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INkosi uMntwana Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi (//ˌmæŋɡU-oʊˈsuːtuː ˈɡætʃə ˌbI-ʊtəˈlEɪzi/ /; wazalwa ngomhla zingama-27 kuNcwaba ngonyaka wezi-1928 wakhothama ngomhla ziyi-9 kuMandulo ngonyaka wezi-2023) wayengusopolitiki owaziwayo eNingizimu Afrika aphinde abe nguNdunankulu samaZulu kusukela ngo-1954 kwaze kwaba sekukhothameni kwakhe ngonyaka wezi-2023. Wakhethwa esikhundleni sobuNdunankulu ngumzala wakhe iSilo uBhekuzulu, indodana yeSilo uSolomoni kaDinuzulu, umfowabo kanina kaButhelezi uPrincess Magogo kaDinuzulu.

Ngesikhathi sobandlululo eNingizumu Afrika uButhelezi wakhethwa njengo Chief Minister wakwaZulu waphinde wavuselela ngonyaka wezi-1975 iqembu leNkatha YeNkulukelo yeSizwe (National Cultural Liberation Movement) neyaziwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokuthi i-Inkatha Freedom Party. Leli qembu walihola kusuka ekuvuselelweni kwalo kwaze kwaba ngunyaka wezii-2019.

Wayengumholi wezombusazwe ngesikhathi sokuboshwa kukaNelson Mandela (1964-1990) futhi waqhubeka kanjalo enkathini yangemva kobandlululo, lapho emiswa nguMandela njengoNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zomphakathi, ekhonza kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-2004. [1]

UButhelezi wayengomunye wabezombusazwe abansundu abavelela kakhulu ngenkathi yobandlululo. Wayengumholi wezombusazwe kuphela kahulumeni waKwaZulu, wangena ngenkathi useyisiqiwu somdabu saseZululand ngo-1970 futhi wahlala esikhundleni kwaze kwaba yilapho uqedwa ngo-1994. Abagxeki bachaza ukuphatha kwakhe njengombuso weqembu elilodwa, ongeke ubekezelele ukuphikiswa kwezombusazwe futhi obuswa yiqembu le-Inkatha (manje eyi-IFP), inhlangano yezombusazwe eyavuselelwa uButhelezi ngonyaka ka-1975.[2]

UButhelezi wayengomunye wabezombusazwe abansundu ababevelele ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Wayengumholi wezombusazwe kuphela kahulumeni waseKwaZulu, wangena ngenkathi usenguhulumeni womdabu saseZululand ngo-1970 futhi wahlala esikhundleni kwaze kwaba yilapho uqedwa ngo-1994. Abagxeki bachaza ukuphatha kwakhe njengombuso weqembu elilodwa, ongeke ubekezelele ukuphikiswa kwezombusazwe futhi obuswa yi-Inkatha (manje eyi-IFP), inhlangano yezombusazwe kaButhelezi.

Ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi wakhe wezombusazwe, uButhelezi wayephinde abe yiNkosi yesizwe sakwaButhelezi, njengendodana ye-Nkosi Mathole Buthelezi, futhi wabanguNdunankulu wamakhosi amathathu kwaZulu alandelanayo, kusukela ngeSilo u-Cyprian Bhekuzulu ngo-1954, iSIlo uZwelithini kanye neSilo uMisuzulu kaZwelithini.

Ngenkathi engumholi KwaZulu, uButhelezi waqinisa futhi wathatha isimo somphakathi sobukhosi, wavuselela njengophawu lesizwe samaZulu. I-Inkatha, isekelwa yiNkosi, izinsiza zombuso, nokuthandwa kukaButhelezi, yaba ngenye yezinhlangano zezombusazwe ezinkulu kakhulu ezweni.

Ngaso leso sikhathi, uButhelezi waphumela obala ngokulwisana nobandlululo kanye nohulumeni walo ubandlululo. Wakhuthaza njalo ukukhululwa kukaNelson Mandela futhi wenqaba waphetha ukwamukela ukuzimela kukahulumeni wakwaZulu uhulumeni wobandlululo ayekunikeza iKwaZulu.

UButhelezi wayekade eyilunga lentsha kaKhongolose (ANC Youth League) kwase kuthi ngonyaka wezi-1970 wase eba ngumholi weNkatha. Kwathi ngo nyaka ka-1980 ubuhlobo babo ne-ANC baba buthakathaka. Kwavela ngababhali nabaningi ababengahambisani naye ngonyaka ka-1990 ukuthi uButhelezi wamukela imali nosizo lwezempi oluvela embusweni wobandlululo nokwabangela Ubudlova bezombusazwe KwaZulu naseNatal ngawo-1980 nawo-1990.[3]

UButhelezi futhi wabamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni zokuqeda ubandlululo, lapho asiza khona ekubekeni uhlaka olwaluqale ngonyaka wezi-1974 ngeSimemezelo Sokholo saseMahlabathini. Ngesikhathi se-I-Congress for a Democratic South Africa, i-IFP ngaphansi kukaButhelezi yakhuthaza uhlelo lwefederal eNingizimu Afrika olwaluqinisekisa ukuzimela ukuzimela kwezifunda kanye nesimo sabaholi bendabuko bamaZulu. Lesi siphakamiso asizange sisebenze futhi uButhelezi wacasuka ngalokho akubona njengokuhlukaniswa okukhulayo kwe-IFP kanye naye uqobo, njengoba izingxoxo zazibuswa kakhulu yi-ANC, kanye nohulumeni wabamhloph be-National Party. Wasungula i-Concerned South Africans Group kanye nabanye ababesadla ngoludala, washiya izingxoxo, futhi wasabisa ngokungalungeneli ukhetho lukazwelonke luka-1994. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokwesaba ukuthi uButhelezi uzophazamisela ukuthula kokhetho, uButhelezi ne-IFP bavuma ukuba ingxenye yokhetho futhi bajoyina uhulumeni wobumbano lwesizwe owakhiwa kamuva nguMongameli owayesanda kukhethwa uMandela. UButhelezi wasebenza njengoNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zasekhaya (Home Affairs) ngaphansi kukaMandela nangaphansi koMongameli owalandela, UThabo Mbeki, naphezu kokungezwani okwakuqhubeka phakathi kwe-IFP ne-ANC.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, i-IFP yalwa kanzima ukuze yandise isizinda sayo esithandwayo ngaphandle kwesifundazwe esisha saseKwaZulu-Natal, esasithathe iKwaZulu ngo-1994. Njengoba ukwesekwa kweqembu kwehla, uButhelezi wasinda emizamweni yezitha ngaphakathi kweqembu yokumkhipha esihlalweni. Wahlala engumongameli we-IFP kwaze kwaba yi-National General Conference ye-35 yeqembu ngo-Ncwaba wezi-2019, lapho enqaba ukufuna ukuphinde akhethwe futhi walandelwa uMongameli omusha uVelenkosini Hlabisa.[4] Okhethweni lukazwelonke luka-2019, wakhethwa okwesithupha amahlandla elandelana njengeLungu lePhalamende (MP) le-IFP. Ngesikhathi sokukhothama kwakhe uButhelezi ubeyilungu elidala kunawo wonke amalunga ePhalamende.[5]

Iqhaza likaButhelezi phakathi namashumi eminyaka okugcina ombuso wobandlululo laba yimpikiswano, futhi i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission yathola ukuthi i-IFP ngaphansi kobuholi bukaButhelezi "yayingumgqugquzeli oyinhloko ongeyena ohulumeni" wobudlova ngesikhathi sobandlululo futhi yambiza ngokuthi "umgqugquzeli omkhulu wodlame nokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu".[6]

Impilo kaButhelezi kusuka eBuntwaneni bakhe

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INkosi uMntwana uMangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi wazalwa ngomhlaka zinga-27 kuNcwaba ngonyaka ka-1928, kwaCeza Swedish Missionary Hospital eMahlabathini eNingizumuMpumalanga yesifundazwe sakwaZulu natala zub eningizimu-mpumalanga I-Natal.[7] UMntwana uButhelezi uzalwa eNdlunkulu yakwaZulu unina nguMntwana uMagogo kaDinuzulu. UMntwana uMagogo wayengudadewabo weSilo uSolomon kaDinuzulu.


UMntwana uMangosuthu Buthelezi wabe ezalwa nguMathole kaMkhandumba kaMnyamana kaNgqengelele kaMvulane. Lolu kwabe kuluhlangothi lukayise. Olukanina lwabe lumi kanje, ezalwa uMntwana uMagogo kaDinuzulu kaCetshwayo kaMpande. Ukuzalwa kwakhe endlini yobukhosi kwamholela ekubeni athole isikhundla sokuhola isizwe sakwaButhelezi.

