Abantu abansundu
Abantu abansundu luhlobo. Okumnyama ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinhlanga kwabantu, ngokuvamile isigaba esisekelwe kumbala wepolitiki nesikhumba kubantu abathile abanebala elinsundu eliphakathi nendawo elimnyama. Akubona bonke abantu ababhekwa "abamnyama" abanesikhumba esimnyama; emazweni athile, ngokuvamile ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe emphakathini zokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga emazweni aseNtshonalanga, igama elithi "abamnyama" lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza abantu abathathwa njengabansundu uma beqhathaniswa nabanye abantu. Isetshenziswa kakhulu kubantu bokhokho base-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara kanye nabantu bomdabu base-Oceania, nakuba iye yasetshenziswa ezimweni eziningi kwamanye amaqembu, futhi ayiyona inkomba yanoma ibuphi ubuhlobo obuseduze bokhokho. Imiphakathi yomdabu yase-Afrika ayisebenzisi igama elithi umuntu omnyama njengophawu lobuhlanga ngaphandle kwemithelela elethwa amasiko aseNtshonalanga. Igama elithi "omnyama" lingase libe nofeleba noma lingabi nalo.[1][2] I-AP Stylebook yashintsha umhlahlandlela wayo ukuze isebenzise u-"b" ngokumnyama ngo-2020.[1][2] I-ASA Style Guide ithi igama elithi "b" akufanele libhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi.[3]
Imiphakathi eyahlukene isebenzisa imibandela ehlukene mayelana nokuthi ubani obizwa ngokuthi "omnyama", futhi lezi zakhiwo zomphakathi zishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Emazweni amaningana, okuguquguqukayo komphakathi kuthinta ukuhlukaniswa njengombala wesikhumba, futhi imibandela yezenhlalo yokuthi "ubumnyama" iyahlukahluka. E-United Kingdom, igama elithi "black" ngokomlando lalilingana nelithi "umuntu onombala", igama elivamile labantu abangewona ama-Europe. Kwezinye izifunda ezifana ne-Australasia, izifiki zasebenzisa igama elithi "abamnyama" noma lalisetshenziswa abantu bendawo abanemilando ehlukene nezizinda zokhokho.
Abanye babona "okumnyama" njengelebula elihlambalazayo, eliphelelwe yisikhathi, elinciphisayo noma elingameleli ngenye indlela, futhi ngenxa yalokho abalisebenzisi noma balichaza, ikakhulukazi emazweni ase-Afrika angenawo umlando omncane wokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kobukoloni.[4]
I-Afrika
I-Afrika enyakatho
Imiphakathi eminingi yabantu abanebala elimnyama ikhona eNyakatho Afrika, eminye iphuma emiphakathini yangaphambi komlando. Abanye beza kubafuduki ngokuhwebelana komlando kwe-Trans-Saharan noma, ngemva kokuhlasela kwama-Arab eNyakatho Afrika ngekhulu lesi-7, bevela ezigqileni zokuhweba ngezigqila e-Trans-Saharan eNyakatho Afrika.[5][6]
Ngekhulu le-18, uSultan Moulay Ismail waseMoroccan "Inkosi Yeqhawe" (1672-1727) wakhulisa amasosha amnyama ayi-150,000, abizwa ngokuthi uMlindi wakhe Omnyama.[7][8]
NgokukaCarlos Moore, isazi esiyisakhamuzi saseBrazil University of the State of Bahia, ekhulwini lama-21 abantu bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene zama-Afro emazweni ama-Arabhu, kuhlanganise nama-Arab aseNyakatho Afrika, baziveza ngezindlela ezifana nezinhlanga eziningi eLatin America. Uthi ama-Arabhu anezwi elimnyama, njengaseLatin America anezwi elimnyama, azibheka njengabamhlophe ngenxa yokuthi anokhokho abamhlophe abakude.[9]
UMongameli waseGibhithe u-Anwar Sadat wayenomama owayengowesifazane onesikhumba esimnyama saseNubian Sudanese (Sudanese Arab) kanye nobaba owayengumGibhithe onesikhumba esikhanyayo. Eziphendulela esikhangisweni sesikhundla sokulingisa, esemncane uthe, "Angimhlophe kodwa futhi angiyena mnyama impela. Ubumnyama bami buthanda ukuba bomvu".
