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User:Maraduzi01/Inkohlakalo kwezezimali eNingizimu Afrika

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Inkhohlakalo kwezezimali eNingizimu Afrika ibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo nezimali zesizwe ukuzuzisa abantu ngasese, ukufumbathisa nokuzibonelela ngasese.[1] I-Transparency International Corrupt Perceptions Index yango 2017 inikeze iNingizimu Afrika inkomba yama-43 kwizinkomba ezingu-100, eNingizimu Afrika lokhu okubeka iNingizimu Afrika emkhakheni ka 71 emazweni angama 180.[2] Lesi simo simele ushintsho lokwehlela ezansi ngamaphoyinti amabili ukusuka ku 45 (2016 CPI).[3] Amazwe anamazinga angaphansi kwama 50 akhombisa ukuba nezinkinga ezinkulu zenkohlakalo kwezezimali.[4] Ihlazo lakamuva elenzeka kusukela ngonyaka ka-2016 elibandakanya owayenguMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uJacob Zuma elidonse amahlo ukubheka kwezenkohlakalo yezezimali eNingizimu Afrika. UCyril Ramaphosa, uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika osanda kukhethwa, usefunge ukuthi uzobhoncula inkohlakalo kwezezimali ekhona futhi nokuqhubekela phambili ukulwanokuvimbela nokulwa nenkohlakalo . [5]

INingizimu Afrika inohlaka oluqinile lokulwa nenkohlakalo, kodwa imithetho ayilandelwa nokuqikelelwa ngokwanele kanti futhi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iziphathimandla nabasezikhundleni kumbuso akwenziwa ngendlela efanele. [6] Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izihibe ezenziwe ezivimbela ukuthi abantu babike ngamahlebezi ukwenziwa kwenkohlakalo yezezimali emkhakheni kahulumeni kanye nasemkhakheni wamabhizinisi angasese. Ihlazo elisanda kuvela elibandakanya umndeni wamaGupta nowayenguMengameli waseNingizimu Afrika uJacob Zuma, labangela ukususwa kukaZuma esikhundleni sobungameli kanye nokuveza uhla olude lwezikhalazo zenkohlakalo kwezezimali okwenziwa yilowo owayengumengameli wezwe. [7] Izikhalazo ezazibhekiswe kuZuma ngokusetshenziswa kwezimali zombuso kumakontraki emabhizinisini axhumene noma anobudlelwane obusondelene nomndeni kamongameli naxhumene nabo. [8]

Indlela inkohlakalo kwezezimali ebonwa ngayo eNingizimu Afrika

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Ngo-2013, umbiko we-Afrobarometer ukhombisa ukunyuka okukhulu ngendlela abantu ababona ngayo ezenkohlakalo kwezezimali ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2008. [9] Cishe ingxenye yabantu abangaphezulu kukuhafu ezwenikazi le-Afrika (56%) ikholelwa ukuthi izwe labo kuningi elingabe liyakwenza ukuvimbela inkohlakalo kwezezimali, Ama-66% abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bakholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni bekumele athathe izinyathelo eziningi zokunciphisa inkohlakalo kwezezimali. [10] INingizimu Afrika iphakathi kwamazwe asezingeni eliphansi lapho izakhamizi ziqondane nenkohlakalo yezezimali ngqo ngokwazo. Bangama-15% kuphela abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abavuma ukuthi bakhokhele ukufumbathisa ngonyaka owedlule. Amaphesenti alinganiselwa cishe ku 30% bama-Afrika abakhokhela ukufumbathisa ngonyaka owedlule.[11]

Phakathi konyaka ka-2011 no-2015, ukwamukeleka kwalowo owayenguMongameli uZuma kwehla kwafinyelela ku 36% ngenxa yemibiko yenkohlakalo kwezezimali nobuholi obungamukelekile.[12] Iningi labantu baseNingizimu Afrika likholelwa ukuthi amagatsha ehlukene kahulumeni kumele engamele eminye imisebenzi yamagatsha. Cishe ikota yabantu baseNingizimu Afrika bazizwa sengathi kufanele babe nesibopho sokuqikelela ukuthi abantu abakhethwe ezikundleni nabaholi kumele babhekwe ngeso lokuqapha indlela abenza ngayo imisebenzi yabo. [13]

Inqubo yobandlululo nenkohlakalo kwezezimali

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Ubandlululo, inqubo yokubandlulula kanye nokuchema ngokwezinhlanga zebala okwenganyelwe wumbono wobuhlanga, kanye nenqubo yezepolitiki eNingizimu Afrika ukusukela ngo-1948 ukuya ku-1994. Le nqubo, yayikhipha inyumbazane nokugudlulela eceleni abangewona ama-Afrikaner noma amaBhunu emisebenzini yezisebenzi zomphakathi, ezikhundleni zikahulumeni nakwezepolitiki, le nqubo yapheliswa ngo-1994 lapho i- African National Congress eyayiholwa nguNelson Mandela yenza izingxoxo nohulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika wangaleso sikhathi. [14] Ngaphambi kokuqedwa kobandlululo, izidingo zesizwe zaziphakelwa ama-Afrikaner kuphela. [15] Imigomo yayibonelela amasiko nokubonelela ama-Afrikaner kuphela, ukunikezwa kwamakontileka kahulumeni kumabhizinisi ama-Afrikaner, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezinhlangano ezingamalungu ama-Afrikaner kwakuyinto ejwayelekile ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zamabantustan ngeminyaka yoma-1980 kwakha amaphrojekthi abaholi abaningi bamabantustan kanye nokubonelela bona kuphela. [16]