UMntwana uMagogo waba inkosikazi yeshumi kodwa eyinhloko (futhi ekugcineni omunye wamakhosikazi angu-40)[8] kayise kaButhelezi, uMathole Buthelezi.[9] UMathole Buthelezi wayeyiNkosi yesizwe sakwaButhelezi. Ukuganwa kukaMntwana uMagogo kwaButhelezi kwahlelwa yiSilo uSolomoni ukuze kuxazululwe ukungezwani phakathi kwesizwe sakwaButhelezi kanye nesakwaZulu.[10]Kungenxa yokusebenza okuhle kukayise okwaholela ukuba iNkosi ivume ngodadewabo ukuthi ayogana kwaButhelezi nokwenza iNdlunkulu yakhona yabe ingabatholi abantwana.

Ngokuhloniphana nokwazisana okwakuyisiko lesiZulu uMntwana uMagogo wavuma ukugana yize ayezoba ngoweshumi kumakhosikazi eNkosi uMathole ukuba athwale ayekucelwe nguNdlunkulu wesizwe kukanye nababezomcela. Umbango owaba khona ngokutholakala kukaMntwana uButhelezi wabhuleka ngoba kwagcina kuvumelekile ukuthi uyena oyoba indlalifa yeNkosi uMathole njengozalwa ebukhosini bukaZulu nokwenza uMntwana weNkosi (Mathole).

Ngokungasahlaliseki koMntwana uButhelezi wasuswa kwaCeza kwathiwa akaye kwamalume wakhe emzini weNkosi uSolomon kwaDlamahlahla. Ukuze athole igama elithi uMangosuthu kwaba uyise uMathole owathi kungamanga oSuthu ukuthi angathola umfana ngoba wayengalindele. Kwaba ukunamathela kwegama njalo. Amanye alandela kwaba u- Ashpenaz Nathan nangazange agqame kangako.

Wakhulela kwaDlamahlahla lapho ayelusa khona izinkomo nezingane zeSilo uSolomoni. Kwaba yiyona ndlela yokuphendla ukuthi ngubani oyoba iNkosi esizweni sakwaButhelezi. Ukukhula kwakhe kwamholela ukuba athole ukufunda njengoba uMntwana uMagogo unina wakubona kubalulekile ukuthi uMntwana uButhelezi afunde.

Yize imfundo yangaleso sikhathi yabe ingeyona eyezinga eliphakeme ngenxa yokuthi yayakhelwe abaMnyama, ingeyengcindezelo wazithola ekuyo. Izikole ezabe zikhona kwabe kungezamamishini. Uhulumeni wabe engenandaba nazo futhi engafaki mali kuzo. Kwamali eyayikhishwa ukufukula izikole zabaMnyama yabe incane kabi. Kwamfundo luqolo kwabe kungeyona eyempoqo ngenkathi eqala ukufunda uMntwana uButhelezi kwabe kufunda othandayo abantu bengenandaba nayo nabazali ngokunjalo.


Okukhumbulekayo ukuthi ngenkathi esafunda wayeke abizwe iSilo uSolomoni izomupha okumnandi njengomshana waso. Wayekujabulela ukudla amakhekhe namaswidi ayewaphiwa iSilo. Kuthe ngokukhothama kweSilo uSolomoni wakubona ukukhunjulwa kwaso ngemicimbi eyabe yenziwa njalo ngoMashi 4 minyaka yonke.

UMntwana uMagogo uyena owamusa esikoleni buqu ngenhloso yokuthi akafunde. Wabe efunda nabo abaNtwana baseNdlunkulu yize babebadala kunaye.

Imfundo

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UButhelezi waqala ukufunda e-Impumalanga Primary School e-Mahhashini kwaNongoma kusukela ngonyaka wezi-1935 kuya kowezi-1943. Waqhubeka kuso lesi sikole waze waqeda ibanga lesikhombisa eMahhashini.

Wabe esesiwa eManzimtoti, ikoliji elalaziwa ngokuthi i-Adams. I-Adams College, isikole esasidumile sezithunywa zevangeli kusukela ngonyaka wezi-1944 kuya ku-1946.[11] Kusukela ngo-1948 kuya ku-1950, wafunda e-I-University of Fort Hare eMpumalanga ye-Cape Province ngaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1948, i-National Party yakhethwa kuhulumeni eNingizimu Afrika futhi yaqala ukusebenzisa ubandlululo. Ngaleso sikhathi uButhelezi wajoyina iqembu lentsha kaKhongolose African National Congress (ANC) Youth League ngo-1949.[12] NgoJanuwari 2012, wathi ngale nkathi:

Ngafundiswa uSolwazi ZK Matthews, ngangimazi uDkt. John Langalibalele Dube, ngangiholwa Inkosi Albert Luthuli, futhi ngangisebenzisana kakhulu noMnu Oliver Tambo noMnu Nelson Mandela. Umlando wami wangempela awukwazi ukususwa emlandweni womzabalazo wenkululeko, noma we-African National Congress.[13]

UButhelezi wasebenza kakhulu kokuningi noPixley ka Isaka Seme, umsunguli we-ANC, owayeshade nodadewabo kanina.[14] Wabala uSeme, uLuthuli, uGandhi njengabaholi abamkhuthazayo nabukela kubo kwezombusazwe;[15] waphinde wakhuthazwa ubuholi bukaMartin Luther King wenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi yaseMelika.[16] UButhelezi waxoshwa eFort Hare ngonyaka ka-1950 ngenxa yokuhlanganyela ekuvinjelweni kwabafundi ngesikhathi evakashele ikamu likaGideon Brand Van Zyl, Umbusi-Jikelele wangaleso sikhathi. Kamuva waphothula iziqu zakhe ze-Bachelor of Arts e-University of Natal futhi wasebenza njengonobhala eMnyangweni kaHulumeni Wezindaba Zomdabu eThekwini.[17]

UButhelezi nobuholi bendabuko

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ISilo samaZulu UDinizulu kaCetshwayo, umkhulu kaButhelezi

Ngonyaka ka-1953, uButhelezi wabuyela emzini kayise eMahlabathini, ukuze abe yiNkosi yesizwe sakwaButhelezi. Ngokokuhlela kwakhe uButhelezi wayehlele ukuba nguMmeli kodwa welulekwa ukuba asamukele isikhundla sobukhosi ngabaholi be-ANC uMnu. Albert Luthuli beno Walter Sisulu.[18]


UButhelezi waphinde wakhuthazwa unina uMntwana uMagogo ukuba athathe ubukhosi.[9] Ngesikhathi sobandlululo, uhulumeni kwanguyena owayamukela nowayeqapha ukusebenza kwamakhosi kepha ubukhosi bakwaButhelezi abuzange buqashelwe kwaze kwaba ngunyaka ka-1957,[17] ngokusho kwakhe uMntwana uButhelezi lokhu kwakungesizathu sakhe sokuzibandakanya kwakhe ekulweni nohulumeni wobandlululo.[16] Okunye okubekwayo ngababhali ukuthi kwaba nombango wobukhosi owalandela esizweni sakwaButhelezi nokwenza uhulumeni ukuthi adonse izinyawo ekutheni abuthathe njengobusemthethweni. [19]

NjengeNkosi, uButhelezi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuhleleni umkhosi wokwembulwa kwetshe lesikhumbulo seLembe kwaDukuza ngo-Mandulo ka-1954, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi umkhosi wokuqala weShaka Day; kamuva lo mkhosi kwakuqala ngqa ukuthi yena noma neSiloCyprian Bhekuzulu babhince imvunulo yamaZulu, ababe sebeyibhinca njalo ngemuva kwalokho.[20]

UButhelezi njengoNdunankulu wesizwe samaZulu

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Ngonyaka ka-1954, iSilo uCyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomoni yamisa uButhelezi njengoNdunankulu wakhe kanye nowesizwe samaZulu.[21] ISilo uZwelithini kaBhekuzulu sona kasizange simkhethe uNdunankulu kepha saqhubeka sasebenzisana naye uMntwana uButhelezi njengoNdunankulu wesizwe kusuka ngonyaka ka-1968.[21] UMntwana uButhelezi walandela amanye amakhosi akwaButhelezi ake aphakanyiswa amakhosi akwaZulu njengoNdunankulu.[22] Ogqama kakhulu kulabo bakwaButhelezi abakhethwa kwesobuNdunankulu kwaZulu umkhulu wakhe kababa, uMnyamana, owayengumeluleki omkhulu kumkhulu wakhe, iSilo uCetshwayo, ngesikhathi seMpi yaseNcome. Uyise uMathole waqokwa njengoNdunankulu kamalume wakhe, iSilo uSolomoni, ngo-1925.[21]


