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Umoba

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Umoba uhlobo olude lotshani obuhlala njalo. (ohlotsheni lweSaccharum isizwe se-Andropogoneae) olusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ushukela. Izitshalo zingama mitha angu-2-6m (6-20 ft) ubude nezinhlanga eziqinile ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezinemicu ecebe nge-i-sucrose, [1] eziqongelela kuma-internodes ezinhlanga. Umoba ungowomndeni wotshani. I-Poaceae umndeni wezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezibalulekile kwezomnotho ohlanganisa umbila, ukolweni, ilayisi, ne-i-sorghum kanye nezitshalo eziningi .Kusha kwi New Guinea.

Umoba wawuyisitshalo sasendulo sabantu base-I-Austronesian nasePapuan. Ubufakazi obungcono kakhulu obutholakalayo namuhla bukhomba indawo yaseNew Guinea area njengendawo yokusungula kokuqala kweSaccharum officinarum. Yethulwa IPolynesia e-Island Melanesia ,naseMadagascar.Ezikhathini zangaphambi komlando ngabahloli bemikhumbi base-Austronesian. Yethulwa amatilosi ase-Austronesian eNdiya bese kuba eNingizimu China ngo-500 BC, ngokuhweba. Ama Persians namaGreeeks ahlangana "nezitshalo ezidumile ezikhiqiza uju ngaphandle kwezinyosi" eNdiya phakathi kwekhulu lesithupha nelesine BC. Bathatha futhi basakaza ukulima umoba. Ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili, ushukela wawubhekwa njengezinongo zokunethezeka nezibizayo ezivela eNdiya, futhi ukuhweba kwezohwebo kwasakaza ukusetshenziswa kwawo Mediterranean nase Nyakatho Afrika. Ngekhulu le-18, ukutshala umoba kwaqala eCaribbean, eNingizimu Melika, e-Indian Ocean, nasezizweni eziyisiqhingi zasePacific. Isidingo sezisebenzi zezitshalo zikashukela saba umshoshozeli omkhulu wokufuduka okukhulu, abanye abantu ngokuthanda bamukela ubugqila obuqashiwe kanti abanye bayiswa ngenkani njengezigqila.

Itshalwa ezifundweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo. umoba uyisitshalo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngobuningi bokukhiqiza, esihlanganisa amathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.9 ngo-2020, kanti Brazil ihamba ku u-40% wesilinganiso somhlaba. Umbila uhlanganisa u-79% ushukela okhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke (iningi lawo elisele lenziwe nge-beet kashukela). Cishe u-70% ushukela okhiqizwa uvela ku-I-Saccharum officinarum kanye nezinhlobo zayo ezixubile. Zonke izinhlobo zikamoba ziyangahlangana futhi izinhlobo ezinkulu zokuhweba ziyizinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi.[2]

Ushukela omhlophe usuka kushukela ezimbonini ezikhethekile. umoba zikamoba zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amapeni, amathe, izihenqo, kanye notshani. Inhloko yezimbali encane engakhulisiwe ye-I-Saccharum edule (duruka) idliwa iluhlaza, ishiswe noma ithosiwe futhi ilungiswe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, njengemiphakathi ethile yeziqhingi zase-Indonesia kanye nasemazweni ase-Oceanic njenge Fiji.

uMsukagama

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Igama likamoba liyinhlanganisela yamagama amabili: "ushukela" kanye "nomoba". Eyokuqala ekugcineni ivela ku-Sanskrit शरा (sárkarā). Njengoba ushukela wawuthengiswa futhi usakazeke eNtshonalanga, lokhu kwaba كَّر (sukkar) ngesi-arabhi, sacharum noma succarum ngesiLatin, izucchero ngesi italian futhi ekugcineni i-sugar kokubili ngesi french Esisemkhatsini nesiNgisi Esisemkhakheni. Igama lesibili elithi "umoba" laqala ukusetshenziswa eceleni kwalo njengoba isitshalo sasitshalwa emasimini aseCaribbean. [Ukucashunwa okudingekayo] [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">citation needed</span>]