Ngasikhathi sinye, i-ANC yayithola imali kubanikeli bamazwe aphesheya ukuze yakhe amaqembu izinhlangano eziqinile ukulwa neqembu lombuso wobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika i-National Party. Laba baholi banikezwa inani elikhulu lemali ngaphandle kokuba nenqubo yokugcinwa nokuphathwa kahle kwezimali. Ngisho noma kungekho bufakazi benkohlakalo kwezezimali noma amasu okusebenzisa kabi imigomo ukwenzela ukuzuzenzela imali ngendlela ezigwegwe nengaqondile, izinkambiso zabaholi be-ANC zokuthi bachaze ukusebenzisa kwabo izimali azizange zilungiswe, kanti i-ANC yathatha izintambo zumbuso ngaphansi kwalesi simo esinjena ngemuva kokuba kube noshintsho kwezepoliki. [17] Inkambiso ye-ANC yokuthembeka enhlanganweni yahleleka ngesikhathi sobandlululo, lokhu kwaba nomthelela osobala kwezepolitiki kwi-ANC yanamuhla. Eminyakeni elandelayo eyaholela kwinqubo yezinguquko kwezepolitiki kwaba nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kwiminyaka eminingi kahulumeni, uphiko lwezobunhloli, kumaphoyisa kanye nakwibutho lezempi.

Kunenkulumo-mpikiswano eqhubekayo maqondana nemvelaphi yenkohlakalo kwezezimali kanye nencazelo yokuthi yinii enkohlakalo kwezezimali eNingizimu Afrika. I-bureaucracy kanye namasiko ezepolitiki avela esikhathini sobandlululo kwenza ukuthi kungabi lula ukulandelela kahle kanye nokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali. [18] Ukuqhamuka kweqembu elisha lababusi i-elite kwezomnotho lamalunga e-ANC noma abahambisana nayo ngemuva konyaka ka 1994, kwabanga isimo lapho khona inkohlakalo kwezezimali eyadlondlobala khona ngaphansi kombuso omusha. [19] Yomibili imikhakha yenqubo yezepolitiki eyakudala nentsha yabanga izinhlobo ezintsha zenkohlakalo kwezezimali, lokhu okwenza ukuthi kusizakale labo ababesezikhundleni ngaphakathi kwale mikhakha emibili. Ngisho noma izinhlobo zenkohlakalo enkulu kwezezimali kwadlulela kwinqubo entsha yezepolitiki, ukusukela ngonyaka ka 1994, kwaba nezinhlobo ezintsha zenkohlakalo kwezezimali ezavela kanti futhi zangezela kwinkohlakalo yezezimali eyayivele ikhona.

Izinhlobo Zenkohlakalo yezezimali eNingizimu Afrika

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Ngisho noma iNingizimu Afrika inezinhlobo ezehlukahlukene zenkohlakalo kwezezimali, kukhona izindlela ezimbili ezivamile, okuwukuthola imali yenkohlakalo ngokuthola amathenda kahulumeni kanye nenqubo yenkwabaniso nge-BEE. Amahlazo akamuva abandakanya osopolitiki baseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomndeni wamaGupta udalule zombili izinhlobo zenkohlakalo kwezezimali. Inkohlakalo yezezimali yezinga eliphansi, ngenye yezinto ezivamile kubasebenzi bakahulumeni, futhi le nkohlakalo yezinkwabaniso yezinga nsuku zonke eNingizimu Afrika.

Ukuthola izimali ngamathenda kahulumeni (tenderpreneurism)

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I-tenderpreneur ngumuntu ozicebisa ngenkohlakalo enikezwa ngamathenda kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngokwazi nobudlelwane obubi nabantu abathile abasezikhundleni kuhulumeni futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngenkohlakalo nenkwabaniso - ngisho noma kwezinye izikkhathi lokhu kwenziwa ngokufumbathisa - futhi kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kubandakanya okwenziwa ngumuntu ongumholi esikhundleni sikahulumeni noma sikhulu esisebenzela uhulumeni (noma amalungu omndeni wakhe) ngokuba nesandla kwezamabhizinisi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. [20] Lokhu kuvame ukuhambisana nokukhokhisa inani eliphezulu ngokweqile kanye nokwenza umsebenzi ngobudedengu noma ukungenzi nhlobo kwamsebenzi lowo umuntu akhokhelwa wona. Udaba lomndeni wamaGupta nobudlelwane babo nohulumeni kaZuma kuyisibonelo esicacile ne-tenderpreneurism sokuzicebisa ngamathenda kahulumeni.

