Jump to content

Utshwala

Hlela izixhumanisi
Kubuya ku Wikipedia
Ubhiya

Utshwala buyisiphuzo sendakisa esikhiqizwa ngokuphisa nokuvubela okusahlamvu —ikakhulu umnhlayi (barley), nakuba kwesinye kusetshenziswa umdloyo (wheat), ummbila, izindumbuluzana, umthanca (oats). Okusanhlamvu kuyancushuzwa ukuze umfukutho okuwo uphenduke izincithi, izincibilikayo emanzini kube inhlese. Ukuvutshelwa kwenhlese ngemvubelo kukhiqiza umzambiya noma ukucalahla kotshwala. Utshwala buyindakisa endala nephuzwa kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi budume kakhulu kuneinye izindakisa. Utshwala banamuhla buvutshelwa umbangu (hop), onezithokelo ezibabayo, ezikwazi nokuba isiphatheli sokukhweza nokuzinzisa isinambitho. Ezinye iziphatheli zokuthokela ezifana namakhambi, noma izithelo, nazo ziyafakwa esikhundleni sombangu. Kekuvuthselweni kwezentengiselwano, ukucalahla kwemvelo kufakelelwa ngokucalahla okuphoqiwe.

Utshwala busatshalaliswa ngamagabha, nangamakani, futhi buthengiswa ematshwaleni nasezipotini. Imboni yotshwala uhwebo lwembulunga yonke, futhi kukhonya izinkampani ezinkulu kanye anabathengisi abaningi nabakhiqizi bezifunda.

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Elithi utshwala livela egameni lolimi olwandulela isintu, elaliphinyiswa kanje ubu + ala okwakuyindlela yokubiza uphuzo endulo, lapho elithi ala lihlanganiswa nesiqalo 'ubu', kodwa ngenxa yokulwangisa esizulwini, isiqalo 'ubu' sagcina sesinyamalele kwasale sekuthiwa utshwala.[1]Lendlela yokuphimisa isabonakala ezilimini ezifana nesiLamba sona esithi ubwalwa, isiSuthu esithi joala nesiShona esithi bgabga. [2] Kanti igama lokuhlonipha utshwala elithi ubuwala, liwubufakazi bokuthi lena kwakuyindlela yokuphimisa yangaphambi kwemiphumela yokulwangisa. Ukulwangiswa kwamagama into eyaziwayo, njengoba negama elithi utshani nalo livela kwelithi ubu + ani okuthi lapho kulwangiswa kusale utshani ngoba sinyamalele olwangeni isiqalo. Amanye amagama wokuhlonipha utshwala ahlanganisa elithi ubucwanta, ubuhabulo, ubunatho, intantiya, ubuphuzo.

uMlando

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Endulo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umdwebo waseGibhithe lasendulo, kumlibo we-18th, kubusa u-Akhenaten, Template:Circa, oveza izidlova zaseSiriya ziphuza utshwala zisebenzisa omadonsela.

Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphiswayo esidala kakhulu eMhlabeni.[3] Ubufakazi bemivubukulo bokuvubela buhlanganisa izinsalela zotshwala ezindala ngeminyaka eyizi-13,000, ezazisetshenziselwa imicikilisho abantu abayizimbadule, abake bahlala emigedeni esezintabeni zasKameli kwaIsirayeli.[4][5] Kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi utshwala babukhiqizwa naseGöbekli Tepe, eminyakeni eyizi-10000 edlule.[6] Ubufakazi obucacile botshwala obukhiqiizwe ngomnhlayi batholalakala okokuqala ezintabeni zaseZagros entshonalanga nase-Irani.[7][8]

Utshwala babunathwa naseGibhithe lasendulo,[9][10] kukhona abavubukuli abaqagela ukuthi utshwala babunesandla ekwakhekeni kwezimoucuzeko ezihlukene.[11] Abantu baseSumeri babephuza izinhlobonhlobo zotshwala, eziyisiphohlongo zikhandwa ngomhlayi, eziyishumi nambili ezomdloyo nezintathu zokusanhlamvu.[12] Ngenkathi kwakhiwa izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe, isisebenzi ngasinye sasinikezwa isamukezo saso samalitua ayisihlanu otshwala, ukuze Sithole umsonco futhi sehlise ukoma ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi wokwakha.[13]

EShayina isiphuzo sasivutshelwa ngezindumbulizana (rice) nangezithelo.[14][15][16] Ezweni laseNdiya, abantu basendulo bashiya ubufakazi bokuthi nabo babeshwabadela utshwala obubizwa sura.[17][18]

Utshwala basakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu busakazwa amaJalimani namaSeltik.[19][20] Utshwala obabuphizwa ngaleso sikhathi babuqukethe izithelo, uju, izonhlobo zezitshalo, izinongo, nezinye iziqa ezifana namakhambi ayizinkovo. Into eyayingekho kwakuyimibangu (hops), eyafika kamuva, njengoba ukuphathwa kwayo kwaqala ngowe-822 nguCarolingian Abbot[21]

Ngowe-1516, uWilliam IV, wavela nendlela ebizwa Reinheitsgebot (uMthetho wokucweba), okwaba umthetho wokulawula izingabunjalo lokudla osasetshenziswa nanamuhla, owawuthi imiqobelo eyamukelekile yokuphisa utshwala amanzi, imibangu, nomnhlayi.[22]

