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Injulalwazi

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Photo of Auguste Rodin's statue The Thinker
Isichuse esibizwa The Thinker esikhandwe nguAuguste Rodin siwuphawu locabango wenjulalwazi

INjulalwazi (noma iFilososfi) isifundo esihlelekile semibuzo evamile nebalulekile, efana naleyo ephathelene nobukhona, inhluzeko, uLwazi, isizima, ingqondo noLimi. Lemibuzo ivezwa njengezinkinga ezidinga ukufundisiswa nokuxazululwa. Ngokomlando, iningi lezinzululwazi ezikhona ezifana nomchazandalo nomchazangqondo, zaziyingxenye yenjulalwazi. Kodwana, namuhla zibhekwa njengoqeqesho oluhlukile.

Amagatsha ayinhloko wenjulalwazi ahlanganisa umchazalwazi, ezokucondoza, umhluzamqondo, nephicamvelo. Umchazalwazi ucwaninga lokho ulwazi oluyikho nendlela yokulizuza. Ezokocondoza zona ziphenya imithetho yesimilo nalokho okuyingxenye yokucondoza okuhle. Umhluzamqondo wona uyisifundo sokuhluza ngokunembile futhi ubheka indlela imizakuzakwana emihle ingahlukaniswa ngayo kwemibi. Iphicamvelo lona liphenya ulwangu oluvamile lwengempela, ubukhona, Izinto, nezigubo. Eminye imikhakhana ihlanganisa ezobuhle, injulalwazi yolimi, injulalwazi yengqondo, injulalwazi yenkolo, injulalwazi yenzululwazi, injulalwazi yomchazazibalo, injulalwazi yomlando, kanye nenjulalwazi yezombusazwe. Kuwo wonke amagatsha, kukhona izinhlobo zezinkolelombono ezincintisanayo neziqhakambisa izimiso, imichachiso nezindlelasu ezingafani.

uMsukagama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Igama elithi ifilosofi liwumfakela osuka kwelesiGriki 'philosophia' elisho 'ukuthanda ukuhlakanipha.' Izindlela-su ezingokwefilosofi zihlanganisa ukuhloma imibuzo, ingxoxo egxekayo, izimpikiswano ezihluzekile, nezethulo ezihlelekile. Elithi injulalwazi liyibizombaxa elihlaganisa elithi jula + ulwazi elisho ukuthi ulwazi olujilile, lifana nelithi inzululwazi.

uMlando

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Njengoqeqesho, umlando wenjulalwazi uhlose ukusinika umgqanqo ohlelekile noyisiyiba wezicabango nezimfundiso zenjulalwazi.[1] Eminye imichachiso iyichaza njengomlando wobulumuko, kodwa futhi iqhubek nkuphenya imibuzo engaphandle komlando wobulumuko efana ingabe imichachiso yosonjulalwazi basendulo iyiqiniso futhi isasebenza na.[2] Umlando wenjulalwazi ngokuyinhloko unake imichachiso esekelwe ophenyweni oluhluzekile nemizakuzakwana; abanye somlando bayiqonda ngendlela elula ehlanganisa izinsomi (myths), izimfundiso zenkolo, nezindaba ezingathekisayo.[3]

Kukhona amasiko anendima ebalulekile kunjulalwazi akhiqiza izinhlobo ezihlukile zenjulalwazi ezifana nalezi: Injulalwazi yaseNtshona, Injulalwazi yamasulumane, Injulalwazi yamaNdiya, Injulalwazi yamaShayina, nenjulalwazi yobuntu.

EyaseNtshona

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Bust of Aristotle
uAristotile wayeyinjulabuchopho yasendulo eyaqhamuka nezinhlelo zokucabanga ezihlanganisa iphicamvelo, umhluzamqondo, ezokucondoza, ezombusazwe nenzululwazi yemvelo

Injulalwazi yaseNtshona yadabuka eGrisi lasendulo ngekhulu lesithupha BCE ngezinjulabuchopho zangaphambi kukaSokrati ezifana noThalesi waseMelitu (626-545 BCE). Zazama ukuqhamuka nezincazelo ezihluzekile zomkhathilibe uwonke.[4] Injulalwazi eyalandela zona yabunjwa uSokrati (469–399 BCE), noPlato (427–347 BCE), noAristotile (384–322 BCE). Bona bandisa izihloko ezidingidwayo zaba imibuzo ngokuphathelene nendlela yokuziphatha, indlela yokuthola ulwazi, nokuthi iyini imvelo nengempela kanye nengqondo.[5] Inkathi yabo yalandelwa ukuvela kwemibutho yenjulalwazi efana nombutho ne-Epicureanism, Stoicism, Skepticism, kanye ne-Neoplatonism.[6] Inkathi ephakathi yaqala ngekhulu lesihlanu CE. Leli khulu lalihlozinge ezihlokweni zenkolo futhi izingqandavu eziningi zasebenzisa injulalwazi yasendulo ukuze zichaze futhi zenabe kabanzi ngezimfundiso zobuKristu.[7][8]

Ngekhulu le-14th kwavela izinjulalwazi ezifana ne-Platonism ne-Humanism.[9] Ngekhulu le-17 kwavela izinjulalwazi ezinake ulwazi llwenjulalwazi neolwenzululwazi neziqhakambisa kakhulu inhluzeko (Rationalism) nobufakazi bemigcanso (empiricism).[10] Lokhu kwasetshenziswa enkathini yokukhanyiselwa lapho iziphathimandla ezingokwesiko ziphonselwa inselele. Imizamo yokuthuthukisa izinhlelo ezibanzi zenjulalwazi yenziwa ngekhulu le-19, ngokwesibonelo, injulalwazi ye-idealism yaseJalimani kanye ne-Marxism.