BEE Fronting

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I-BEE-fronting iwukusebenzisa kabi imithetho elawula inqubo yokuhlinzeka abamnyama ngamandla kwezomnotho eyaziwa njenge-Black Economic Empowerment (BEE), lapho abantu abafanelekile benikezwa izihlalo kwiBhodi yabaQondisi benkampani kodwa bengenawo amandla okwenza izinqumo kule nkampani, ukuze ifaneleke inkampani ukuthola amakontraki kahulumeni ngokuya nge-BEE. [21] NgoJuni 2017, abakwaNetcare, okuyinkampani esebenza kunethiwekhi enkulu kunazo zonke yezibhedlela zangasese (zama-private) eNingizimu Afrika, basolwa ngenkohliso yokubekwa abamnyama ngaphambili njengabanezwi kwinkampani yabo ngenqubo ye-BEE fronting. [22] Ukusukela lapho, kufakwe ezinye izikhalazo eziyi-17 ngezinkampani ezehlukahlukene zaseNingizimu Afrika maqondana ne-BEE-fronting. [23] Okuhlobene nalokhu yinqubo yokufaka abantu abangafanalekile ezikhundleni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Cadre deployment kanye nokuqashwa kwabantu abathize, okuwumgomo ososikweni we-ANC. [24]

Inkwabaniso encane

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Inkwabaniso encanyana ingudaba oluvame kakhulu emkhakheni wabasebenzi bakahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo olwenziwe yi-ISS National Victims of Crime luhlole ubungakanani kanye nenhlobo yenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo eNingizimu Afrika. [25] Enye yezingqinamba ezigqanyiswe kakhulu kulolu cwaningo ukuswelakala kolwazi maqondane nendlela yokubika izenzo zenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo eNingizimu Afrika. [26] Okunye ukwesaba imiphumela yilabo ababika ngenkohlakalo nenkwabaniso, kanye nokukholelwa ukuthi ukubika inkohlakalo ngeke kwashintsha lutho, lezi yizinto ezimbili ezivezwe wucwaningo luka-2011. [27] Abaphendule kulolu cwaningo bathe bavamise ukufumbathisa kwizikhulu zamaphoyisa asemigwaqeni, kanye nakumaphoyisa uqobo, kanye nakwizikhulu zasemisebenzini lapho abantu befuna ukuqashwa emisebenzini. [28] Lokhu okutholakele kusekela umbono wokuthi ukubonwa kwenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo eminyangweni yohulumeni basekhaya njengakumkhakha wezikhulu zamaphoyisa emigwaqo kanye namaphoyisa kamasipala kusezingeni eliphezulu. [29] Imvamisa yokufumbathisa okubandakanya amaphoyisa kukhathaza kakhulu ngenxa yendima yabo ekuthatheni izimali zokufumbathiswa kanye nokuziphatha komgunyathi okungekho emthethweni. Ngabantu abangu 5.6% kuphela baseNingizimu Afrika ababike ukuthi bahlangene nezinhlobo zenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo encane, ebandakanya imali, izibonelelo zomgunyathi kanye nezipho. [30] Ngisho noma liphansi izinga lamaphesenti abantu abahlangabezana nenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo encane, kodwa iningi labantu libona ukuthi izinga lenkohlakalo liphezulu, kanti futhi lithatha ngokuthi inkohlakalo kwezezimali nenkwabaniso ubugebengu obuvame kakhulu ezweni. [31]

Amahlazo enkohlakalo yezimali

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UMongameli uZuma kanye nenkohlakalo kwezezimali

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Ngo-2018, inkantolo ephakeme yaseNingizimu Afrika yathola uMnu. Zuma enecala lokwephula umthethosisekelo maqondana nokusebenzisa budedengu imali yombuso engamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-246 ekhaya likaZuma eNkandla . [32] Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kwasekhaya nokudlwengulwa komunye wabafazi bakaZuma abane, uZuma wathatha izindlela zokuphucula ezokuphepha emzini wakhe. [33] Umbiko owakhishwa ngumvikeli wabantu eNingizimu Afrika ngonyaka ka 2014 wathola ukuthi uZuma wazabela imali yombuso ngendlela engafanele ukuze athuthukise imizi yakhe okubandakanya nokufakela kwechibi lokubhukuda, inkundla yezemidlalo, indawo yezivakashi kanye nesibaya sezinkomo emzini wakhe. [34] Isikhathi sikaZuma esesikhundleni sombuso sinemibiko emibi nokwenziwa kwenkohlakalo kwezezimali. Kubuye kwagqama nobudlelwano bukaZuma nomndeni wamaGupta embikweni owakhishwa yilowo owanguMvikeli Wabantu eNingizimu Afrika wokubanjwa kombuso ngobhongwane (state capture). [35] Ukusuka kukaZuma esikhundleni sombuso ngoFebhuwari 14 kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga zokucindezelwa yi-ANC. [36]