Inselelo enkulu eyake yehlela uButhelezi kulesi sikhundla sobuNdunankulu kungesikhathi sokukhothama kweSilo uCyprian ngo-1968. UMntwana uMcwayizeni Israel Zulu waphikelela ngokuthi wayengumeluleki omdala weSilo, njengenkosana endala kakhulu yamaZulu, futhi ngaphambi kokugcotshwa kweSilo uZwelithini, wangena empikiswaneni eyadonsa iminyaka noButhelezi.[23] Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi uButhelezi wahlukaniswa nomndeni wasebukhosini kusukela ngo-1968 kuya ku-1970,[24] njengoba isikhundla sakhe njengoNdunankulu sabe sesingatshazwa abaningi eNdlunkulu ababengaboni ngaso linye naye.[25]

Uhulumeni waKwaZulu kusuka ngonyaka ka-1970 kuya kunyaka ka-1994

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Ukwakhiwa koHulumeni waKwaZulu

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Isifunda sakwaZulu sathinteka ngesikhathi somthetho oyi-Bantu Self-Government Act ka-1959 futhi ukuqala ukusebenza kwawo ngonyaka ka-1959, kwahlangebezana nokuphikisana okuningi kubantu ababelwela umzabalazo wesizwe.[26] Ngo-1970, kwasungulwa i-Zululand Territorial Authority, futhi amalungu ayo ayelunganiselwa kumakhulu angama-200, iningi kwakungabaholi bendabuko, bakhetha uMntwana uButhelezi njengomphathi wabo.[27] Nakuba wayengasifun lesi sikhundla uButhelezi kodwa abaholi bakhe be-ANC - u-Albert Luthuli no-Oliver Tambo bamkhuthaza ukuba asemukele isikhundla.[28]

Eminyakeni elinganiselwa kweyishumi ekhethiwe eyalandela, iZululand yashintshwa yaba yiKwaZulu, kwizindawo zokuhlala kwabantu futhi yiyo eyayinabantu abaningi kunazo zonke.[29] Ngaphansi kwe-Bantu Self-Government Act, indawo yokuhlala abantu ngokokuhlukana kwezinhlanga zabo yavunyelwa ukuba izibuse yona ukuba izithuthukele yodwa ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nenye.


I-KwaZulu (okusho ukuthi "indawo yamaZulu") kwakuyindawo eyabelwe amaZulu aseNingizimu Afrika, ngaphansi kwe-Black Homelands Citizenship Act ka-1970, okwenza ukuba ubuzwe babo baseNingizimu Afrika buhoxiswe ngenxa yokuba yisakhamuzi saKwaZulu. Ngokuhambisana noMthetho-sisekelo Wamazwe Omhlaba WamaBantu ka-1971, umthetho-sisekelo ohlukile wamenyezelwa KwaZulu ngo-1972 ukuze kunikezwe "isigaba sokuqala" sokuzibusa kwendawo; kwakhiwa iSishaya-mthetho saKwaZulu esikhethiwe ngokungaqondile, esasibuswa abaholi bendabuko, esathatha indawo ye-Zululand Territorial Authority.[29]

Ngaphansi kwalesi simo esisha, uButhelezi waba yinhloko yeKwaZulu; umsebenzi wakhe wabe usuba ngowobuNgqongqoshe omkhulu (Chief Minister) kusukangoNhlolanja ka-1977[15] lapho indawo yamenyezelwa ukuthi "isiyazibusa" ngokuphelele futhi uhulumeni wayo wanikezwa amandla engeziwe.

Ubudlelwane bukaButhelezi neNdlunkulu kaZulu

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Umthetho-sisekelo waKwaZulu ka-1972 wanikeza wonke amandla kuMntwana uButhelezi futhi wanikeza iSilo samaZulu inhlonipho enkulu, edinga ukuthi singazibandakanyi kwezombusazwe zamaqembu kanye.[30] Lokhu kwaba ukunqoba kwezombusazwe kukaButhelezi.

UMntwana uButhelezi ngonyaka-1983

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwakhe kuhulumeni waKwaZulu, kwaba "uchungechunge lwezinkinga" njengoba uButhelezi wayezama ukuqinisa isikhundla seSilo uZwelithini njengeSilo esikhona kumthethosisekelo esingazihlanganisi nezombusazwe.[20] Ngo-1979, uButhelezi wamangalela iSilo noMntwana uMcwayizeni ngokuzama ukwakha iqembu eliphikisayo ndawonye;[31] ngo-1980, amaphephandaba abika ukuthi iSilo uZwelithini sazama ukujoyina uhulumeni wobandlululo kepha savinjwa nguButhelezi.[32] Naphezu kwalokhu, ubukhosi bamaZulu bavuselelwa ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaButhelezi. Ngemva kokunqotshwa kombuso wamaZulu ngo-1879, amakhosi amaZulu ayeseyizikhonzi zikahulumeni wangaleso sikhathi waseNingizimu Afrika, futhi amandla nesikhundla sobukhosi kwalimala kakhulu;[22] ngo-1951 ukugcotshwa kweSilo uCyprian nguhulumeni we-NP kwakuyinto ephawulekayo.[20] Ukusondelana kukaButhelezi nomndeni wasebukhosini kwabuzuzisa kakhulu ubukhosi bakwaZulu kanti futhi naye uButhelezi neqembu lakhe leNkatha lazuza kakhulu abalandeli abangamaZulu.[33][32][34] Ngonyaka ka-1985 ekhuluma nezinkumbi zamaZulu uButhelezi watshela abantu ukuthi:

Mina neSilo sihlanganyela kulendawo ukuzoqinisekisa ubunye babantu bethu. ISilo simele ubumbano kubantu bakwaZulu mina ngimele ukuzimisela kwezombusazwe. Mina neSilo simele ukumela isizwe samaZulu. Ngeke sahlukaniswa lutho.[35]

Ngokusho kwabantu abaningi abahlaziyayo kanye nalabo abakwamanye amaqembu, uButhelezi wakwazi ukusebenzisa ubuZulu bakhe kanye nezikhundla zahe ukuzuza abalandeli abaningi abangamaZulu ukuthi balandele iqembu leNkatha.[33]

Ukusungulwa kweNkatha

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UButhelezi wavuselela iqembu leNkatha yekaZulu elalisungulwe iSilo uSolomoni kaDinuzulu ngenhloso yokuvuselela ubumbano lombuso kaZulu owawusuhlashwazwa abacindezeli.[36]

Ngonyaka ka-1975 i-Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement wavuselelwa kwaNzimela ngaphandle kwedolobha laseMthonjaneni (Melmoth) ngo-21 March futhi uMntwaba uButhelezi waba ngumongameli wayo wokuqala.[37] Igama elithi "inkatha" lisuselwa kuhlobo lotshani oluhlanganiswayo ukuze ukwazi ukuthwala ekhanda. Lolu hlobo lotshani luhlanganiswa ngendlela ekhombisa.[17] Inhlangano yangaphambilini, ngokusho kukaButhelezi, "inhlangano yesizwe yokubuyisela ukuqaphela nokuziqhenya kwesizwe";[13] ngokuyinhloko yayiyinhlangano yamasiko esekelwe emasikweni.[20][38] Ngokusho kukaButhelezi, ukuthatha igama elithi Inkatha kwakungumbono kaBhishobhi Alphaeus Zulu, owayenethemba lokuthi ukugcizelela izindaba zamasiko kungavikela inhlangano ekuvinjelweni nguhulumeni wobandlululo.[39]

Inkatha entsha yayinezinhloso zezombusazwe: ngomkhosi wama-40 ale enhlangano ngo-2015 uButhelezi wathi wayesungule iqembu "ukuvuselela ukuqoqwa kwabantu abaningi ababe cindezelwe nguhulumeni wobandlululo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenhlangano, yaqala yakhuluma ngokulingana, inkululeko, izingxoxo kanye nokuzabalaza ngokuthula".[37] Ngonyaka ka-1970, izinhloso zeNkatha zazihlanganisa ukukhulula abantu base-Afrika ekubusweni ngamasiko abamhlophe; ukuqedwa kokubuswa kwamakoloni kanye nokubuswa kombuso wabacindezeli; ukuqedwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokubandlululo ngobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga; kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngokwehlukanisa amandla kanye nezinguquko zezombusazwe eNingizimu Afrika.[38]