Abanye abantwana bezinhlanga ezixubile balandela oyise njengababusi, njengoSultan Ahmad al-Mansur, owabusa iMorocco kusukela ngo-1578 kuya ku-1608. Wayengabhekwanga ngokobuchwepheshe njengengane yesigqila esiyingxubevange; unina kwakunguFulani nesancinza sikayise.[13]
Ekuqaleni kuka-1991, abangewona ama-Arabhu abantu baseZaghawa eSudan bafakaza ukuthi babeyizisulu zomkhankaso wobandlululo wama-Arabhu owawushuba, uhlukanisa ama-Arab kanye nabangewona ama-Arab (ikakhulukazi, abantu bozalo lwamaNilotic).[14] Ama-Arabs aseSudan, ayephethe uhulumeni, ayebizwa kabanzi ngokuthi ayeqhuba ubandlululo kubantu baseSudan ababengewona ama-Arab. Uhulumeni wasolwa "ngokukhohlisa (ing) ubumbano lwama-Arab" ukuze enze izinqubomgomo zobandlululo kanye nokuhlanzwa kobuhlanga.[15]
Ama-Arabhu aseSudan nawo angabantu abamnyama ngoba angabantu bomdabu baseSudan ngokwesiko nangezilimi baseSudan iningi labo amaNilo-Sahara, amaNubian,[16] kanye namaKushite[17]; isikhumba sabo nokubukeka kwabo kufana nokwabanye abantu abamnyama.
Isazi sezomnotho saseNyuvesi yaseMelika uGeorge Ayittey usole uhulumeni wama-Arab waseSudan ngokwenza izenzo zokucwasa izakhamuzi ezimnyama.[18] Ngokuka-Ayittey, "ESudan... ama-Arabhu athatha amandla futhi abashiya ngaphandle abamnyama - ubandlululo lwama-Arab." [19] Abahlaziyi abaningi base-Afrika bajoyina u-Ayittey ekusoleni iSudan ngokwenza ubandlululo lwama-Arab.[20].
I-Sahara
E-Sahara, abantu bomdabu baseTuareg Berber babegcina izigqila "zama-negro". Iningi lalaba bathunjwa bekungama-Nilotic extraction, futhi zathengwa izicukuthwane zaseTuareg ezimakethe zezigqila eWestern Sudan noma zathathwa ngesikhathi sokugasela. Umsuka wabo uchazwa ngegama elithi Ahaggar Berber elithi Ibenheren (cula. Ébenher), elibhekisela ezigqileni ezazikhuluma kuphela ulimi lwesiNilo-Sahara. Lezi zigqila futhi ngezinye izikhathi zaziwa ngegama elibolekiwe le-Songhay elithi Bella.[21]
Ngokufanayo, abantu bomdabu baseSahrawi eNtshonalanga Sahara baqaphela uhlelo lwezigaba oluhlanganisa abantu besigaba esiphakeme nabaphansi. Ngaphandle kwale mingcele yezizwe zendabuko kwakunezigqila "zamaNegro", ezazidonswa ezindaweni ezizungezile.[22]
ENyakatho-Mpumalanga Afrika
E-Ethiopia naseSomalia, izigaba zezigqila ikakhulukazi zazihlanganisa abantu abathunjwa abavela emingceleni yamazwe ngamazwe yaseSudan-Ethiopia kanye neKenyan-Somali [23] noma ezinye izindawo ezizungezile zabantu baseNilotic kanye neBantu ababaziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi amaShanqella[24] kanye ne-Adone (zombili izifaniso kuya ku-"negro" kumongo okhuluma isiNgisi).[25] Ezinye zalezi zigqila zazithunjwa phakathi nezingxabano zezindawo oPhondweni lwe-Afrika zabe sezithengiswa kubathengisi bezigqila.[26] Ukuvezwa kwasekuqaleni kwaleli siko kususela kumbhalo oqoshiwe wekhulu lesikhombisa noma lesi-8 BC okungewoMbuso WaseDamat.[27]
