye ngoba ayinawo uhulumeni. iNgilandi inezifunda kepha zisetshenzelwa ezozibalalozabantu.

Kukhona iziqhingi ezintathu ezibizwa Izinciko oMqhelweni (Crown Dependencies): i-Jersey, i-Guernsey, kanye nesiqhingi sikaMan. Leziziqhingi aziyinxenye yoMbuso Ohlangeneyo kepha ziyizindawo ezingazimelanga ezingaphansi koMqhele waseBhulithani. Lokho kusho ukuthi uMqhele oMkhandlwini (mpeleni igatsha lokuphatha lohulumeni waseBhulithani) unegunya lokuzishayela umthetho mayelana namuphi udaba kodwa mpeleni leziziqhingi zizishayela zona umthetho ngaphandle kwezokuvikela nobudlelwanenezizwe.

Futhi kuneziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle zeBhulithani (British Overseas Territories). Lezizindawo zingamakoloni eBhulithani agcinwe ngasemuva kwomnyakazo wezombangazwe okususa ubukoloni wezi1940 kufikela izi-1960. Lezizindawo zinegunya lokuzishayela umthetho ngaphandle kwezokuvikela. Futhi iBhulithani igcine amandla okuzenzela kulezizindawo uma isimo sivuma kodwa ngeningi lesikhathi iBhulithani iziyekela ziziphathe. Awukho umehluko ngaphakathi kweziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle neziNciko oMqhelweni ngaphandle kokuthi iziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle azikho eziqhingini zaseBhulithani. Ezinye zalezizindawo azinabo abahlali ngaphandle kwamajoni nabosonzululwazi njenge-British Antarctic Territory.

Ezomnotho

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Imibijongo (izakhiwo ezithinta ubhakabhaka) yase-Canary Wharf

Uhlaka lomnotho woMbuso Ohlangeneyo luhamba ngohwebo okhululekile, inhlopho nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo bomnikazi bempahla, ukulawula komthetho, nezinhlalakahle zomphakathi. Umkhiqizophelele womnyaka wesiszwe uyizingidintathu ezi-4.72 zamaDola aseMelika (USD) umakuqhathaniswa amandla emali (ngamuntu $67,559) nezigidintathu ezi-4.26 USD ngasobala (ngamuntu $61,006). Lokho kwenza iBhulithani umnotho welesihlanu ngobukhulu okosobala, welesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu okokuqhathanisa amandla emali, welamashumi mabili nanye ngamuntu. Sobala, umnotho woMbuso Ohlangeneyo, uqukatha amaphesenti ayi-3.38 womkhiqizohlangene womhlabawonke. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uhweba kakhulu noBumbano waseYurophu, iMelika, iShayina, iNdiya, naseSwidzalendi .

iLondon iyihlokodolobha yase-Bhulithani ezombusazwe, ezobuciko, ezohwebo, nasezemali. iLondon iyisiqonga samankampani nezikhungo ezinkhulu. Lokho kuholele ekutheni Umshintshisano wamaSheya yaseLondoni ibeyinye yezikhungo zomshintshisano wamasheya ezihamba phambili okwenani lobungakho bemakhethe bezinkampani.

Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unomnotho onobuhlukahlukana obuningi wezimboni. Imboni yokwenza izinkonzo iqukatha amaphesenti angama-80% omnotho. Lomboni unemikhakha efana nokuvakashela, ukukhiqiza umbani, ezomthutho, ezemali, ezokuthenga impahla, ezobuchwepheshe olwazi, ezokuxhumana, nezengcebeleko. Kakhulu, iBhulithani inamagugu amaningi avakashelwayo njengezigodlo njengesigodlo saseBuckingham, izakhiwo ezidilikile njenge-Stonehenge namamuziyamu njengeMuziyamu yakaZwelonke yoMlando weMvelo. Imboni yokukhiqiza impahla iqukatha cishe amaphesenti angama-20%. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo ukhiqiza izimoto, izilumbamdiki zobani, zomtshazo, izimoto, izinsiza zempilonhle nokwelapha. Futhi, imboni yokwakha ikhiqiza izakhiwo nezindlu eziqukatha inxenye esankudlwana omnotho. Imboni yokutshala ikhiqiza amaphesenti angama-50 okudla okudingekayo ngamaphesenti ayi-5 wenani labantu,

Notes

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  1. ↑ Compare to section 1 of both of the 1800 Acts of Union which reads: the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland shall...be united into one Kingdom, by the Name of "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"


References

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  1. ↑ http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html Archived 2019-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. Treaty of Union, 1706 scotshistoryonline.co.uk 23 August 2011
  2. ↑ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LYc1tSYonrQC&pg=PA165#v=onepage&q&f=false Constitutional & Administrative Law p165 Barnett, Hilaire | Jago, Robert | 8th edition 2011 9780415563017 Routledge, Abingdon | 5 July 2011
  3. ↑ Bamber Gascoigne. "History of Great Britain (from 1707)". History World. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 18 July 2011.
  4. ↑ http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ | Acts of Union 1707 | parliament.uk | 21 July 2011
  5. ↑ http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/vli/visitingHolyrood/union_exhibition.pdf | Making the Act of Union 1707 | scottish.parliament.uk | 21 July 2011
  6. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm England – Profile | BBC | 21 July 2011 | 10 February 2011
  7. ↑ http://www.history.org.uk/resources/he_resource_730_9.html Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. | The Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 | Historical Association | 21 July 2011
  8. ↑ The Irish Civil War 1922–23 | Cottrell, P. | 2008 | 85 | 1846032709
  9. ↑ "Ancient skeleton was 'even older'". BBC News. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  10. ↑ Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia | p973 | Koch, John T. | 9781851094400 | 2006 | ABC-CLIO | Santa Barbara, CA
  11. ↑ The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales | 2008 | University of Wales Press | Cardiff | 9780708319536 | p915}}
  12. ↑ Short Athelstan biography on the BBC History website
  13. ↑ Mackie, J.D. | A History of Scotland | London | Penguin | 1991 | 9780140136494 | p18–19
  14. ↑ Campbell, Ewan | Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots | Canongate | Edinburgh | 1999 | 0-86241-874-7 | p8–15
  15. ↑ Christopher Haigh | The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland | Cambridge University Press | 1990 | p30 | 9780521395526
  16. ↑ Feudalism | Ganshof, F.L. | p165 | 9780802071583 | University of Toronto | 1996
  17. ↑ The debate on the Norman Conquest | p115–122 | Chibnall, Marjorie | 1999 | Manchester University Press | 9780719049132
  18. ↑ Keen, Maurice. "The Hundred Years War". BBC History.
  19. ↑ The Reformation in England and Scotland and Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I, Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
  20. ↑ "British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors". BBC History. 5 November 2009. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 21 September 2010.
  21. ↑ Nicholls, Mark (1999). A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 171–172. ISBN 9780631193340.



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