Enye yezinhloso zeNkatha kwakuwukusekela "amalungelo angenakunqotshwa" esizwe samaZulu okuzinqumela nokuzimela kwesizwe.[38] Ngokomthetho, futhi njengoba uButhelezi ayevame ukuphikelela, Inkatha yayingelona iqembu elihlukanisiwe kodwa inhlangano yesizwe eyayivulekele bonke abantu abansundu baseNingizimu Afrika; empeleni amalungu ayo cishe wonke ayengamaZulu avela esifundeni saKwaZulu.[16][17][38]

Inkatha incike ekuhlukaneni kwamasiko okuphathelene nezombusazwe, ohlangothini lwezobuZulu olulwayo, ukuqoqa abantu emthonjeni wayo... UButhelezi uphikisa ngokuthi "iZulus," isakhiwo sezenhlalo esiye saba yinoma yini ngaphandle kokungaguquguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele sibe nokuhlukaniswa kwezombusazwe okuhlukile, ukuthi amalungu ayo anezici ezithile zobuntu eziyingqayizivele, ukuthi inhlamba ebhekiswe kulokho kuchaza ukuphindiselela, nokuthi ukusinda kwayo kuvumela ukungqubuzana nezinye izinhlangano nabantu ngabanye.[40]

UButhelezi wazama ukwakha ukubambisana kwezombusazwe okubanzi. Ngonyaka ka-1976, wasungula I-Black Unity Front ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwabaholi bama-bantustan, futhi ngoJanuwari 1978 wahola ekwakhiweni kwenhlangano ehlukile, i-South African Black Alliance.[38] I-Alliance ekuqaleni yayihlanganisa i-Inkatha, i-Labour Party, kanye ne-Indian Reform Party; uButhelezi wakhethwa njengosihlalo wayo.

Ukubusa

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Nakuba uButhelezi abiza iKwaZulu ngokuthi "indawo eyayikhululiwe",[33] izici zokuphatha kwakhe zazingabusi, futhi uchazwa njengomuntu ngokwakhe "olawula iKwaZulu ngesandla sensimbi".[41] Wayengeyena nje kuphela ungqongqoshe omkhulu kodwa futhi ungqongqoshe wezezimali, futhi waba ungqongqoshe wamaphoyisa ngo-1980 lapho kusungulwa khona amaphoyisa aKwaZulu.[40] Ngaphezu kokuhlukumeza kwamaphoyisa, isikhalazo esivamile ukuthi uButhelezi wavimbela izinhlangano zezombusazwe, okwenza iKwaZulu ibe indawo yeqembu elilodwa.[30]

Umthetho-sisekelo weNkatha wabuye wabeka ukuthi wonke amaZulu ngokuzenzakalelayo aba ngamalungu e-Nkatha, yize kwakunezindleko zobulunga;[38] njengoba uButhelezi achaza ngo-1975, "wonke amalungu esizwe samaZulu ngokuzenzakalela ayengamalungu e-Nkatha uma engamaZulu. Kungaba namalungu angagqamile noma ayengazibandakanyi nezinto zeqembu njengoba kungekho muntu ophunyuka ekubeni yilungu inqobo nje uma eyilungu lesizwe samaZulu wayeyilunga leNkatha".[40] Ikhadi lobulungu be-Nkatha laziwa njengesidingo sokufinyelela emnyangweni kahulumeni womphakathi nase kufuneni umsebenzi kuhulumeni.[16][41][17][40]

I-Human Rights Watch yathi ngo-1993 izikhungo zikahulumeni waKwaZulu "zicishe zifane" nezikhungo zeNkatha, nokuthi Inkatha yayivame ukuzuza ekuvikelweni kwezinto zombuso waKwaZulu.[30] Kusukela ngo-1976, Inkatha wakhipha "imfundo yobuzwe" ezikoleni zomphakathi, ethula izimfundiso zeNkathaa kwikharikhulamu, futhi othisha bomphakathi kwakudingeka banikeze abafundi isikhathi sokubamba iqhaza emisebenzini ye-Inkatha Youth Brigade.[16][42][38] Umbiko ka-1993 we-Human Rights Watch waphetha ngokuthi:

Inkululeko yokukhuluma, elokuhlanganyela, kanye neyokuzibandakanya okwukusekelwa ngumthethosisekelo waKwaZulu / National owawuhlongozwa yi-KwaZulu Legislative Assembly awuhlonishwanga. Amaphoyisa aKwaZulu ayevunyelwe ukusebenza ngaphandle kokulandela izimiso zomsebenzi wawo... Kulezi zimo, ukuba khona nokuqhubeka kwezwe laKwaZulu ngokwalo kungesinye sezithiyo zokusebenza kwezombusazwe ngokukhululekile esifundeni saseNatal.[30]

UButhelezi wasebenza kakhulu ekwakhiweni amakolishi okuqeqeshwa othisha kanye namakolishi obuhlengikazi ngasekupheleni konyaka ka-1970 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980. [43] Izikhungo zemfundo azakha kungabalwa i-Mangosuthu University of Technology e-Mlaza nokunamuhla ibizwa ngaye. Lesi sikhungo wasakha ngokuqoqa izimali, kumphathi ohamba phambili wezimayini uHarry Oppenheimer, owayengumngani wakhe.[44]

Ubudlelwano bukaButhelezi nohulumeni wobandlululo

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Ukuzimela kweKwaZulu

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Ibalazwe elibonisa indawo yaKwaZulu (ebomvu) eNingizimu Afrika.

Kuso sonke isikhathi sobandlululo, uButhelezi wenqaba waphetha ukwamukela ukuzimela okuphelele - kodwa ikakhulukazi okuyigama - kwezombusazwe nezomthetho okwakunikezwa uhulumeni ukuba kwamukwelwe yizifundazwe ze-TBVC.[45] Ngo-1976, emhlanganweni wokukhumbula Ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi eSharpeville, wathi, "INingizimu Afrika iyizwe elilodwa. Inawo umgomo owodwa. Labo abazama ukuhlukanisa izwe lethu lokuzalwa bazama ukuvimbela igagasi lomlando. "[46] Ngo-Ephreli 1981, wenqaba "izinhlelo zikaPretoria zalokhu kuzimela kokukhwabanisa", ethi amaZulu "akhetha ukufa emakhulwini ezinkulungwane kunokuphoqelelwa ukuba ngabantu bakwamanye amazwe ezweni lakubo, iNingizimu Afrika".[45]

Ukuvimba umbuso wamaSwati ukudla indawo yaseNgwavuma

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Ngonyaka ka-1982, uButhelezi wahola impi yezombusazwe nezomthetho yokuvimbela uhulumeni ekwenzeni isivumelwano esasihlongozwa uhulumeni wangaleso sikhathi, esasizobona indawo yase-Ngwavuma enyakatho yeKwaZulu - kusuka emngceleni waseMozambique entshonalanga kuya ogwini lwe-Indian Ocean inikezwa izwe lase Swatini elingumakhelwane.[47] Kulokhu uhulumeni wobandlululo wayebambisele noMnu Enos Mabuza, owayengumholi we-kaNgwane bantustan, eyayizonikezwa iSwaziland yonke ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esasihlongozwa.[48] UButhelezi wakubona lokhu ngokuthi uhulumeni wobandlululo uhlose ukusebenzisa isivumelwano sendawo nezwe ukwelula ithonya laseNingizimu Afrika ezweni laseSwatini;[49] kwakuzovumela iSwatini ukuba isebenze njengombuso ovikelayo phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika namazwe angomakhelwane ayeseka i-ANC.[50] Abaqaphi baphinda baphawula ukuthi kuzothuthukisa inqubomgomo yobandlululo yokususwa kwabantu abansundu baseNingizimu Afrika ukuba babe yizakhamuzi eNingizimu Afrika[50] nokuthi kungaba uhlobo lokuziphindiselela kuButhelezi ngokwenqaba ukwamukela ukuzimela kweKwaZulu.[49]

UButhelezi wabamba imibhikisho eyayihlose ukuphikisana nalesi sivumelwano, wacela i-Organization of African Unity ukuba isekele, futhi wasiphosela inselelo lesi sivumelwano izikhathi ezine ezilandelanayo enkantolo.[51]

Ngenkathi isahlulelo sesihlanu silindelwe senkantolo, uhulumeni wobandlululo walumisa uhlelo lokufaka iNgwavuma ngaphansi kwezwe laseSwatini.[50] UButhelezi wanqoba leli cala ngephuzu lokuthi umthetho kahulumeni uqobo wawufuna ukuthi kuxhunyanwe nabaholi balokhu ababekuhlele ngokuthi ama-bantustan kulolu hlelo lokusa indawo eSwatini.[52] U-Allister Sparks wathi kwakuqala ngqa emlandweni ukuthi "abantu abansundu baseNingizimu Afrika baphoqe uhulumeni wabamhlophe wobandlululo ukuba uhlehlise udaba olukhulu olubandakanya umbono wobandlululo noma ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga".[53] Ngalokhu wathathwa njengeqhawe uButhelezi nokwaholela ekutheni ngonyaka ka-2022 kwakhandwa isichuse sakhe eJozini nase Ngwavuma, ukuze kukhunjulwe iqhaza lakhe ekuvikeleni lendawo ukuthi ingayi eSwatini.[54]

