Uzwani

Izinzwani ziyizizinombolo zonyawo lwe-tetrapod. izilwane ezifana namakati ahamba ngezinzwane zazo zichazwa njenge-digitigrade. Abantu, nezinye Izilwane ezihamba ngezinyawo zabo, zichazwa njenge-i-plantigrade; izilwane ezingenazo izinyawo yilezo ezihamba ngezinzwane ezihlokweni zezinzwane zazo.

Ukwakheka

Amathambo unyawo lwesokudla. Ukutshala indawo.

Ngokuvamile kunezinzwane ezinhlanu onyaweni ngalunye lomuntu. Uzwane ngalunye luqukethe amathambo amathathu e-phalanx, elangaphambili, eliphakathi, nelikude, ngaphandle kozwane olukhulu ( Latin ). Kwabambalwa abantu, uzwane oluncane nalo alunalo ithambo eliphakathi. I-hallux iqukethe amathambo amabili kuphela e-phalanx, elangaphambili nelikude. Amalunga aphakathi kwe-phalanx ngayinye angama- interphalangeal joints . Ithambo le-proximal phalanx lozwane ngalunye lihambisana nethambo le -metatarsal lonyawo ejoyintini le-metatarsophalangeal . Uzwane ngalunye lwandiswa yisikhumba, futhi olukhona kuzo zonke izinzwane ezinhlanu luyuzipho lozwane .

unzwane wokuqala, owaziwa nangokuthi i-hallux ("unwe omkhulu", "unwe omkhulu"), unwe wangaphakathi kakhulu;
unzwane wesibili, ("unwe wokunikeza uphawu", "unwe wokubonisa");
unzwane wesithathu, ("unwe ophakathi");
unzwane wesine, ("owangaphambili" [ukucashunwa okudingekayo], "unzwane wendandatho");
unzwane wesihlanu, ("unwe lomntwana", "unwe omncane", "ununwe omunwe omnyama", "unwane omncane"), unwe ongaphandle.

Imisipha

Ngaphandle kwe-hallux, ukunyakaza kwezinzwane kuvame ukulawulwa ukusebenza kwemisipha ye-i-flexor digitorum brevis ne-i-extensor digitorum brevis. Lezi zinamathela ezinhlangothini zamathambo, ^[1]:^: 579-75 okwenza kungenzeki ukunyakaza unzwane ngamunye ngokuzimela. Imisipha phakathi kwezinzwane phezulu nangaphansi nayo isiza ekuthumbeni nasekuthambeni izinzwane.^[1] : 579 I-hallux ne-small toe zinemisipha eyingqayizivele:

I-hallux ngokuyinhloko igobeka ngomsipha we-I-flexor hallucis longus, osendaweni ejulile ngemuva komlenze ongaphansi, nge-flexer hallucis Longus tendon. Ukulawulwa okwengeziwe kokuguqulwa kunikezwa yI-flexor hallucis brevis. Iphakanyiswa Umsipha we-abductor hallucis kanye nomsipha we'adductor halluci.
Unzwane omncane unezinhlayiya ezihlukile zokulawula kanye nezinhlayiya ezinamathelayo, i-flexor ne-abductor digiti minimi. Eminye imisipha eminingi yezinyawo inikela ekulawuleni kahle ukunyakaza kwezinyawo. Imisipha yokuxhuma phakathi kwezinzwane ezincane ibangela ukungakwazi ukuvuselela izinzwane ngazinye.

Ukutholakala kwegazi

Izinzwane zithola igazi emagatsheni amancane omthambo we-plantar metatarsal bese zidonsa igazi liye emthonjeni we-dorsal of the foot.^[1] : 580–81 ^: 580–81

Ukunikezwa kwezinzwa

Umuzwa wesikhumba wozwane unikezwa yizinzwa ezinhlanu. Inzwa ye-fibular engaphezulu inikeza umuzwa phezulu ezintwaneni, ngaphandle kwe-hallux nenzwane yesibili, enikezwa yinzwa ye-fibular ejulile, kanye nendawo engaphandle yesintwane sesihlanu, enikezwa yi-sural nerve. umuzwa phansi kwezinzwane kunikezwa yi-medial plantar nerve, enikeza umuzwa unzwane omkhulu nezinzwane ezintathu nengxenye zangaphakathi, kanye ne-lateral plantar nervous, enikeza umzwa unzwana omncane nengxenye yokuzwa unzondo lwesine.