Ezintweni ezisanda kwenzeka kamuva, lowo owayenguMongameli wezwe, uJacob Zuma, uzoshushiswa ngamacala ayi-12 okukhwabanisa, ukwenziwa kwezimali ngendlela engalungile yenkohliso, amacala amabili enkohlakalo kwezezimali kanye nelokushushumbisa izimali zobugebengu ukuthi zigezwe ubugebengu. UZuma uzobhekana namacala enkohlakalo kwezezimali abandakanya nenkohlakalo kwezokutholakala kwezikhali elaziwa ngelokuthi yi-South African Arms Deal ezizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-2,5. [37]

Amahlazo omndeni wamaGupta

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Ngo-2016, uMvikeli waBantu, uThuli Madonsela, waphenya ngehlazo lama-Gupta ngemuva kokuthola isikhalazo esisemthethweni kumpristi ongumKatolika, obizwa ngoFata Stanslaus Muyebe. Umbiko wokubanjwa kukahulumeni ngobhongwane (State of Capture owakhishwa nguMvikeli Wabantu ngonyaka ka-2016 wabika ngobungozi bokubanjwa kombuso ngobhongwane eNingizimu Afrika. [38] Umbhalo wamakhasi angama-355 wabika ngokuvuna kakhulu okwenziwa nguMnu Zuma kumndeni wamaGupta kanye nokubandakanyeka kwendodana kaJacob Zuma nomndeni wamaGupta. [39] Lezi zinsolo kubikwa ukuthi zibandakanya ukubandakanyeka komndeni wamaGupta ekuqokweni nasekususweni ezikhundleni kwamalungu eKhabhinethi laseNingizimu Afrika, ukunikezwa okungekho emthethweni kwezinkontileka zombuso ezinkampanini ezixhumene nabakwaGupta, ukuvunwa kwezinkampani zakwaGupta zivunwa ngamabhangi, kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwesikhundla sikaZuma kanye nendlela asebenzisana ngayo namabhizinisi. [40] Abafowabo bakwaGupta, ababedlala indima enkulu kumabhizinisi aseNingizimu Afrika isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, baqala ukukhulisa ubudlelwano babo nalowo owayenguMongameli uJacob Zuma ngonyaka ka-2003 njengoba wayesesikhundleni sokuba yiphini likamongameli. Ukusukela ngonyaka ka-2003, zozimbili izinhlangothi zazihlomula ngoba umndeni wamaGupta wawuxhasa khona umndeni wakwaZuma ngenkathi uMongameli uZuma eqoka izikhulu ezivunana nomndeni wamaGupta ngokuwunikeza izinkontileka zamabhizinisi ombuso ayenikezwa kakhulu kumndeni wamaGupta. [41] Iziphathimandla zaseNingizimu Afrika zifuna ukuthi umndeni wamaGupta ubuyise imali engango $4.07bhiliyoni eyalahleka ngenxa yokunikezwa kwamabhizinisi ombusu emndenini wamaGupta.[42] Indodana kaJacob Zuma, uDuduzane, kanye noGloria Ngema Zuma, ongomunye wamakhosikazi kaMnu Zuma, wayethola ukunikezwa isamba sezimali kanye namaholo ngenyanga ngezikhundla ayekuzo kwelinye lamafemu ama-Gupta.

Umndeni wamaGupta wawenza inqubo esolisayo nezinkampani ezingasebenzi kanye nezinkampani zombuso. [43] I-OCCRP ibike ngezikontileka zeTransnet nekontileka ye-South China rails ezenziwa nezinhlangano zamaGupta. Izinkampani ezilawulwa umbuso ezinjenge-Eskom neTransnet zangenela izikontileka zenkwabaniso nomshoshaphansi nezinkampani zamaGupta.[44] I-Eskom, umhlinzeki kagesi wombuso, wafaka imali engaphezulu kuka-R1.8 billion kuma-akhawunti ahlukahlukene amaGupta. I-Eskom yakhokhela inkampani ye-Trillion, ibhizinisi elilawulwa ngabakwaGupta, ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-R466 ngosizo lokuphatha lapho iTrillion yayinabasebenzi abambalwa. Ezinye izinkampani ezingaphansi kwenkontileka yakwa-Eskom ziveza ukusebenzisana nenkampani ye-Tegeta, okungenye yenkampani yamaGupta. U-Eskom wasebenzisa imali ephindwe kabili ngokwesilinganiso ethenga amalahle kwaTegeta, okwaba yinkontileka ebiza kakhulu emlandweni wakwa-Eskom.

Kwakhishwa incwadi egunyaza ukuboshwa kuka-Ajay Gupta ngoFebhuwari 2018. [45] Umuzi wamaGupta wagaselwa ngamaphoyisa ngayo leyo nyanga, lokhu okwenza abafowabo abathathu bamaGupta babaleke ezweni.