Iqhaza likaButhelezi emzabalazweni wokulwa nobandlululo

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Ukubaluleka nobuqotho bokuzinikela kukaButhelezi emzabalazweni wokulwa nobandlululo kwakuyindaba ekhulunywa futhi yadala ukwehlukana kwemibono. UMbhishobhi Omkhulu UDesmond Tutu wacela uButhelezi ukuthi ashiye umngcwabo kaRobert Sobukwe ngo-1978 ngoba abasekeli be-Pan Africanist Movement baphikisana kakhulu nokuba khona kwakhe, bamjikijela ngamatshe futhi bambiza ngokuthi "ungumthengisi" futhi "umshushisi kahulumeni". Nakuba uButhelezi ashiya umcimbi ngesicelo sikaTutu, kubikwa ukuthi wayetshele intsha ukuthi, "Uma nifuna ukungihlasela, yenzani kanjalo. Ngilungele ukufa"; waqhubeka kamuva wathi, "Ngikhumbula ukubethelwa kweNkosi yethu. Naye wakhafulelwa".[55]

I-Black Consciousness Movement yayigxeka kakhulu; isibonelo, i-South African Students' Organisation yahlela imibhikisho e-University of Zululand ngo-1976 ukubhikisha ngokunikezwa kwe-honorary doctorate kuButhelezi.[56] Ngasekupheleni kwawo u-1970, uTambo we-ANC watshela UHerbert Vilakazi ukuthi "laba 'abafana bango-76" - amalungu amancane e-ANC abaphendukela phambili ngesikhathi se-Soweto Uprising ka-1976 futhi ethonywe yi-Black Consciousness - baphikelela ngokuthi kufanele "ayeke ukuba nobuhlobo noButhelezi" futhi "bamthathe njengesitha".[57] Isimo sabo sathonywa yileso sikaSteve Biko, umsunguli we-Black Consciousness, owayethi uhulumeni wobandlululo wayexhaphaza uButhelezi. UBiko wasebenzisa uButhelezi njengesibonelo sakhe somuntu obonakala emnyama kodwa osebenza njengokunwetshwa kwesimiso esimhlophe.[58]

Ukuthuthuka ngokwehlukana

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Ngenxa yokuthi wayengumholi kahulumeni waKwaZulu, "ukusebenzisana" kukaButhelezi necebo lokuthuthukiswa elihlukile, ngakho-ke nobandlululo, kwakuyimpikiswano enkulu. Noma kunjalo, wayelokhu ephikelela ngokuthi indima yakhe ohlelweni lwe-bantustan yayivumelana nokuphikisa kwakhe okuqinile kobandlululo. U-Academic Laurence Piper, evuma ukuthi uhlobo lukaButhelezi lwezombusazwe zokumelana "lwalungavamile", wamchaza "njengenhloso yobuzwe 'yokusebenzisa isimiso ngokumelene naso' ngokuthuthukisa ezombusazwe ezilwa nobandlululo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yokubekezelelana kukahulumeni".[59] Ngale ndlela, ephendula ukumangalelwa kokuthi ushintshe ukuzinikela, uButhelezi wathi, "Lokho engiwenzayo kusebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso".[26] Ngempela, isazi-mlando U-Stephen Ellis sabhala ukuthi, mhlawumbe ngaphandle kweBantu Holomisa, uButhelezi "waphumelela kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi omunye umholi wezwe lakubo ekuqinisekiseni ukuzimela kwakhe" ngokumelene nombuso wobandlululo.[60]

Ngo-1971, uButhelezi wathi, "Abaholi bezwe abamukele intuthuko ehlukile, benza kanjalo ngoba kuwukuphela kwendlela abantu abansundu eNingizimu Afrika abangakwazi ngayo ukuzwakalisa ngokwezombusazwe." [27] Futhi ngo-1971, ekholomini le- I- Rand Daily Mail elinesihloko esithi "End This Master-Servant Relationship", uButhelezi wacela uhulumeni oyinhloko ukuba anikeze iKwaZulu indawo eyengeziwe nemithombo, ephikisa ngokuthi:

Ikhomishini yathola ukuthi uButhelezi wayehileleke mathupha ekuhleleni umsebenzi (okuyinto uButheleji ayiphikayo), njengoba kwenza uJenene UMagnus Malan; yaphinde yaphetha ngokuthi uMongameli Botha UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Wombuso babeqaphele leli cebo. Ecaleni lobugebengu elihlobene, imibhalo yangaphakathi ye-State Security Council kusukela ngo-1985 yakhululwa futhi yabonisa ukuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo zobandlululo babebheke i-Buthelezi njengengxenye eyinhloko yecebo likahulumeni lokuqoqa abangane abamnyama abangase basebenze njengesivikelo sangaphakathi ngokumelene ne-ANC. Igama le-code lomsebenzi, uMarion, lisuselwa egameni elithi marionette namagama ahlobene nalo, okusikisela ukuthi uButhelezi wayebhekwa njengomdwebi wombuso.

Phakathi nenkathi efanayo, i-Goldstone Commission kanye ne-Steyn Commission bathola ubufakazi bokuthi izikhulu ze-Arbheid Police's Security Branch zazithengise izikhali ku-Inkatha phakathi kuka-1991 no-1994, ngesikhathi esiphakeme sobudlova bezombusazwe be-ANC-Inkath, kufaka phakathi Ama-AK-47 ayethulwa ngokungemthetho e-Inkathe evela ngaphandle kwezwe; i-Steyn Company nayo yathola ukuthi umbuso wawuqhubeke nokunikeza ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kumalungu e-Inkataha ekuqaleni kwawo-1990.[60] Ngaphezu kwalokho, UWalter Felgate, owayengumholi we-Inkatha, watshela i-Truth and Reconciliation Commission ukuthi uButhelezi wayehlangane nyanga zonke ne-I-Bureau for State Security; uButheleji waphika ngokuqinile ukuthi wayenezo zonke izinhlangano zobunhloli bobandlululo ngaphandle kokuthi esikhundleni sakhe njengongqongqoshe omkhulu waseKwaZulu.

UNelson Mandela kanye nomongameli waseNingizimu Afrika U-F. W. de Klerk ngo-1992. UButhelezi waba nomuzwa wokuthi wayehlukanisiwe njengoba uMandela node Klerk bexoxisana ngokuqedwa kobandlululo.

Ukukhululwa kukaMandela ejele ngoFebhuwari 1990 kwahambisana nokukhishwa kwe-ANC nezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe zabansundu, futhi kwaphawula ukuqala kwesigaba sokugcina, esibaluleke kakhulu izingxoxo ezaqeda ubandlululo ngo-1994. Ukuze kuphawulwe lesi simo esisha, ngoJulayi 1990, uButhelezi waphinde wasungula i-Inkatha njenge-Inkathe Freedom Party (IFP), iqembu lezombusazwe lezinhlanga eziningi elalizofuna abalandeli ezweni lonke.[41] Le nhlangano futhi yashintsha imibala yayo (kuze kube yileso sikhathi imnyama, eluhlaza, negolide ye-ANC), inezela umbala obomvu nomhlophe eflageni layo.[20] Ngo-1990, uButhelezi wathi i-IFP yayinamalungu akhokhelwayo ayizigidi ezingu-1.9, okwakuzokwenza kube yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke eNingizimu Afrika, futhi wayelindele ukuthi idlale indima enkulu ezingxoxweni nasekuxazululeni kokugcina. 

Iziphakamiso zezombusazwe

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Isimemezelo Sokholo SaseMahlabatini

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Ngo-4 January 1974 UMahlabathini, uButhelezi wasayina Isimemezelo Sokholo SaseMahlabatini UHarry Schwarz, umholi waseTransvaal we-United Party, ngaleso sikhathi owayengumphikisi wephalamende waseNingizimu Afrika. Isimemezelo sahlongozwa njengohlelo lwamaphuzu amahlanu lokuthula kohlanga eNingizimu Afrika futhi sacela izinguquko zezombusazwe ngezindlela ezingenabudlova - ikakhulukazi, ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo ezibandakanyayo ngeziphakamiso zomthethosisekelo, kufaka phakathi umthetho-sisekelo wamalungelo. Iphinde yamukela umqondo we-federal weNingizimu Afrika.[61] Yayibhekwa njengentuthuko emphakathini omhlophe okhululekile futhi yasekelwa abaholi abathathu bezwe lakubo - UCedric Phatudi (I-Lebowa), ULucas Mangope (IBophuthatswana) UHudson Ntsanwisi (IGazankulu).[61] I-Buthelezi kamuva yathi, lapho isungulwe, i-Inkatha yabhalisela izimiso ezibekwe ku-Majlabtini Declaration.