Eyamasulumane

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Portrait of Avicenna on a Silver Vase
Umfanekiso ka-Avicenna, omunye wosonjulalwazi abanethonya benkathi Yentuthuko yamasulumanene

Injulalwazi yamasulumane yavela ekhulwini le-9 CE njengempendulo ezingxoxweni zomchazathixo wamasulumane. Ekhulwini le-12 CE lenjulalwazi yayisithonywe kakhulu izinjulabucbopho zamaGriki futhi yasebenzisa amasu abo ukuze yenabe futhi ihlakahla izimfundiso zeKhurani.[11]

U-Al-Kindi (801–873 CE) ubhekwa njengenjulabuchopho yokuqala yalolu siko. Uyena owahumusha futhi wahlakahla imisebenzi eminingi ka Aristotile neye-Neoplatonism emizamweni yakhe yokubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukuvumelana phakathi kwenhluzeko nokholo.[12] U-Avicenna (980–1037 CE) wabuye wathithukisa uhlelo oluningilizayo lenjulalwazi ukuze Alethea ukuqonda okuhluzekile kwengempela okugungela inzululwazi, inkolo, nemfihlakalo.[13] U-Al-Ghazali (1058–1111 CE) yena wayengumgxeki onamandla wombono othi inhluzeko ingafika ekuliqondeni ngeqiniso ingempela noThixo.[14] Ngemuva kuka Al-Ghazali nokuphela kwenkathi yokuqala, ithonya Lophenyo lenjulalwazi lwashabalala.[15] UMulla Sadra (1571–1636 CE) ubhekwa niengosonjulalwazi onethonya wenkathi eyalandela.[16] Ukwanda kwemicabango nezikhungo zaseNtshoba ngekhulu le-19 nelama- 20 kwavusa umbutho wobulumuko wobusulumane banamuhla, ozama ukuqonda ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinkolelo zobusulumane nesimanjemanje.[17]

EyaseNdiya

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Painting of Adi Shankara
uAdi Shankara wakhulisa umbono wobu-Monism nge-Advaita Vedanta, eveza ukuthi ubukhona bezithixo eziningi ezihlukene kuyisidungo.

Ulwangu oluphawulekayo lwenjulalwazi yaseNdiya ukuthi ididiyela ukucingwa kwesimo sengempela, izindlela zokuthila ulwazi, nombuzo wengokomoya wendlela yokuthola ukukhanyiselwa.[18] Yaqala ngewaka lokuqala BCE, lapho kusaqanjwa amaVeda nama-Upanishadi. Lemibhalo iyisisekelo sobuHindu futhi idingida okuphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kwesiqu esibizwa Ātman nengempela elibizwa Brahman kanye nombuzo wendlela imiphefumulo ezalwa kabusha ngayo ngokusekelwe ezenzweni zezolo.[19] Kulenkathi lapho okwavela khona izimfundiso ezingekho kumaVeda, zobuBhudha nobuJayini.[20] UbuBuddha bona basungulwa nguGautama Siddhartha (563–483 BCE), owaphonsela imibonocyamaVeda mayelana ngesiqu saphakade esibizwa Anicca futhi wenza isiphakamiso sekhondo lokuzikhulula enhluphekweni. UbuJayini bona basungulwa nguMahavira (599–527 BCE), owagcizelela ukungalwi Kanye nenhlonizo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zeziphili.[21]

Inkathi yakudala yaqala ngowe- 200 BCE[22]}} futhi yaphawuleka ngokuvela kwezimfundiso esiyisithupha zobuHindu: iNyāyá, iVaiśeṣika, iSāṃkhya, iYoga, iMīmāṃsā, neVedanta.[23]

EyaseShayina

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Painting of Confucius
Izimfundiso zikaKhomfushasi kweokucondoza nomphakathi zabumba injulalwazi yaseShayina.

Chinese philosophy is particularly interested in practical questions associated with right social conduct, government, and self-cultivation.[24] Many schools of thought emerged in the 6th century BCE in competing attempts to resolve the political turbulence of that period. The most prominent among them were Confucianism and Daoism.[25] Confucianism was founded by Confucius (551–479 BCE). It focused on different forms of moral virtues and explored how they lead to harmony in society.[26] Daoism was founded by Laozi (6th century BCE) and examined how humans can live in harmony with nature by following the Dao or the natural order of the universe.[27] Other influential early schools of thought were Mohism, which developed an early form of altruistic consequentialism,[28] and Legalism, which emphasized the importance of a strong state and strict laws.[29]

Buddhism was introduced to China in the 1st century CE and diversified into new forms of Buddhism.[30] Starting in the 3rd century CE, the school of Xuanxue emerged. It interpreted earlier Daoist works with a specific emphasis on metaphysical explanations.[30] Neo-Confucianism developed in the 11th century CE. It systematized previous Confucian teachings and sought a metaphysical foundation of ethics.[31] The modern period in Chinese philosophy began in the early 20th century and was shaped by the influence of and reactions to Western philosophy. The emergence of Chinese Marxism—which focused on class struggle, socialism, and communism—resulted in a significant transformation of the political landscape.[32] Another development was the emergence of New Confucianism, which aims to modernize and rethink Confucian teachings to explore their compatibility with democratic ideals and modern science.[33]

Eyobuntu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Amaphatho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
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    • (Littlejohn 2023, 4b. Neo-Confucianism: The Original Way of Confucius for a New Era)
    • (EB Staff 2017, § Periods of Development of Chinese Philosophy)
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