Lezi zithunjwa kanye nabanye be-morphology efanayo bahlukaniswa ngokuthi i-tsalim barya (isigqila esimnyama) ngokuphambene nezicukuthwane ezikhuluma isi-Afroasiatic noma i-saba qayh ("amadoda abomvu") noma isigqila esikhanyayo; kuyilapho ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindinganiso zesigaba saseNtshonalanga zobuhlanga azihlukanisi phakathi kuka-saba qayh (“amadoda abomvu”—abanesikhumba esikhanyayo) noma i-saba tiqur (“amadoda amnyama”—abanesikhumba esinsundu) Ama-Horn Africans (okungaba abakhuluma isi-Afroasiatic, amaNilotic- ukukhuluma noma imvelaphi yesiBantu) ngaleyo ndlela ethatha bonke "njengabantu abamnyama" (futhi kwezinye izimo "ama-negro") ngokombono womphakathi waseNtshonalanga wobuhlanga.[28][29][30]
INingizimu Afrika
ENingizimu Afrika, isikhathi sokubusa kwamakoloni saholela ezinyunyaneni nasemishadweni eminingi phakathi kwama-Europe nama-Afrika (abantu baseBantu baseNingizimu Afrika kanye namaKhoisan) abavela ezizweni ezihlukahlukene, okwaholela ekutheni kube nezingane ezixube izinhlanga. Njengoba amakholoniyali aseYurophu ethola ukulawula indawo, ngokuvamile aphusha abantu bezinhlanga ezixubile kanye nama-Afrika endaweni yesigaba sesibili. Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, uhulumeni owawubuswa abamhlophe wahlukanisa inani labantu ngokwezinhlanga ezine eziyinhloko: Abamnyama, Abamhlophe, abase-Asia (iningi labo okungamaNdiya) namaKhaladi. Iqembu lamaKhaladi lalihlanganisa abantu bokhokho abaxubile baBantu, amaKhoisan, nabaseYurophu (abanozalo oluthile lwaseMalay, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Kapa). Incazelo yamaKhaladi yathatha isikhundla sepolitiki esimaphakathi phakathi kwezincazelo zabaMnyama nabaMhlophe eNingizimu Afrika. Yabeka uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ngokomthetho, inkimbinkimbi yemithetho eyaziwa ngokuthi wubandlululo.
Iziphathimandla zobandlululo zakha imibandela eyinkimbinkimbi (futhi evame ukungafaneleki) kuMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu ka-1945 ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi ubani owayekuliphi iqembu. Izikhulu ezincane zenze izivivinyo zokuphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa. Lapho kungacaci ngokubukeka komuntu ukuthi kufanele athathwe njengoKhaladi noma uMnyama, kwasetshenziswa "ukuhlolwa kwepensela". Ipensela yayifakwa ezinweleni zomuntu ukuze kutholakale ukuthi izinwele zazigoqene ngokwanele ukuba zingabamba ipensela, kunokuba zidlule, njengoba zazingenza ngezinwele ezibushelelezi. Uma kunjalo, lo muntu wayebhekwa njengoMnyama.[31] Izigaba ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi zazihlukanisa imikhaya.