I-federalism nokuzimela

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Ngonyaka we-1980, uButhelezi wayengummeli oqhubekayo wezinguquko zezombusazwe ezimisela uhlelo lwefederal eNingizimu Afrika, ngokuvamile oluhlanganisa ukuqashelwa kohlanga nobuzwe - nakuba kusukela ngo-1980 kufaka futhi ubuzwe obuvamile inkululeko yokuhamba phakathi kwezifunda [38] - ngakho-ke ngezinye izikhathi kuchazwa njengohlobo lwe-consociationalism.[62][63][64] Okubalulekile, iziphakamiso ezinjalo zazihambisana nokuma kukaButhelezi okuphikisanayo embonweni womuntu oyedwa, ivoti elilodwa. Ngo-1981, wayelokhu ephikisa ngokuthi, njengendaba "yezepolitiki ezisebenzayo", isimiso besingeke sibe yinto engenakwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo, uma kubhekwa "iqiniso inzondo yobuhlanga, ukwesaba ngokohlanga namaqembu anamandla agxilile".[38] Ngo-1986 watshela izintatheli ukuthi uthanda indoda eyodwa, ivoti eyodwa njengento enhle, kodwa lokho kuyekethisa kuzodingeka ukuze kugwenywe ubudlova.[65] Lokhu kwamenza wangqubuzana ngokuqondile ne-ANC, enombono oyinhloko wokubusa umbuso owodwa wangemva kobandlululo ngaphansi Ukubusa kweningi eliphelele.

Phakathi nezingxoxo zomthethosisekelo ngo-1991-1993, uButhelezi ne-IFP baqhubeka nokukhuthaza uhlelo lukahulumeni olunamazinga aphakeme Ukuzimela kwesifunda kanye neziqinisekiso eziqinile zokumelwa kwezithakazelo ezincane, kufaka phakathi isikhundla sabaholi bendabuko bamaZulu.[66] Mhlawumbe ngokusekela isimiso sikahulumeni, phakathi nale nkathi uButhelezi washintsha inkulumo yakhe ngesimo saseKwaZulu njengezwe lakubo. Waqala ukubhekisela kuKwaZulu "njengombuso waseKwaZulu", wakha umbono oyiphutha wokuthi indawo yayiqhubeka nombuso ozimele wamaZulu kaShaka - ngakho-ke ukuhlakazwa kwezwe lakubo kwakuzoba umzamo wokuhlakaza isizwe samaZulu.[20][41] Ngokwesibonelo, watshela I-New York Times, "Bazishoshovu bakhuluma ngamazwe omdabu njengokungathi zonke izikhundla zabaholi bomdabu zenziwe yiPretoria. Besisizwe esizimele kwaze kwaba ngu-1879, lapho sinqotshwa ngamaBrithani. KwaZulu yayihlale ibizwa ngokuthi iKwaZulu. "Emhlanganweni owodwa owawubanjwa nguButhelezi ngo-1992, iNkosi uZwelithini watshela isixuku ukuthi i-ANC yayifuna "ukhipha amaZulus ebusweni bomhlaba".

I-KwaZulu-Natal House of Traditional Leaders yayilungele ukuphinde ikhethwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa uButhelezi washiya ngaphambi kokuvota, ethi ngeke aphinde akhethwe njengosihlalo.[67] Ukuhoxa kwakhe kwalandelwa isimemezelo se-Independent Electoral Commission esasiphakamisa ukuthi wayengeyena umholi wesikhundla: UBhekisisa Bhengu (owagcina ekhethelwe ukuba alandele uButhelezi) wayekhethwe amahlandla angu-28 ebanga noButhelezi ezingu-24.[68] UButhelezi wathi abaholi be-ANC, kuhlanganise noMongameli owayesanda kukhethwa uZuma nowayengu-Ndunankulu uZweli Mkhize, babenxenxa abaholi bendabuko ukuba bayeke ukubasekela ukuze bathole ukufumbathisa. I-ANC yathi izinsolo zazingenasisekelo futhi ziyahlambalaza.[68]

I-IFP nayo yayizobamba ingqungquthela kazwelonke, ngoNtulikazi 2009, ukuze ikhethe ubuholi bayo, kodwa ingqungqubuzelo yahlehliswa unomphela; [69] Abagxeki bakaButhelezi, ikakhulukazi ku-Youth Brigade, bathi kwakuyindlela yokubambezela ehloselwe ukuthenga abasekeli bakhe isikhathi sokuqinisa ukuphinde akhethwe kwakhe njengomongameli we-IFP. NgoSepthemba, amalungu e-Youth Brigade alwa nabasekeli bakaButhelezi ngaphandle kwendlunkulu ye-IFP IThekwini, okudinga ukungenela kwamaphoyisa.NgoJanuwari 2011, lapho uMagwaza-Msibi eshiya i-IFP wayokwakha iqembu le-National Freedom Party, i-Daily Maverick yaphawula, "Ukuvukela kubonakala sengathi kuphefumulelwe isikhalazo esidala sokuthi uMangosuthu Buthelezi... wenqaba ukunikeza amandla kunoma ubani." Buthelezi wahlobanisa ukuhlukana nozungu lwe-ANC.[70]

Ngemuva kochungechunge lokunqoba kwe-IFP okhethweni lokuchibiyela, i-National General Conference yeqembu, ekuqaleni eyayihlelelwe ngoNtulikazi 2009, yagcina ihlale oLundi ngoDisemba 2012, ngesonto elifanayo ne-Ngqungquthela kazwelonke yama e-53 ye-ANC.[71] UButhelezi waphinde wakhethwa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa njengomongameli we-IFP, kodwa ingqungquthela yaphinde yabonisa ukuqala kwenqubo yokulandelana kobuholi ngokuchibiyela umthetho-sisekelo weqembu ukwakha isikhundla sephini likamongameli; UButheleji wathi uzohlala aqondise "ukuguquka okulula".[72] Noma kunjalo, i-IFP yalahlekelwa indawo eyengeziwe okhethweni lukazwelonke luka-2014 futhi yalahlekelwa isikhundla sayo njengokuphikisa okungokomthetho eKwaZulu-Natal ku-Democratic Alliance (DA).[73]

Ukulandelwa kwakhe kwiNkatha

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Buthelezi smiling, wearing a three-piece suit
Buthelezi ngonyaka ka-2019

Ngo-20 January 2019, uButhelezi wamemezela ukuthi akasabuyeli njengomholi weqembu leNkatha, waphinde wakhomba ukuthi ubelokhu ehlose ukushiya phansi kusukela ngo-2006. [74] Kusukela ngo-2017, kwakuqondwa ukuthi u-Velenkosini Hlabisa wayengumlandeli wakhe ayemthanda kakhulu.[75]

Nakuba uButhelezi ayelindeleke ukuba athathe umhlalaphansi ePhalamende ngo-2019 ngemuva kweminyaka engu-25 esihlalweni sakhe,[76] waba sohlwini lweqembu le-IFP labantu ababezomela leliqembu ephalamende.[77] Njengoba kwakulindelwe, kwiNkomfa kazwelonke ye-IFP ngonyaka ka-2019 eyabanjwa ngo-Agasti, yakhetha uHlabisa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa ukuba angene esihlalweni sikaButhelezi sokuhola iqembu leNkatha; washiya ubumongameli beqembu ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-45 esesikhundleni.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, kwabonakala futhi ukuthi uButhelezi wayengase athathe umhlalaphansi esikhundleni sakhe sokuba uNdunankulu kaZulu - yize agcina esegxilile ekuxazululeni umzabalazo wozothatha ubukhosi kwaZulu ngemuva kokukhothama kweSilo uZwelithini ngonyaka ka- 2021.[78] Nakuba uMntwana uMisuzulu kaZwelithini wayeyiyindlalifa eyesekwa kakhulu nguButhelezi,[79] ukubekwa kwakhe kwahlangabezana nenselelo enkulu esuka koyise nakubafowabo nesaqhubeka namanje ezinkantolo.