Izinkondolo zawo

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Umoba, utshani obuhlala njalo basezindaweni ezishisayo, ubonisa indlela eyingqayizivele yokukhula ephawuleka ngamahlumela angasohlangothini avela phansi kwawo , okuholela ekwakhekeni kweziqu eziningi. Lezi zitshalo zivame ukufinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha amathathu kuya kwamane (cishe amamitha ayishumi kuya kwangu-13) futhi zinobubanzi obucishe bube ngamasentimitha amahlanu (cishe amasentimitha amabili)Njengoba lezi zitshalo zikhula, ziguqukela zibe yizinhlamvu zomhlanga, zakha ingxenye enkulu yesitshalo sonke, okwenza cishe u-75% wokwakheka kwaso. [Ukucashunwa okudingekayo] [<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Isiqu somoba esivuthiwe ngokuphelele ngokuvamile siqukethe ukwakheka kwe-fiber engaba ngu-11-16%, unama-carbohydrate angenashukela we-2-3%, kanye nokuqukethwe kwamanzi we-63-73%. Ukutshala ngempumelelo umoba kuncike ekusebenzisaneni okubucayi kwezici eziningana, kufaka phakathi izimo zesimo sezulu, izakhiwo zenhlabathi, ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezithile, kanye nesikhathi sokuvuna. [Ukucashunwa okudingekayo][citation needed][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Ngokuqondene namasimu,isilinganiso sokukhiqizwa kwesihlahla somhlanga simile kumathani angama-60-70 nge hectare (okulingana namathani angama-24-28 ubude acre noma amathani amafushane angama-27-31 acre) minyaka yonke. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo sokukhiqiza asizinzile futhi singahlukahluka kakhulu, sisukela kumathani angu-30 kuya kwangu-180 hectare. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuncike ezingeni lolwazi olusetshenzisiwe kanye nendlela yokuphatha isitshalo eyamukelwa ekulimeni umoba. Ekugcineni ukulima ngokuphumelelayo kwalesi sitshalo esiyigugu kudinga ukuhlanganiswa ngokucabangela kwezici ezahlukahlukene ukuze kukhuliswe ukukhula nokukhiqiza kwaso. [Ukucashunwa okudingekayo][citation needed][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Umoba uyisilimo esisetshenziswayo, kodwa usetshenziswa futhi njengokudla kwemfuyo. I-genome yoshukela ingenye ye-genome yezitshalo eyinkimbinkimbi eyaziwayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezitshalo kanye ne-polyploidization.[3][4]

Izikhungo ezimbili zokufuya umoba zise Saccharumofficinarum . eNew Guinea kanye nesinye seSaccharus sinense ngama-Austronesians Taiwan naseningizimu yeChina. Papuans nama-Austronesian ekuqaleni ayesebenzisa umoba njengokudla kwezingulube ezifuywayo. Ukusakazeka kokubili kwo-S.. officinarum ne-S. sinense kuhlobene kakhulu nokufuduka kwabantu base-Austronesian. I-Saccharum barberi yalinywa eNdiya kuphela ngemuva kokungeniswa kwe-S.officinarum.[5][6]

S. officinarum yaqala ukufuywa eNew Guinea naseziqhingini ezisempumalanga ye-Wallace Line ngama Papuans, lapho iyisikhungo sesimanje sokuhlukahluka. Kusukela cishe ku-6,000 BP, izinhlobo eziningana zazikhuliswa ngokukhetha kusuka ku-Saccharum robustum yomdabu. Ukusuka eNew Guinea, yasakazekela entshonalanga kuya eMaritime Southeast Asia ngemuva kokuxhumana nama-Austronesian, lapho yahlangana khona ne-Saccharum spontaneum.[6]

Isikhungo sesibili sokufuya siseningizimu yeChina naseTaiwan, lapho I-S. sinense yayiyisitshalo esiyinhloko sabantu base-Austronesian. Amagama omoba akhiwa kabusha ngokuthi *təbuS noma *CebuS ngesiProto-Austronesian, okwaba *tebuh ngesiProto - Malay-Polynesian. Kwakungesinye sezitshalo ezinkulu zokuqala zabantu base-Austronesian okungenani kusukela ku-5,500 BP. Ukungeniswa kwe-S.I-S. officinarum enoshukela kungenzeka ukuthi kancane kancane kwayifaka esikhundleni kuyo yonke indawo yayo etshalwe olwandle eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.[7][8][9][10]