USandra Laing ungowesifazane waseNingizimu Afrika owahlukaniswa njengeKhaladi yiziphathimandla ngesikhathi sobandlululo, ngenxa yebala lakhe lesikhumba nokubukeka kwezinwele, nakuba abazali bakhe babengabonisa okungenani izizukulwane ezintathu zokhokho base-Europe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, waxoshwa esikoleni sakhe sabamhlophe. Izinqumo zezikhulu ezincike ekubukekeni kwakhe ngendlela exakile ziphazamise impilo yakhe yomndeni nempilo yabantu abadala. Ube yisihloko sefilimu yango-2008 ye-biographical dramatic Skin, eyawina imiklomelo eminingi. Ngezikhathi zobandlululo, labo ababethathwa ngokuthi “ngamaKhaladi” babecindezelwa futhi bebandlululwa. Kodwa, babenamalungelo alinganiselwe futhi bebonke benezimo zezenhlalo nezomnotho ezingcono kunalezo ezithathwa ngokuthi "Abamnyama". Uhulumeni wayefuna ukuba abaMnyama namaKhaladi bahlale ezindaweni ezihlukene nabaMhlophe, bakhe amalokishi amakhulu aqhelelene namadolobha njengezindawo zabaMnyama.
Ezikhathini zangemuva kobandlululo, uMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika usumemezele izwe “njengentando yeningi engacwasi ngokwebala”. Emzamweni wokulungisa ukungabi nabulungiswa okwedlule, uhulumeni we-ANC wethule imithetho yokweseka izinqubomgomo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abaNsundu bavunyelwe ukwenza okuthile; ngaphansi kwalokhu bachaza abantu "abaMnyama" ukuthi bahlanganise "ama-Afrika", "amaKhaladi" kanye "nama-Asia". Eminye imigomo yesenzo esivumayo ivuna "ama-Afrika" kune "amaKhaladi" mayelana nokufanelekela izinzuzo ezithile. Abanye abantu baseNingizimu Afrika abafakwe esigabeni sama-"African Black" bathi "amaKhaladi" awazange ahlupheke kakhulu njengoba ahlupheka ngesikhathi sobandlululo. "AmaKhaladi" abantu baseNingizimu Afrika baziwa ngokuxoxa ngenkinga yabo ngokuthi, "sasingemhlophe ngokwanele ngaphansi kobandlululo, futhi asibona abamnyama ngokwanele ngaphansi kwe-ANC (African National Congress)".
Ngo-2008, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNingizimu Afrika yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi amaShayina aseNingizimu Afrika ayeyizakhamuzi ngesikhathi sobandlululo (kanye nenzalo yawo) kufanele afakwe esigabeni kabusha ngokuthi "abantu abaNsundu," ukuze nje bathole izinzuzo ze-affirmative action, ngoba "abancishwe amathuba" ngokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga. Abantu baseShayina abafika ezweni ngemva kokuphela kobandlululo abafaneleki ukuthola lezo zinzuzo.[35]
Ngaphandle kokubukeka, "Imibala" ngokuvamile ingahlukaniswa kokuthi "Abamnyama" ngolimi. Iningi likhuluma isiBhunu noma isiNgisi njengolimi lokuqala, uma kuqhathaniswa nezilimi zesiNtu njengesiZulu noma isiXhosa. Futhi bavame ukuba namagama azwakala kakhulu e-Europe kunamagama esiNtu.[36]
I-Eshiya
I-Eshiya Eshonalanga
Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi phakathi kokufika kwe-Islam ngo-650 CE nokuqedwa kobugqila eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia phakathi nekhulu lama-20, abantu abamnyama base-Afrika abayizigidi eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-18 (abaziwa ngokuthi amaZanj) bagqilazwa abahwebi bezigqila baseMpumalanga Afrika bayiswa ezweni. I-Peninsula yase-Arabia namazwe angomakhelwane. Leli nani lalidlula kude inani lezigqila ezayiswa emazweni aseMelika. Kunezici ezimbalwa ezithinte ukubonakala kwenzalo yalokhu kuhlakazeka emiphakathini yama-Arabhu yekhulu lama-21: Abahwebi babethumela izigqila zesifazane eziningi ngomkhumbi kunabesilisa, njengoba kwakunesidingo sokuba zisebenze njengezancinza ezindlini zabesifazane eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia nasemazweni angomakhelwane. Izigqila zesilisa zazithenwa ukuze zibe onogada besifazane. Inani lokufa kwezigqila ezinsundu zase-Afrika ngenxa yokusebenza ngempoqo laliphezulu. Izingane zezinhlanga ezixubile zezigqila zesifazane nabanikazi bama-Arab zahlanganiswa emindenini yabanikazi bama-Arab ngaphansi kohlelo lokuzalana kwe-patrilineal. Ngenxa yalokho, imbalwa imiphakathi yama-Afro-Arab eye yasinda eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia nasemazweni angomakhelwane.