Ubuntu nesitayela sezombusazwe sikaButhelezi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Uphawu lwezepolitiki lukaButhelezi kwakuyizinkulumo zakhe ezinde kakhulu: [47] kusukela ngo-2023, wagcina [80] i-Guinness World Record ayeyithole ngo-1993 ngenkulumo ende kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona. Ngalowo nyaka, inkulumo yakhe yokuvula ku-KwaZulu Legislative Assembly yathatha isikhathi kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-29 March;[81] inkulumo yaba namakhasi angu-427 futhi yanikezwa ngokwengxenye ngesiNgisi nangengxenye ngesiZulu.[82]

Impilo kaButhelezi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

UButhelezi washadelwa u-Irene Audrey Thandekile Mzila (1929-2019), ahlangana naye emshadweni ngo-Masingana ka-1949 ngenkathi engumfundi wabahlengikazi eGoli.[83] UButhelezi wagcagcelwa ngo-2 Ntulikazi ngo-1952 futhi baba namadodana amathathu, amadodakazi amahlanu, nabazukulu abaningana. Ngesikhathi sokushona kuka-Irene ngo-25 March 2019, izingane zabo ezintathu ezisaphila okungo: uMntwana Phumzile Nokuphiwa (owazalwa ngo-1953), uMtwana Ntuthukoyezwe Zuzifa (owazalwa nga-1955) noMntwana Sibuyiselwe Angela (owazalwa ngu-1969).[84] Asebashona nguMabhuku Sinikwakonke (1957-1966), Mandisi Sibukakonke (1958-2004), Lethuxolo Bengitheni (1959-2008), Nelisuzulu Benedict (1961-2004), noPhumaphesheya Gregory (1963-2012).[85]

UButhelezi wayeyilungu lebandla LaseSheshi.[86] Wathi ngezinye izikhathi wayecindezelwa ukuba athathe amakhosikazi engeziwe (isithembu), njengoba wayeyiNkosi yesizwe nokwakuphinde kuhambisane nosiko lesiZulu, kodwa wayelandele imiyalo yobuKristu ngokuhlala nomfazi oyedwa.[87] UButhelezi ubehlala endaweni kayise kwaPhindangene Ondini enyakatho yeKwaZulu-Natal, futhi wayengumlandeli womculo we-classic ne-choir.[15] Wathola I-COVID-19 kabili, ngo-Agasti 2020 nango-December 2021,[88] futhi walaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yomfutho wegazi ophakeme ngo-January 2022.[89]

Ukukhothama nokufihlwa kukaButhelezi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ngomhlaka -1 kuNcwaba kowezi- 2023, kwabikwa ukuthi uButhelezi walaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yezinkinga zomhlane. Kamuva wadedelwa esibhedlela ngomhlak zi-2 kuMandulo, wabe esekhothama ekhaya lakhe kwaPhindangene ngomhla ziyi-9 kuMandulo Ondini, eneminyaka engama-95 ubudala.[90][91]

Ngomhla ziyi-16 kuMandulo ngowezi- 2023, uButhelezi wahlonishwa ngomngcwabo wombuso wesigaba 1 Ondini.[92] Umngcwabo wakhe wahanjelwa abezombusazwe abavelele kanye nezithunywa zamakhosi ezahlukene kuhlanganise nabaholi be-EFF uJulius Malema u-Floyd Shivambu; umongameli we-UDM uBantu Holomisa; ababengomengameli bezwe uThabo Mbeki, u-Kgalema Motlanthe, u-Jacob Zuma; Olusegun Obasanjo waseNigeria noMongameli UCyril Ramaphosa.[93] Wafihlwa emathuneni omndeni eduze kwendlu yakhe Kwaphindangene kamuva ngalolo suku.[94]

Ukuhlonishwa kukaButhelezi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

UButhelezi wenziwa i-Knight Commander of the Star of Africa ngokuba umholi ovelele nguMongameli waseLiberia uWilliam Tolbert ngo-1975 futhi waqokwa ku-I-French National Order of Merit ngo-1981; iSilo Goodwill Zwelithini samnikeza i-King's Cross Award ngo-1989 kanye ne-King Shaka Gold Medal ngonyaka-2001.[95] Uye wanikezwa iziqu ezine zobudokotela bezomthetho, e-University of Zululand ngo-1976, e-University of Cape Town ngo-1978, e-Tampa University yaseFlorida ngo-1985, nase-Boston University ngo-1986.[15] Wakhethwa njengoNdoda yoNyaka yi-Institute of Management Consultants ngo-1972 nayi-Financial Mail ngo-1985, futhi waba ngumenzi wezindaba wonyaka yi-South African Society of Journalists ngo-1973 ne-Pretoria Press Club ngo-1985.[95] Wayengumxhasi we-Mangosuthu University of Technology futhi wayenguShansela wokuqala omnyama ukuba aphathe lesi sigaba e-University of Zululand ngo-1979.[96]

Eminye imiklomelo yakhe yayihlanganisa i-Citation for Leadership evela eMkhandlwini Wesifunda saseColumbia (1976), I-AFL-CIO's George Meany Human Rights Award (1982), i-Key to the City of Birmingham, e-Alabama (1989), I-American Conservative Union's UCharlton Heston Courage Under Fire Award (2001), i-Order of the St. Markhus of the Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa (2009), i-Orders of the St St. Michael and All Angels of the Diocese of Zululand in the Anglican Church of Southern Africa (2010), i-Anglican Order of the Southern Africa Leadership, iSonto of the Anglic Church of the Southern Order of the Anglyhood kanye ne-Everlyhood (2010), iSonto of The Anglican Order (2010),[95]

Bheka futhi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  • Uhla lwamalungu oMkhandlu Kazwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika ashona esebenza

Izincwadi ezikhethiwe

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imithombo yolwazi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

[[Category:Abafa nge-2023]] [[Category:Abazalwa nge-1928]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]