Ukusetshenziswa kwamagabha angamabhodlela angamunwe kwaqalaIn ngowe-1912, inkampani ebizwa Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company yaseMilwaukee, eMelika. Lolo candululo lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengoba luvimbela imisebe yeLanga ukuba yehlise izingabunjalo botshwala ngaphakathi.[23] Utshwala buyisiphuzo esiphizwa kakhulu nesithandwa kakhulu eMhlabeni.[24] Ucwaningo owashicilelwa kakhulu lowezi-2018 lwasikisela ukuthi ukwehla komkhiqizo womnhlayi ngenxa yesomiso kuzohamba isikhathi kubangele ukungazinzi kwentengo nokutholakala kotshwala.[25]

Amagama otshwala ngesiZulu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
utshwala besintu okhambeni

Izitshabadu

IsiTshodo - flat beer

Isitshu - sour beer

Amabele

Ifumuka

Amaganu

Ugavini

Ingwebu

Igwele

Amahewu

Inhlanzelo

Injemane - corn wine

Ijiki

Isilahlane

iHiya

Umabhavana

uMaconsane

Isimehle

Inhlese

Izintshilontshilo

Isishimeyana - sweet cider

uMshudo

Imvingci

Isigomfane

Inkankatho

Imondiya

Isiqatha

Isiqombothi - bad beer

Imbamba

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 5.
  2. ↑ Doke, Vilakazi (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary. Witwatersrand University Press. p. 824.
  3. ↑ McFarland, Ben (2009). World's Best Beers: One thousand craft brews from cask to glass. Sterling Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4027-6694-7.
  4. ↑ "'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers". BBC News. 15 September 2018. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 September 2018.
  5. ↑ Borschel-Dan, Amanda (2018-09-12). "13,000 year-old brewery discovered in Israel – the oldest in the world". The Times of Israel. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 16 September 2018.
  6. ↑ Dietrich, Oliver; Heun, Manfred; Notroff, Jens; Schmidt, Klaus; Zarnkow, Martin (September 2012). "The role of cult and feasting in the emergence of Neolithic communities. New evidence from Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey". Antiquity 86 (333): 674–695. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00047840.
  7. ↑ McGovern, Patrick (2009). Uncorking the Past. University of California Press. pp. 66–71. ISBN 978-0-520-25379-7.
  8. ↑ Wilford, John Noble (1992-11-05). "Jar in Iranian ruins betrays beer drinkers of 3500 B.C." The New York Times. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 November 2010.
  9. ↑ "Beer". Encyclopaedia Britanica (online ed.). https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-66615/beer. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  10. ↑ Homan, Michael M. (June 2004). "Beer and its drinkers: An ancient Near Eastern love story". Near Eastern Archaeology 67 (2): 84–95. doi:10.2307/4132364. JSTOR 4132364.
  11. ↑ "Archeologists link rise of civilization and beer's invention". CBS News. 8 November 2010. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 November 2010.
  12. ↑ Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. East Rutherford: Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-4406-3126-9.
  13. ↑ Tucker, Abigail (August 2011). "The beer archaeologist". Smithsonian Magazine. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 October 2023.
  14. ↑ McGovern, Patrick E.; Zhang, Juzhong; Tang, Jigen; Zhang, Zhiqing; Hall, Gretchen R. et al (2004). "Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China". PNAS 101 (51): 17593–17598. Bibcode 2004PNAS..10117593M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407921102. PMC 539767. PMID 15590771. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=539767.
  15. ↑ "Li wine: The beer of ancient China". echinacities.com. China Beer Festivals. 15 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 21 September 2010.
  16. ↑ Wang, Jiajing; Liu, Li; Ball, Terry; Yu, Linjie; Li, Yuanqing; Xing, Fulai (2016-06-07). "Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China". PNAS 113 (23): 6444–6448. Bibcode 2016PNAS..113.6444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1601465113. PMC 4988576. PMID 27217567. https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/23/6444.full.pdf.
  17. ↑ Eraly, Abraham (2002). Gem in the Lotus. Penguin Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-93-5118-014-2.
  18. ↑ Prakash, Om (2005). Cultural History of India. New Age International. p. 503. ISBN 978-81-224-1587-2. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 8 October 2013.
  19. ↑ Nelson, Max (2005). The Barbarians' Beverage: A history of beer in ancient Europe. Routledge. pp. 1–2, 110, 1025. ISBN 978-0-415-31121-2.
  20. ↑ "Beer history". Hungary: Dreher Breweries. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 21 September 2010. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Unger, Richard W. (2004). Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-8122-3795-1.
  22. ↑ "492 years of good beer: Germans toast the anniversary of their beer purity law". Der Spiegel. 23 April 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017.
  23. ↑ "A chronological history". Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 16 March 2019 – via slahs.org. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ "Volume of world beer production". European Beer Guide. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 17 October 2006.
  25. ↑ Xie, Wei; Xiong, Wei; Pan, Jie; Ali, Tariq; Cui, Qi et al (2018). "Decreases in global beer supply due to extreme drought and heat". Nature Plants 4 (11): 964–973. Bibcode 2018AGUFMGC31E1301X. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0263-1. PMID 30323183. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0263-1. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
"https://zu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utshwala&oldid=121121" تان ورتل