Ihlazo leBhangi yeBaroda

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Ibhange laseBaroda, okuyibhange likahulumeni waseNdiya, ladlala indima enkulu ezindabeni zamabhizinisi omndeni wamaGupta. [46] Ngokombiko we-Organised Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), i-Bank of Baroda lavumela umndeni wamaGupta ukuthi uhambise izigidi zama-dollar ngezindlela ezinezinsolo zenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo kwezamabhizinisi lezi zimali zashushumbisiwa zasiwa phesheya kwamazwe. [47] Yize i-Bank of Baroda lakuphika ukuthi lashushumbisa izimali ngokungemthetho, kodwa amadokhumende abika ukuthi igatsha laseNingizimu Afrika lanikeza iziqinisekiso zezimali-mboleko ezingagunyaziwe, futhi aliyishayanga ndiva inqubo yokulandela imithetho yezwe, kanti futhi lagwema iziphathimandla ngokuthi lingazinikezi ulwazi ngokushushumbiswa kwezimali ezisolekayo, lokhu okwazuzisa umndeni wamaGupta.[48] Kunemali elinganiselwa kuma 4.5miliyoni wamarandi eyayisezandleni zezinkampani zamaGupta phakathi kuka-2007 no-2017 [49] Ngenxa yobuningi bama-akhawunti ama-Gupta eyayiphethwe ngamabhangi eJohannesburg ubuningi bayo kwakuyimali yomndeni wama-Gupta. [50]

Imibiko iveza ukuthi ukubolekana kwezimali kwezinkampani kwasiza inqubo efihlekile nengachazeki ukuthi isetshenziswe ngamaGupta ukudlulisa ngokushushumbisa izimali ukusuka kwiBhangi ukuya kwizinkampani zamaGupta njengenkampani ye-Trillion Financial Advisoary Centaur Mining. Imibiko yezinsolo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-suspicious activity reports (i-SARs) eyafakelwa abasebenzi eBank of Baroda maqondana nokushushumbiswa kwezimali nokuthengiselana kwamaGupta imvamisa yayo yayigwenywa ngabaphathi kanye nezikhulu zebhangi. [51] Imibiko yezinsolo i-SAR eminingi ehlukene ayizange ifinyelele kwabakwa-South African Financial Intelligence Centre ngenxa yalokho.

Ihlazo lokuthengwa kwezikhali

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Ukuthengwa kwezikhali, okwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-Strategic Defense Package, kwabizwa izizumbulu zezimali okwakubandakanya ukuthola izikhali ukuvela emazweni anjengeGermany neFrance. [52] Le nqubo yentengo yezikhali kwaba yisiqalo esikhulu nesisekelo senkohlakalo enkulu kwezezimali enkulu namazinga aphezulu kwi-African National Congress. Lokhu kuthengwa kwezikhali kwenziwa ngesikhathi lapho ubhubhane lwe-AIDS lwaludlangile kuyo yonke i-Afrika kanti futhi ubumpofu nokungalingani esifundeni kwakusalokhu kubaphezulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe omhlaba. Abakhokhi bentela bakhalaza ngalokhu kuthengwa kwezikhali besho nokuthi lokhu kuthengwa kwezikhali ngale ndlela kuphikisana nomthethosisekelo futhi akunamqondo nesizathu esibonakalayo.[53] Amaqembu ahlukahlukene aseNingizimu Afrika nakwamanye amazwe abephenya ngokuthengiswa kwezikhali ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2000.[54] Kwaba namahlebezi okuthi kwakunenkohlakalo, inkwabaniso, ukufumbathisa ayeqondiswe kwi-ANC, lokhu okwaholela ekutheni kutshekwe nophenyo. Ngo-2011, owayenguMongameli uZuma wahlela ikhomishini yokuphenya eyayiholwa yiJaji uSeriti. [55] Ikhomishini yaSeriti njengamanje idlala indima ekuphenyweni okuqhubekayo ngezinsolo zezigwegwe nenkohlakalo ekuthengweni kwezikhali kwango-1998.[56]

Ukusukela ngoMashi 2018, uJacob Zuma waqala ukuquliswa icala elibhekene namacala ayi-16 enkohlakalo kwezezimali, ukwenza imali ngendlela yonkohliso nenkwabaniso engekho emthethweni, kanye nenkwabaniso ekuthengweni kwezikhali ngo-1998.[57] Sekukonke uZuma usolwe ngokwamukela izinkokhelo ezingekho emthethweni ezingama-783, ezibandakanya nokuthola izifumbathiso ezivela enkampanini yaseFrance yezikhali ngokusebenzisa umeluleki wakhe wezezimali. [58] Ngo-Ephreli 2018, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili esulile esikhundleni, uZuma wabekwa icala lenkwabaniso ngabezomthetho kuzwelonke.[59]