Kubantu, i-hallux ivame ukuba yinde kunonwane lwesibili, kodwa kwabanye abantu, ingase ingeyona unwe omude kunayo yonke. Kunesici esizuzwe ngofuzo kubantu, lapho izakhi zofuzo esibusayo sibangela unzwane wesibili omude ("unwe kaMorton" noma "unyawo lwesiGreki") kuyilapho i-homozygous recessive genotype inesici esivame kakhulu: i-hallux ende. Abantu abane-fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva eyisifo sezakhi zofuzo esingavamile banesifo esifushane esibonakala siphendukela ngaphakathi, noma maphakathi, maqondana nezinyawo.

Abantu bavame ukuba nezinzwane ezinhlanu ezinyaweni zabo. Lapho kunezinzwane ezingaphezu kwezinhlanu, lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi I-polydactyly. Ezinye izinhlobo zingahlanganisa i-syndactyly noma i-arachnodactyly. Ukuma kwezinyawo zangaphambili, kuhlanganise nokuma kwezinzwane, kubonisa ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwabantu; lokhu kuhluka kungalinganiswa futhi kuye kwahlanganiswa ngokwezibalo nohlanga.^[2] Ukwehluka okunjalo kungathinta ukunethezeka nokufaneleka kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezicathulo. Ucwaningo olwenzelwe iButho lase-US lwabonisa ukuthi izinyawo ezinkulu zisaba nama-arches amancane, ubuzwe bezinzwane, kanye nesisindo sezinzwane.

Umsebenzi

Unyawo lomuntu lwakhiwa amathambo amaningi nezicubu ezithambile ezisekela isisindo somuntu oqondile. Ngokukhethekile, izintwane zisiza umuntu lapho ehamba, zinikeza ukulinganisela, ukuthwala isisindo, nokucindezela ngesikhathi ukuhamba.

Ukuthambekela noma ukucindezeleka kwamalunga amancane e-interphalangeal onzwane kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi unzwane onama-stubbed. I-thread noma ukucindezeleka lapho unzwane uhlangana khona nezinyawo kubizwa ngokuthi unzwane we-turf.

Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwezicathulo ezingalingani kungabangela ukungalingani kwezinzwane, kanye nezinye izinkinga zamathambo.

I-neuroma kaMorton ivame ukuholela ebuhlungwini nasekushayeni izinzwane phakathi kwezinzwane ezintathu nezine zomuntu ophethwe yilesi sifo, ngenxa yokuthi ithinta izinzwa phakathi kwamathambo e-metatarsal esithathu neyesine.

Unzwane omkhulu uphinde ube yi-locus evame kakhulu yezipikili ezingakhule, futhi i-phalanx joint yayo eseduze iyindawo evame kakhulu yokuhlasela kwe-gout.

Ukukhubazeka

Ukukhubazeka kwezinyawo kufaka phakathi unzwane wesando, unzwane wokudubula, kanye nonzwane wezinzipho. Unzwane wesigubhu ungachazwa njengokufinyela okungavamile noma "ukuhlukana" kwezinzwane. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlukaniswa okuyingxenye noma okuphelele komunye wamalunga, akha izinzwane. Njengoba izintwane zikhubazekile kakhulu, lezi zingase zicindezele isicathulo futhi zibangele ubuhlungu. Ukukhubazeka kwezinyawo nakho kungabangelwa yI-rheumatoid arthritis isifo sikashukela. Ukukhubazeka kungabangela izilonda nobuhlungu, ikakhulukazi lapho ugqoka izicathulo.

Inkinga evamile ehilela unzwane omkhulu ukwakheka kwama- bunion. Lokhu ukukhubazeka kokwakheka kwamathambo kanye ne-joint phakathi kwezinyawo nezinzwane ezinkulu, futhi kungabangela ubuhlungu. Ukukhubazeka okufanayo okubandakanya unzwane wesihlanu kuchazwa njenge-tailor's bunion noma i- bunionette.