Imiphakathi yabantu abamnyama abahlukene nabazazisayo iye yabikwa emazweni afana ne-Iraq, okubikwa ukuthi bangu-1.2 million abantu abamnyama (ama-Afro-Iraqis), futhi bafakazela umlando wokucwasa. Lezi nzalo zeZanj ziye zafuna isikhundla esincane kuhulumeni, ongagcina izihlalo ezithile ePhalamende zabamele abantu bazo. Ngokuka-Alamin M. Mazrui et al., ngokuvamile eNhlonhlweni Yase-Arabia nasemazweni angomakhelwane, iningi lale miphakathi lihlonza kokubili abamnyama nama-Arab.
Iran
Ama-Afro-Iranian angabantu bokhokho base-Afrika abamnyama abahlala e-Iran. Ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseQajar, imindeni eminingi ecebile yayingenisa abesifazane abamnyama base-Afrika nezingane njengezigqila ukuze zenze umsebenzi wasekhaya. Lokhu kugqilazwa kwathathwa ikakhulukazi kumaZanj, okwakungabantu abakhuluma isiBantu ababehlala eduze kwe-African Great Lakes, endaweni ehlanganisa iTanzania yanamuhla, iMozambique kanye neMalawi.[44][45].
Israel
Babalelwa ku-150,000 abantu baseMpumalanga Afrika nabamnyama abahlala kwa-Israel, okungaphezudlwana kuka-2% wabantu besizwe. Iningi lalaba, abangaba ngu-120,000, yi-Beta Israel,[46] iningi labo okungabafuduki bakamuva abafika ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nawo-1990 bevela e-Ethiopia.[47] Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Israel iyikhaya lamalungu angaphezu kuka-5,000 enhlangano yamaHebheru ase-Afrika ase-Jerusalem angabokhokho bama-Afrika aseMelika athuthela kwa-Israyeli ngekhulu lama-20, futhi ahlala ikakhulukazi endaweni ehlukile edolobheni laseNegev eDimona. Izinombolo ezingaziwa zabamnyama abaguqukela ebuJudeni zihlala kwa-Israel, iningi labo livela e-United Kingdom, eCanada, nase-United States.
Ukwengeza, kukhona ababalelwa ku-60,000 abokufika base-Afrika abangewona amaJuda kwa-Israel, abanye babo abacele ukukhoseliswa. Iningi labafuduki livela emiphakathini yaseSudan nase-Eritrea, ikakhulukazi amaqembu eNuba akhuluma iNiger-Congo aseningizimu yeNuba Mountains; abanye bangabafiki ngokungemthetho.[48][49].