Ukusuka e-Insular Southeast Asia, I-S. officinarum yasakazekela empumalanga kuya Polynesia nase Micronesia ngabahambi base-Austronesian njengesitshalo sezikebhe cishe ngo-3500 BP. Yasakazwa futhi ngasetshonalanga nasenyakatho cishe ngo-3000 BP kuya eChina naseNdiya ngabahwebi base-Austronesian, lapho yabuye yahlanganiswa khona ne-S.S. sinense ne-S".US. Barberi. Ukusuka lapho, yasakazekela entshonalanga ye-Eurasia nase Mediterranean.[6][9]

Ukukhiqizwa kokuqala okwaziwayo kukashukela we-crystalline kwaqala enyakatho yeNdiya. Ubufakazi bokuqala bokukhiqizwa kukashukela buvela emibhalweni yasendulo yeSanskrit nePali.[11] Cishe ngekhulu lesishiyagalombili, abahwebi abangamaSulumane nAma-Arabhu baletha ushukela kusuka INdiya yangenkathi ephakathi kwezinye izingxenye zeCaliphate yama-Abbasid eMedithera, IMesopotamiya, IGibithe, eNyakatho Afrika, nase-I-Andalusia. Ngekhulu le-10, imithombo ithi wonke amadolobhana aseMesopotamiya ayetshala umoba. Yayiphakathi kwezitshalo zokuqala ezalethwa eMelika ngamaSpanishi, ikakhulukazi ama-Andalusian, emasimini abo aseCanary Islands, namaPutukezi emasimini abo eMadeira Islands. Isihloko esiphathelene nokutshala umoba eSpain sihlanganisiwe encwadini ka-Ibn al-'Awwam yekhulu le-12 yezolimo.[12]

Ushukela wokuqala ohlungiwe ngamakhemikhali wavela eNdiya eminyakeni engaba ngu-2.500 edlule. Ukusuka lapho le ndlela yasakazeka empumalanga eya eChina,nasentshonalanga eya persia nasezindaweni zokuqala zama islamic, ekugcineni yafinyelela Mediterranean ngekhulu le-13.Cyprus ne Sicily yaba yizikhungo ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza ushukela.

Ezikhathini zamakoloni, ushukela wakha uhlangothi olulodwa Ukuhweba ngonxantathu kwezinto zokwakha Izwe Elisha, kanye nezimpahla ezenziwe eYurophu, izigqila zase-Afrika. UChristopher Columbus waletha umoba okokuqala ICaribbean (neZwe Elisha) phakathi nohambo lwakhe lwesibili lokuya eMelika, ekuqaleni esiqhingini sasI-Hispaniola (IHaiti IDominican Republic yanamuhla). Isivuno sikashukela sokuqala senzeka eHispaniola ngo-1501; izimboni eziningi zikashukela zakhiwa ICuba naseJamaica ngawo-1520. AmaPutukezi aletha umoba IBrazil. Ngo-1540, kwakunezimayini zikashukela ezingu-800 eSanta Catarina Island kanye nezinye ezingu-2,000 ogwini olusenyakatho yeBrazil, I-demarara, naseSuriname. [Ukucashunwa okudingekayo][citation needed][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span>]

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ . p. 120.
  2. ↑ Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum. 2017. p. 266–278.
  3. ↑ Vicentini, R.. Gene Content Analysis of Sugarcane Public ESTs Reveals Thousands of Missing Coding-Genes and an Unexpected Pool of Grasses Conserved ncRNAs. p. 199–205.
  4. ↑ Vilela, Mariane de Mendonça. Analysis of Three Sugarcane Homo/Homeologous Regions Suggests Independent Polyploidization Events of Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum. p. 266–278.
  5. ↑ . April 1993. p. 1–7.
  6. 1 2 3 . p. 43–72. Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Paterson2012" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Blust, Robert (1984–1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives 26 (1): 44–67.
  8. ↑ Spriggs, Matthew (2 January 2015). "Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?". Antiquity 85 (328): 510–528. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067910.
  9. 1 2 . p. 177–185. Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "danielsmenzies1996" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ . p. 285–320. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Luckey, Thomas D. (1973) CRC Handbook of Food Additives, 2nd edition, Furia, Thomas E. (ed.) Vol. 1, Ch. 1. p. 7. ISBN 978-0849305429
  12. ↑ . p. 365–367 (ch. 7 – Article 47). Missing or empty |title= (help) (pp. 365–367 (Article XLVII)
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