Izindlela Zokulwa Nenkohlakalo kwezezimali

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Imizamo kahulumeni yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali igqugquzelwa ngaboMnyango Wezemisebenzi Kahulumeni Emiphakathini Nezokuphatha.[60] Ihovisi loMvikeli Wabantu nalo lalibamba iqhaza elikhulu ekulweni nenkohlakalo kwezezimali. Uphiko olwaluzimele olwahlakazwa lokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali i-Scorpion isikhundla salo sathathwa ngama-Hawks.[61] AmaHawks ayi-Directorate for Priority Crime Investigation (DPCI) yaseNingizimu Afrika okuhloswe ngayo ukulwa nobugebengu obuhleliwe, ubugebengu kwezomnotho nenkohlakalo kwezezimali.[62] Leli qembu lasungulwa ngaphansi kobuphathi bukaZuma ngonyaka ka-2008.[63] INingizimu Afrika inezinhlaka ezakheke kahle nemithetho yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali. UMthetho Wokuvimbela Nokulwa Nenkohlakalo owazinga ngelokuthi yi-Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (i-PCCA) wenza ukuthi inkohlakalo kwezezimali emkhakheni kahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi angasese kuthathwe njengobugebengu kanti futhi lo mthetho uphinde uchaze kahle ngokomthetho, ukwenzela ukuthi izinkantolo zikwazi ukusebenzisa lo mthetho.[64] Lo mthetho ugxeka ukufumbathisa, ukufuna izimali kubantu ngezindlela zomgunyathi, ukusebenzisa kabi amandla okwenziwa ngabasemagunyeni, kanye nokushushumbisa izimali zobugebengu nokuzigeza ukuthi zibonakale zingaveli ebugebengwini, kanti nokubophelela izikhulu ukuthi zibike amacala enkohlakalo kwezezimali.[65] Kodwa njengeminye imithetho yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, lo mthetho we-PCCA awusetshenziswanga kahle ngokufanele kanti futhi awuvikeli labo abahlaba amakhwela ngokubika izenzo zenkohlakalo nenkwabaniso ngezindlela zomshoshaphansi.[66]

Iforamu kazwelonke yokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali eyaziwa ngelokuthi yi-National Anti-Corruption Forum ihlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela oku-inthanethi womthetho we-Prevention and Combating of Corruption Act (PCCA).[67] Eminye imithetho enjengomthetho wokufinyelela ulwazi owaziwa ngokuthi yi-Promotion of Access to Information Act uqikelela ukuthi lenyuke izinga lokufinyelela ulwazi olukuhulumeni.[68] Umthetho wokulawulwa kwezezimali zikahulumeni owaziwa ngelokuthi yi-Public Finance Management Act, uhlaziya izindleko zikahulumeni kanye nenqubo yokuziphatha yamalunga ephalamende kanye namalungu oMkhandlu ukuthi badalule zonke izipho.[69] Izinqubo zokusebenzisa le mithetho, aziqinile zibuthakathaka kule mithetho ukuvimbela izenzo zenkohlakalo, lokhu okwenza ukuthi izenzo zenkohlakalo kwezezimali zingabikwa. INingizimu Afrika ivume ukuthi kube nesiVumelwano neNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangane ngokuvimbela kanye nokulwa nenkohlakalo kwezezimali, i-African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption kanye ne-OECD Anti-Bribery Convention.[70]

Ngo-2018 kwasungulwa iKomishini kaZondo yokuPhenya ukuze iphenye ngezinsolo zokubanjwa kombuso ngobhongwane i-state capture nenkohlakalo kwezezimali ngesikhathi kubusa uMongameli uJacob Zuma. Ubufakazi obanikezwa ngesikhathi kuphenywa buthinta iBosasa,[71] umndeni wamaGupta, kanye nabathintene nalowo owayengumongameli uZuma.[72] Ngesikhathi sokulalelwa kwenkundla imemorandamu eyasayinwa ngokuhlanganyelwa ngamazwe ase-United Sates, i-United Kingdom, i-Netherlands, ne-Germany kanye neSwitzerland emele amazwe angama-75% atshala izimali ngokuqonde ngqo ezweni angaphandle ezitshala eNingizimu Afrika axwayisa ngokuthi uma inkohlakalo kwezezimali inganqandwa lokhu kuzoba nomthelela omubi ekutshalweni kwezimali ngekusasa eNingizimu Afrika. Lamazwe amemezela uMongameli uRamaphosa ukuthi athathe izinyathelo ezinqala kulabo abenze inkohlakalo kwezezimali.[73] Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika waphendula ngokuthi wayedumele ngememorandamu ngoba yayingalandeli inqubo "eyamukelekayo" yezenzo ezivamile zobunxusa.[74]