I-Turuki
Kusukela emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, ngesikhathi soMbuso Wase-Ottoman, amashumi ezinkulungwane ezithunjwa zeZanj alethwa abahwebi bezigqila emasimini nasezindaweni zezolimo eziphakathi kwe-Antalya ne-Istanbul, okwadala inani labantu base-Afro-Turk ezweni lanamuhla laseTurkey. [50] Abanye bokhokho babo bahlala endaweni, futhi abaningi bathuthela emadolobheni amakhulu namadolobhana. Ezinye izigqila ezimnyama zayiswa eKrethe, lapho zona noma inzalo yazo kamuva zafika endaweni yase-İzmir ngokushintshana kwabantu phakathi kweGreece neTurkey ngo-1923, noma ngokungaqondile zisuka e-Ayvalık ziphishekela umsebenzi.[51]
Ngaphandle komlando wokuba khona kwe-Afro-Turk Turkey iphinde ibe nenani labantu abansundu abavela kwamanye amazwe kusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990. Umphakathi wakhiwe ikakhulukazi abokufika besimanje abavela eGhana, Ethiopia, DRC, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, Eritrea, Somalia naseSenegal. Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni abantu base-Afrika abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 bahlala eTurkey futhi cishe ama-25% abo atholakala e-Istanbul.[52] Olunye ucwaningo luthi iningi lama-Afrika eTurkey lihlala e-Istanbul futhi libika uTarlabaşı, Dolapdere, Kumkapı, Yenikapı kanye noKurtuluş njengabakhona base-Afrika abaqinile.[53]
Iningi labafuduki base-Afrika eTurkey beza eTurkey ukuze baqhubeke nokufudukela eYurophu. Abokufika abavela eMpumalanga Afrika bavame ukuba ababaleki, kanti ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kwaseNtshonalanga nase-Afrika Emaphakathi kubikwa ukuthi kuqhutshwa umnotho.[53] Kubikwa ukuthi abokufika base-Afrika eTurkey bahlale bebhekana nezinselele zezomnotho nezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi ukucwasa ngokwebala kanye nokuphikiswa kokufika kwabantu bendawo. [54]
I-Eshiya Ningizimu
AmaSiddi ayisizwe esihlala eNdiya nasePakistan. Amalungu avela kubantu baseBantu baseNingizimu-mpumalanga Afrika. Abanye babengabathengisi, amatilosi, izisebenzi, izigqila noma ama-mercenaries. Inani labantu baseSiddi njengamanje lilinganiselwa kubantu abangaba ngu-270,000–350,000, abahlala kakhulu eKarnataka, eGujarat, naseHyderabad eNdiya naseMakran naseKarachi ePakistan.[55] Emgqeni waseMakran ezifundazweni zaseSindh naseBalochistan eningizimu-ntshonalanga yePakistan, lezi nzalo zeBantu zaziwa ngokuthi amaMakrani.[56] Kube khona inhlangano emfushane ethi "Black Power" eSindh ngeminyaka yawo-1960 futhi amaSiddi amaningi ayaziqhenya futhi agubha amadlozi awo ase-Afrika.[57][58]
INingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia
I-Negritos, iqoqo labantu abahlukahlukene, ngokuvamile abangahlobene, abake babhekwa njengeqembu elilodwa elihlukile lamaqembu ahlobene eduze, kodwa izifundo zofuzo zabonisa ukuthi ziphuma endaweni efanayo yasendulo yaseMpumalanga Eurasian meta-population eyabangela abantu banamuhla baseMpumalanga Asia, futhi iqukethe amaqembu amaningana ahlukene, kanye nokubonisa ukuhlukahluka kofuzo.[59][60][61] Bahlala ezindaweni ezingazodwa eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi manje bavalelwe ikakhulukazi eSouthern Thailand, [62] eNhlonhlweni yaseMalay, kanye naseziqhingini zase-Andaman zaseNdiya.[63]
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Population genomic "TreeMix" kwe-Malaysian Negritos (Semang) kanye nezibalo zabantu ezihlobene eduze (isb. Abantu baseMpumalanga Asia kanye nabantu base-Andamanese).
I-Negrito isho ukuthi "abantu abancane abamnyama" ngesi-Spanish (i-negrito iyisinciphiso seSpanishi se-negro, okungukuthi, "umuntu omnyama"); yilokho abaseSpain abakubiza ngokuthi aboMdabu abahlangana nabo ePhilippines.[64] Igama elithi Negrito ngokwalo liye lagxekwa emazweni afana ne-Malaysia, lapho manje selishintshashintsha khona ne-Semang eyamukeleka kakhudlwana,[65] nakuba leli gama empeleni libhekisela eqenjini elithile.
Zinesikhumba esimnyama, ngokuvamile zinezinwele ezigoqene kanye nezici zobuso zase-Asia, futhi zakhiwe kahle.[66][67][68]
AmaNegrito ePhilippines avame ukubhekana nokucwaswa. Ngenxa yendlela yokuphila yabazingeli bendabuko, bakhishwa inyumbazane futhi baphila ngobumpofu, abakwazi ukuthola umsebenzi.[69]
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