User:Maraduzi01/Basic education
Ngokulandela ukuhlelwa kwamazinga emfundo okwenziwa ngabe-International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), imfundo eyisisekelo iqukethe izigaba ezimbili, okuyimfundo yeprayimari kanye nemfundo yebanga eliphansi lesekondari.[1]
Imfundo kawonkewonke eyisisekelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Imfundo eyisisekelo kwakhulunywa ngayo kakhulu kwidokhumende ye-ISCED kanyaka ka 1997, kodwa ithemu alizange libandakanywe kwiglosari.[2] Izwe nezwe latolika ithemu ngezindlela ezehlukile, kanti ukuya kunyaka ka 2011, kwakhishwa iphepha lezingxoxo ukuzama ukucacisa.[3]
Emazweni amaningi, i-ISCED 1 ihambisana nemfundo kazwelonke yeprayimari, kanti bimfundo eyisisekelo yona ibandakanya i-ISCED 2 yesekondari yebanga eliphansi (ibanga eliphansi lesikole sesekondari). Kwamanye amazwe, lapho khona kungahlukaniswa khona imfundo yeprayimari kanye nesekondari, "imfundo eyisisekelo" ibandakanya yonke imfundo yesikole ephoqelelayo. Ngesizathu samastatistiki, i-ISCED 1 sithathwa njengemfundo yesikole seminyaka eyisithupha yokuqala yesikole.[4]
Imfundo kawonkewonke eyisisekelo, ithathwa njengento esemqoka nokumele kuqalwe ngayo emazweni asathuthuka kanti futhi abemfundo yabo bonke eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Education For All eholwa ngabe-UNESCO. Kanti futhi ibandakanyiwe kwizinhloso zentuthuko zeminyaka elikhulu ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Millennium Development Goals njengenjongo yesi 2: ukufinyelela imfundo kawonkewonke yeprayimari ngonyaka ka 2015.[5]
Izinhlelo eziningi zocwaningo, zikhiphe ubufakazi bezinzuzo kwezempilo kawonkewonke (isib., izinga eliphansi le-HIV/AIDS; izinga elingcono lokugonywa kwezingane; ukuvimbela izifo kanye nokwelaphisa izifo; ukudla okunomsoco, izinga eliphansi lokushona komama abakhulelwe kanye nokushona kwezingane ezizelwe nokushona kwezingane zisencane), ukuhleleka kwesizwe (isib., ukuphila isikhathi eside ukushintsha kwesimo sesizwe ngezinhlelo zokuhlela imindeni kangcono) kanye nomnotho (isib., izinga eliphezudlwana lekhono lokuthenga izinto, ukwenyuka kwezinga lokukhiqiza nokusebenza kwimikhakha evamile, izinga eliphezulu lokudingeka kwemikhakha yezinsiza noma amasevisi). Ezinye izinzuzo ezingeke zakaleka kalula, zibandakanya umphumela omuhle kwezedimokhrasi, amalungelo obuntu, ezokubusa nokuphatha kahle, ukuzinza kwezepolitiki ngokuqondisia kangcono izindlela ezingenalo udlame zokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokuqondisisana kwamaqembu angqubuzanayo.[citation needed][6][7]
Isivumelwano se-Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), esasungulwa ngabe-UNICEF ngo 1989, sivikela izingane kumalungelo ezingeke zahlukaniswa nawo, ngokubeka amazinga kwizinto ezehlukile ezifana nemfundo.
Ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesimame kwimfundo eyisisekelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ukungalingani kwimfundo kuvamise ukuphunguleka lapho kuba nemfundo kumazinga emfundo ehlelekile. Ubulili yinto enomthelela kakhulu kwinqubo yokungalingani kwezemfuondo, kanti futhi lento yiyo echaphazela kakhulu amantombazane nabesimame. Kodwa kube nempumelelo ekuphunguleni igebe lokungalingani phakathi kwabesilisa nabesimame ukusukela ngeminyaka yoma 2000, lokhu okwenze uuthi iningi lamantombazane nabesimame bakwazi ukufinyelela imfundo ehlelekile. Empeleni, sekuphunguleke igebe kwabesilisa nabsimame kwimfundo yepramyimari, kumazwe ase-Central kanye ne-Eastern Europe, Central Asia, East Asia kanye ne-Pacific, e-Latin America kanye namazwe ase-Caribbean, eNorth America kanye namazwe ase-Western Europe. Kanti futhi kuphunguleke igebe phakathi kwabesilisa nabesimame ikakhulukazi emazweni ase- outh kanye nawase-West Asia kodwa akukabi namehluko ongakanani owenzekile kumazwe ase-sub-Saharan Africa kanye nemibuso yamazwe ama-Arab States. Kodwa ngisho noma kube nemiphumela ebambekayo, iningi lezingane ezingekho esikoleni, kuselokhu kungamantombazane, okanti inani lokubili kokuthathu yintsha kanye nabantu abadala abangakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, kuselokhu kungabesimame. Ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ngokuhlinzeka abesimame ngamandla, kumele kuboniswane nabafana kanye namadoda kudaba lokulwa nokuqeda inqubo yokungalingani kwabesilisa nabesimame. Lokhu kumele kuqale ngemfundo eyisisekelo.[8]
Bheka futhi lapha
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- International Standard Classification of Education
- K–12 (education)
- Educational stage
- Primary education
- Secondary education
Imithombo okutholakale kuyo ulwazi
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Amareferensi
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ "International Standard Classification of EducationI S C E D 1997". www.unesco.org.
- ↑
- ↑ Truong, Nhung. "Review of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97) Basic Education and the review of the ISCED" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 April 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- ↑ "Educational Programmes Manual for ISCED-97 Implementation in OECD Countries" (PDF). OECD. 1999. p. 30. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 April 2017.
- ↑ "Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education". Mdg Monitor. 2011-05-15. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2012-10-18.
- ↑ Cutler, David M.; Lleras-Muney, Adriana (July 2006). "Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence". NBER Working Paper No. 12352. doi:10.3386/w12352.
- ↑ Mazumder, Bhashkar (2008-05-19) (in en). Does Education Improve Health? A Reexamination of the Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws. Rochester, NY. SSRN 1134064.
- ↑ Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good? (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. p. 44. ISBN 978-92-3-100088-1.