Izehlakalo Ezaphawulekayo Zenkohlakalo kwezezimali zesikhathi esedlule

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  • UTony Yengeni, ongusotshwebhu omkhulu we-ANC ePhalamende, watholakala enecala lokukhwabanisa ngonyaka ka-2005 ngemuva kokuba uYengeni ethole isaphulelo esikhulu emotweni eyayibiza kakhulu isaphulelo esasivela kwinkampani eyayinenkontileka kahulumeni. [75]
  • Lowo owabe engumeluleki wezezimali kaMongameli uJacob Zuma, uSchabir Shaik, wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-15 ngonyaka ka-2005 ngokucela ukufunjathiswa yinkampani yezezikhali yaseFrance egama layo linguThales. Lo mfumbathiso wawufunelwa uMongameli uZuma.[76]
  • Ngo-2005, ihlazo le-Travelgate laveza ihlazo lamaLungu ePhalamende angamashumi amane atholakala ukuthi ayesebenzise ngokungekho emthethweni amavawusha okuhamba ePhalamende abiza u-R18,000,000 azisebenzisela wona ngasese la mavawusha.[77]
  • Lowo owabe enguMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika uThabo Mbeki noSepp Blatter bavumelana ngesivumelwano senani lika -$10m ngo-2007, abashushisi baseMelika abathi lokhu "kwakungukufumbathisa" ukuthola iNdebe Yomhlaba wonke ka-2010.[78]
  • Umkhuzi wamaphoyisa esiteshini saseGoodwood, uSiphiwu Hewana, watholakala enecala lokuzama lokuphazamisa ingalo yomthetho kwiqnubo yobulungisa ngokudabula idokodo lokuboshwa kukaTony Yengeni owayetholakale eshayela imoto ephuze utshwala ngokweqile ngo-2007.[79]
  • OwayenguKhomishani Wamaphoyisa Kuzwelonke kanye nalowo owabe enguMongameli we-Interpol, uJackie Selebi, wabekwa icala lenkwabaniso ngoJulayi 2010, ngokwamukela imali (cishe) engu-R120, 000 kwisigelekeqe esiphezulu sobugebengu obuhleliwe, uGlenn Agliotti.[80]
  • Ukuwa kwebhange le-VBS Mutual Bank ngonyaka ka-2018 ngenxa yenkwabaniso nenkohlakalo kwezezimali kudale ihlazo elalimaza omasipala,[81] i-ANC,[82] kanye ne- Economic Freedom Fighters . [83]