  1. ↑ "Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Zulu prince who roiled South African politics, dead at 95". Reuters. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  2. ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/721987
  3. ↑ "Buthelezi fights damning TRC report". The Mail & Guardian. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  4. ↑ https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-08-25-velenkosini-hlabisa-takes-baton-from-mangosuthu-buthelezi-as-ifp-president/
  5. ↑ "Buthelezi will be the oldest parliamentarian". SABC News. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  6. ↑ "Buthelezi fights damning TRC report". The Mail & Guardian. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  7. ↑ "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party. 2021. Retrieved 06 June 2024.
  8. ↑ "Princess Irene Buthelezi remembered". Sunday Tribune. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 07 June 2024
  9. 1 2 Rycroft, David K. (1 January 1985). "Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984". Africa Insight. 15 (4): 244–247. hdl:10520/AJA02562804_739.
  10. ↑ Rycroft, David K. (1 January 1985). "Princess Constance Magogo kaDinuzulu, 1900 to 1984". Africa Insight. 15 (4): 244–247. hdl:10520/AJA02562804_739.
  11. ↑ "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party. 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  12. ↑ "Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  13. 1 2 https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/i-grew-up-in-the-anc-youth-league--mangosuthu-buth
  14. ↑ Ngqulunga, Bongani (14 December 2018). "A mandate to lead: Mangosuthu Buthelezi and the appropriation of Pixley ka Isaka Seme's legacy". Southern Journal for Contemporary History. 43 (2): 1–14. doi:10.18820/24150509/JCH43.v2.1. ISSN 2415-0509. S2CID 159708757.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi". Parliament of the Republic of South Africa. 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Wren, Christopher S. (17 February 1991). "The Chief Steps Forward". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Ashforth, Adam (1991). "War Party: Buthelezi and Apartheid". Transition (52): 56–69. doi:10.2307/2935124. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2935124.
  18. ↑ Sithole, Jabulani; Mkhize, Sibongiseni (2000). "Truth or Lies? Selective Memories, Imagings, and Representations of Chief Albert John Luthuli in Recent Political Discourses". History and Theory. 39 (4): 69–85. doi:10.1111/0018-2656.00146. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2678050.
  19. ↑ Review of Gatsha Buthelezi: Chief with a Double Agenda, Mzala. 1990. https://www.jstor.org/stable/485617.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Klopper, S.. 'He Is My King, but He Is Also My Child': Inkatha, the African National Congress and the Struggle for Control over Zulu Cultural Symbols. p. 53–66. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1360651. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Klopper-1996" defined multiple times with different content
  21. 1 2 3 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (24 June 2022). "Statement". Polity. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  22. 1 2 Lubisi, Cassius. Buthelezi and the 'Zulu Kingdom'. https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03005/06lv03006/07lv03068/08lv03074.htm.
  23. ↑ Madlala, Cyril (21 July 2021). "The King and I: Zulu royal house conflict escalates – and at the centre is Buthelezi". Daily Maverick. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  24. ↑ Mlambo, Yonela (29 April 2021). "Buthelezi's ruthless power mongering". IOL. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
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  26. 1 2 The Buthelezi Factor: Hope for the Bantustans?. p. 53–61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185175.
  27. 1 2 Butler, Jeffrey; Rotberg, Robert I.; Adams, John (1978). The Black Homelands of South Africa: The Political and Economic Development of Bophuthatswana and Kwa-Zulu. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03716-8.
  28. ↑ Couper, Scott Everett (in en). Chief Albert Luthuli and the Bantustan Question. p. 240–267. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02590123.2006.11964143.
  29. 1 2 "The Buthelezi Factor: Hope for the Bantustans?". Africa Today. 18 (3): 53–61. 1971. ISSN 0001-9887. JSTOR 4185175.
  30. 1 2 3 4 "'Traditional' Dictatorship: One Party State in KwaZulu Homeland Threatens Transition to Democracy". Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  31. ↑ "Zwelithini Nods To An Old Buthelezi Enemy". The Mail & Guardian. 9 September 1994. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  32. 1 2 Timbs, Liz (2018). "The emperor has no clothes". Africa Is A Country. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  33. 1 2 3 Beall, Jo. Cultural Weapons: Traditions, Inventions and the Transition to Democratic Governance in Metropolitan Durban. p. 457–473. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43197470.
  34. ↑ Matshiqi, Aubrey. Buthelezi: Adroit Political Survivor. https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-33-first-quarter-2004/buthelezi-adroit-political-survivor.
  35. ↑ Harries, Patrick (1993). "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History". History and Theory 32 (4): 105–125. doi:10.2307/2505634. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505634. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2505634.
  36. ↑ Wren, Christopher S. (17 February 1991). "The Chief Steps Forward". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  37. 1 2 Harper, Paddy (31 May 2015). "IFP, a party of contradiction". News24. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Southall, Roger. Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise. p. 453–481. https://www.jstor.org/stable/721987. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Southall-1981" defined multiple times with different content
  39. ↑ Harries, Patrick (1993). "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History". History and Theory. 32 (4): 105–125. doi:10.2307/2505634. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505634.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Maré, Gerhard (1991). "History and Dimension of the Violence in Natal: Inkatha's Role in Negotiating Political Peace". Social Justice 18 (1/2 (43–44)): 186–208. ISSN 1043-1578. JSTOR 29766603. https://www.jstor.org/stable/29766603.Maré, Gerhard (1991). "History and Dimension of the Violence in Natal: Inkatha's Role in Negotiating Political Peace". Social Justice. 18 (1/2 (43–44)): 186–208. ISSN 1043-1578. JSTOR 29766603. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Mare-1991" defined multiple times with different content
  41. 1 2 3 4 Opposition Parties and Democracy in South Africa. 1991. p. 15–22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166769. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ottaway-1991" defined multiple times with different content
  42. ↑ Ubuntu-Botho: Inkatha's 'People's Education'. 1987. p. 60–77. https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=11952760X.
  43. ↑ https://archive.ifp.org.za/Releases/260809apr.htm
  44. ↑ "Give us another opportunity – IFP president". News24. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  45. 1 2 Ottaway, David B. (4 June 1990). "S. Africa's Buthelezi Seeks Status As Mandela Equal". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  46. ↑ Kaufman, Michael T. (23 April 1976). "Transkei Independence Now Urgent for South Africa". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  47. 1 2 Harper, Paddy (4 March 2022). "Dear Mabuza, don't give Shenge another shot". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  48. ↑ Senftleben, Wolfgang. Swaziland's Proposed Land Deal with South Africa – The Case of Ingwavuma and Kangwane. p. 493–501. ISSN 0506-7286.
  49. 1 2 Lelyveld, Joseph (17 July 1982). "South Africa Angers A Zulu Moderate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  50. 1 2 3 Sparks, Allister (2 December 1982). "Black South Africans Win Major Court Battle on Homelands Issue". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
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  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Burns-1978
  56. ↑ Badat, Saleem (1999). Black Student Politics, Higher Education and Apartheid: From SASO to SANSCO, 1968–1990 (PDF). Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. p. 132. ISBN 0-7969-1896-1. OCLC 43851667.
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  59. ↑ Piper, Laurence (2002). "Nationalism without a nation: the rise and fall of Zulu nationalism in South Africa's transition to democracy, 1975–99" (in en). Nations and Nationalism 8 (1): 73–94. doi:10.1111/1469-8219.00039. ISSN 1354-5078. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1469-8219.00039.
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  61. 1 2 . p. 3–4. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  62. ↑ Schoeman, H. S.. "The Buthelezi Commission report and the Lombard plan: an overview". Africa Insight 12 (1): 46–56. https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA02562804_78.
  63. ↑ Southall, Roger J. (1983). "Consociationalism in South Africa: the Buthelezi Commission and Beyond". The Journal of Modern African Studies 21 (1): 77–112. ISSN 1469-7777. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/abs/consociationalism-in-south-africa-the-buthelezi-commission-and-beyond/B13976D6FA30234CBE5E5D3C7A33C7D6.
  64. ↑ Lynch, Edward A. (1987). "The KwaZulu/Natal Indaba: A Federalist Proposal for South Africa". Publius 17 (3): 231–248. ISSN 0048-5950. JSTOR 3330064. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3330064.
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  67. ↑ Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (28 May 2009). "Statement: KwaZulu-Natal House of Traditional Leadership". Inkatha Freedom Party.
  68. 1 2 "ANC denies plotting against Buthelezi". The Mail & Guardian. 25 May 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2025.
  69. ↑ "Magwaza-Msibi goes AWOL". IOL. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  70. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  71. ↑ Naidoo, Nalini (11 December 2012). "IFP to hold its national conference this weekend". Witness. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  72. ↑ West, Edward (18 December 2012). "Resurgent IFP re-elects Buthelezi party president, chooses 'heir apparent'". Business Day. South Africa. Retrieved 12 May 2025.
  73. ↑ Kelly, Jill E.; Timbs, Liz (2017). "The rise and fall of Mangosuthu Buthelezi". Africa Is A Country. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
  74. ↑ Modise, Kgomotso (20 January 2019). "IFP's Buthelezi announces won't seek re-election". Eyewitness News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  75. ↑ Mthshali, Samkelo (11 June 2019). "IFP releases conference dates as Hlabisa widely expected to succeed Buthelezi". IOL. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  76. ↑ "'His Excellency' bows out of the House". The Mail & Guardian. 22 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  77. ↑ Makinana, Andisiwe (13 May 2019). "Ninety-year-old Buthelezi to return to parliament next week". Business Day. South Africa. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  78. ↑ Matiwane, Zimasa (23 June 2022). "Zulu royals blame Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi for succession chaos". The Sowetan. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  79. ↑ Matiwane, Zimasa (23 June 2022). "Zulu royals blame Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi for succession chaos". The Sowetan. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  80. ↑ Vat, Dan van der (10 September 2023). "Mangosuthu Buthelezi obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  81. ↑ "Longest legislative speech". Guinness World Records. 29 March 1993. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  82. ↑ "Buthelezi Completes Marathon Speech". AP News. 31 March 1993. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  83. ↑ Chetty, Kuben (25 March 2019). "IFP leader Buthelezi's wife has died". IOL. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  84. ↑ "Mangosuthu Buthelezi's wife Princess Irene dies after 'long, difficult illness'". Sunday Times. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  85. ↑ "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi Timeline". Inkatha Freedom Party. 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  86. ↑ Hans, Bongani (20 August 2018). "Archbishop apologises for Tutu". IOL. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  87. ↑ "Princess Irene Buthelezi remembered". Sunday Tribune. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  88. ↑ "Mangosuthu Buthelezi contracts Covid-19 for second time". The Mail & Guardian. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  89. ↑ Mthethwa, Cebelihle (2 February 2022). "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi discharged from hospital". News24. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  90. ↑ Harper, Paddy (9 September 2023). "IFP founder Mangosuthu Buthelezi has died". Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  91. ↑ "Buthelezi to be laid to rest on Friday". eNCA. 10 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  92. ↑ Bhengu, Xolile. "Mangosuthu Buthelezi's burial marks the end of an era". City Press. South Africa. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  93. ↑ Pillay, Kailene (16 September 2023). "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi's death a 'big loss' for Africa, says friend and former Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  94. ↑ Ndou, Clive (16 September 2023). "Buthelezi's body leaves funeral venue for burial". Witness. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  95. 1 2 3 "Prince Mangosuthu Buthelezi MP". Inkatha Freedom Party. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
  96. ↑ "Historical Milestone". University of Zululand. 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2022
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