Ku-I-polydactyly (okungase futhi kuthinte iminwe) kunonwane owodwa noma ngaphezulu owengeziwe.

Ukwakhiwa kabusha

Inketho enhle yokwakha kabusha iminwe engekho eseduze ^[3] / ukunqunywa kwezinombolo eziningi, okungukuthi, njengokwakha kabusha isandla se-metacarpal, ukuba nokuhlanganiswa kokufakelwa kwezinzwane kwesibili nesesithathu. ^[4] Ukufakelwa kwezinzwane zesithathu nesesine esandleni esikhundleni seminwe elahlekile nakho kuyindlela esebenzayo.^[5]

Umlando

Umsuka

Tā

Igama lesiNgisi sakudala elithi unzwane yi- tā (ebuningini tān). Lokhu kuyisifinyezo segama elithi- tāhe, futhi livela ku-Proto-Germanic **taihwǭ (okuhambisana: Old Norse tá, Old Frisian tāne, Middle Dutch tee, Dutch teen (mhlawumbe ekuqaleni yayinobuningi), Old High German zēha, German Zehe), mhlawumbe ekuqaleni lisho 'iminwe' (izilimi eziningi zase-Indo-European zisebenzisa igama elilodwa ukusho kokubili 'iminwe', kanye nezinzwane, isib. idijithi kusuka emsukeni we-PIE *dey- - 'ukubonisa'.

Hallux

NgesiLatini sakudala, hallex, allex, ^[6] hallus ^[6] kanye ne allus, ^[6] ene genitive (h)allicis kanye (h)alli, zisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kuzwane olukhulu. Ifomu le hallux (i-genitive, hallucis ) elisetshenziswa njengamanje nokho liyigama elihlanganisiwe lamafngenhla. ^[6] Qhathanisa i-pollex, igama elilingana nesithupha .

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo

U-UHaeckel ulandelela uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesilwane esinomgogodla oluvela ezimpikweni zezinhlanzi ngokusebenzisa okhokho basolwandle.

Ezinye izilwane

Ezinyonini ezinezinyawo ze-anisodactyl noma ze-i-heterodactyl, i-hallux iphikisana noma iqondiswe emuva futhi ivumela ukubamba nokuma.

Nakuba isithupha sivame ukukhulunywa ngubani njengesinye sezimpawu eziphawulekayo kubantu, le nombolo yesandla ihlala iyinto yakudala futhi empeleni ikhona kuzo zonke izilwane ezincane . Kubantu, isici sedijithali esitholakala kakhulu yi-hallux. ^[7]

Bheka futhi

I-Ainhum
Umunwe
Unzwane kaMorton
Izipikili (i-anatomy)
I-polydactyly ne-i-syndactyly
Unzwane womgijimi
Ukuhlukana kwezinzwane
I-tack yezinzwane
Izindololwane
Izinzwane ezinemicu

Izinkombo

1 2 3 . p. 557. Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "GRAYS2005" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Hawes, MR. Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort.. p. 187–96.
↑ Combined Second and Third Toe Transfer. pp. 651–61. doi:10.1097/00006534-198984040-00016.
↑ Single versus Double Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second- and Third-Toe Transplantation. pp. 2408–12; discussion 2413. doi:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00021.
↑ Basic Principles on Toe-to-Hand Transplantation. pp. 568–76.
1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hyrtl1880
↑ Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009). "The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes". Science 326 (5949): 100–6. Bibcode 2009Sci...326..100L. doi:10.1126/science.1175833. PMID 19810199. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1175833.

Template:Human regional anatomy

[GRAYS2005-1] 1 2 3 . p. 557. Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "GRAYS2005" defined multiple times with different content

[2] Hawes, MR. Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort.. p. 187–96.

[3] Combined Second and Third Toe Transfer. pp. 651–61. doi:10.1097/00006534-198984040-00016.

[4] Single versus Double Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second- and Third-Toe Transplantation. pp. 2408–12; discussion 2413. doi:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00021.

[5] Basic Principles on Toe-to-Hand Transplantation. pp. 568–76.

[Hyrtl1880-6] 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hyrtl1880

[7] Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009). "The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes". Science 326 (5949): 100–6. Bibcode 2009Sci...326..100L. doi:10.1126/science.1175833. PMID 19810199. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1175833.

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