Amareferensi

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  1. ↑ Political Corruption in South Africa. https://books.google.com/?id=49y50pzjAzAC&pg=PA404#v=onepage&q&f=false.
  2. ↑ "South Africa".
  3. ↑ "South Africa".
  4. ↑ "South Africa".
  5. ↑ "The delicate dance to depose Jacob Zuma".
  6. ↑ "Business Corruptiion in South Africa".
  7. ↑ "The delicate dance to depose Jacob Zuma".
  8. ↑ "Long waltz to Freedom: South Africa Politics".
  9. ↑ "South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance". AfroBarometer. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno65_south_africa_leadership_performance_24112015.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance". AfroBarometer. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno65_south_africa_leadership_performance_24112015.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance". AfroBarometer. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno65_south_africa_leadership_performance_24112015.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  12. ↑ South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno65_south_africa_leadership_performance_24112015.pdf.
  13. ↑ South Africans increasingly dissatisfied with their elected leaders' performance. http://afrobarometer.org/sites/default/files/publications/Dispatches/ab_r6_dispatchno65_south_africa_leadership_performance_24112015.pdf.
  14. ↑ Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid". Journal of Southern African Studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/1969897/aacorrup.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524586552&Signature=v2Vt3Wb0G934Vuzo9ebTz0PQXjU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Corruption_in_South_Africa_Bef.pdf.[dead link]
  15. ↑ Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid". Journal of Southern African Studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/1969897/aacorrup.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524586552&Signature=v2Vt3Wb0G934Vuzo9ebTz0PQXjU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Corruption_in_South_Africa_Bef.pdf.[dead link]
  16. ↑ Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid". Journal of Southern African Studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/1969897/aacorrup.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524586552&Signature=v2Vt3Wb0G934Vuzo9ebTz0PQXjU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Corruption_in_South_Africa_Bef.pdf.[dead link]
  17. ↑ Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid". Journal of Southern African Studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/1969897/aacorrup.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524586552&Signature=v2Vt3Wb0G934Vuzo9ebTz0PQXjU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Corruption_in_South_Africa_Bef.pdf.[dead link]
  18. ↑ Lukasiewicz!, Mariusz (2014). "Still walking to freedom? A historical retrospective of the first 20 years of South African democracy". Current Affairs in Perspectives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280922579.
  19. ↑ Hyslop, Jonathan (2005). "Political Corruption: Before and After Apartheid". Journal of Southern African Studies. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/1969897/aacorrup.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1524586552&Signature=v2Vt3Wb0G934Vuzo9ebTz0PQXjU%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DPolitical_Corruption_in_South_Africa_Bef.pdf.[dead link]
  20. ↑ Bloom, Jack. "Empowerment vs Tenderpreneurship". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 April 2011.
  21. ↑ "African National Congress National Consultative Conference". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  22. ↑ "Why BEE fronting is a bad idea – and won't be tolerated any longer".
  23. ↑ "Why BEE fronting is a bad idea – and won't be tolerated any longer".
  24. ↑ "African National Congress National Consultative Conference". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  25. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  26. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  27. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  28. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  29. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  30. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  31. ↑ "Extent and nature of petty corruption in South Africa".
  32. ↑ Myre, Greg. "South Africa's Zuma Leaves Office As He Entered — Accused Of Corruption".
  33. ↑ Smith, David. "Burglars raped my wife, Jacob Zuma says as he defends home improvements".
  34. ↑ "State of Capture" (PDF).
  35. ↑ "State of Capture" (PDF).
  36. ↑ Reuters. "CORRECTS: Former South African president Jacob Zuma to be prosecuted on 16 charges of corruption".
  37. ↑ Reuters. "CORRECTS: Former South African president Jacob Zuma to be prosecuted on 16 charges of corruption".
  38. ↑ "SA CONTINUES TO KEEP DUBIOUS COMPANY ON CPI".
  39. ↑ "State of Capture" (PDF).
  40. ↑ "State of Capture" (PDF).
  41. ↑ "India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal".
  42. ↑ "India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal".
  43. ↑ "State of Capture" (PDF).
  44. ↑ "Guptas, Big Banks Linked to South African-Chinese Locomotive Deal".
  45. ↑ Bonorchis, Renee. "How South Africa Is Cleaning House After Zuma's Eviction". Bloomberg News. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  46. ↑ Joseph, Josy. "India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal".
  47. ↑ "BANK OF BARODA PLAYED KEY ROLE IN SA'S GUPTA SCANDAL".
  48. ↑ Joseph, Josy. "India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal".
  49. ↑ "BANK OF BARODA PLAYED KEY ROLE IN SA'S GUPTA SCANDAL".
  50. ↑ Joseph, Josy. "India's Bank of Baroda Played a Key Role in South Africa's Gupta Scandal".
  51. ↑ "BANK OF BARODA PLAYED KEY ROLE IN SA'S GUPTA SCANDAL".
  52. ↑ Perlo-Freeman, Samuel. "The South African Arms Deal". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  53. ↑ "The 1998 Arms Deal / Strategic Defence Procurement Package".
  54. ↑ Perlo-Freeman, Samuel. "The South African Arms Deal". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  55. ↑ "WHAT IS THE SERITI COMMISSION?". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  56. ↑ "WHAT IS THE SERITI COMMISSION?". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 April 2018.
  57. ↑ "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know".
  58. ↑ "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know".
  59. ↑ "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know".
  60. ↑ "Welcome to the official South African government online site! - South African Government".
  61. ↑ "SWITCHING SCORPIONS' CASES TO HAWKS".
  62. ↑ "SWITCHING SCORPIONS' CASES TO HAWKS".
  63. ↑ "SWITCHING SCORPIONS' CASES TO HAWKS".
  64. ↑ South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management. http://www.cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/democracy-works---south-africa-conference-paper---democracy-corruption-and-conflict-management---by-hennie-van-vuuren-pdf-.pdf.
  65. ↑ South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management. http://www.cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/democracy-works---south-africa-conference-paper---democracy-corruption-and-conflict-management---by-hennie-van-vuuren-pdf-.pdf.
  66. ↑ South Africa: Democracy, Corruption and Conflict Management. http://www.cde.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/democracy-works---south-africa-conference-paper---democracy-corruption-and-conflict-management---by-hennie-van-vuuren-pdf-.pdf.
  67. ↑ The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/app/webroot/papers/paper_10573.pdf.
  68. ↑ The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/app/webroot/papers/paper_10573.pdf.
  69. ↑ The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/app/webroot/papers/paper_10573.pdf.
  70. ↑ The politics of anti-corruption enforcement in South Africa. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/app/webroot/papers/paper_10573.pdf.
  71. ↑ "President for sale: Watsons 'bought Zuma for R300k a month'" (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-02-04.
  72. ↑ "Zondo commission: 'What did the ANC do?'" (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-02-04.
  73. ↑ "Corruption memo to Ramaphosa a foreign embassy faux pas — Dirco" (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-02-04.
  74. ↑ "Dirco notes with 'disappointment' foreign ambassadors' joint memo on corruption" (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-02-04.
  75. ↑ "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know".
  76. ↑ "South Africa arms deal that landed Zuma in court: What you need to know".
  77. ↑ "40 accused in South African MP's fraud case".
  78. ↑ "Fifa corruption claims: South Africa 'agreed $10m deal'".
  79. ↑ "Yengeni cop found guilty".
  80. ↑ "South Africa ex-police head Selebi guilty of corruption".
  81. ↑ "No bailout for municipalities who ploughed cash into VBS Mutual Bank".
  82. ↑ "ANC Limpopo to hold emergency meeting over VBS".
  83. ↑ "The Shivambu Brothers and the Great VBS Heist".
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