Amagatsha wenzululwazi
Amagatsha wenzululwazi, aphinde abizwe ngokuthi imikhakha yenzululwazi noma uqeqesho lwenzululwazi, ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa kube amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
- Inzululwazi yezimiso: kufundwa izimiso zomthetho, ezifana nalezo ezingaphansi kwamagatsha omhluzangqondo, nomchazazibalo, okusetshenziswa kuwona phecelezi a priori, ngokuphambene nobufakazi bomgcanso, indlelasu. Kufundwa izinhlaka ezikhanyangwayo ezichaziswa ngezimiso zemithetho.
- Izinzululwazi zemvelo: kufundwa ngesimongotho semvelo (kuhlanganisa izici zendabuko, ezomchazazwe, ezendalo, ezeziqa, kanye nezomchazampilo kuMkhathilibe). Inzululwazi yemvelo iyahlukaniswa kube amagatsha amabili ayinhloko: Inzululwazi yendalo kanye nenzululwazi yempilo.
- Inzululwazi yezenhlalo kufundwa ngokucondoza kumuntu emphakathini kanye nezici zesiko.[1]
Ulwazi lwenzululwazi kufanele lusekwe yisimongotho esiqashelwayo futhi kufanele lukwazi ukufakaziselwa abanye abacwaningi ezimweni ezifanayo.[2]
Inzululwazi yemvelo, yezenhlalo neyezimiso, zontathu zakha izinzululwazi eziyisisekelo, neziseka ukuvubuqeqesho - nezinzululwazi ezisetshenziswayo ezifana nomgckisho kanye nezokwelapha.
Izinzululwazi zezimiso
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Izinzululwazi zezimiso zingamagatsha wenzululwazi anake izinhlelo zezimiso (formal system), ezifana nomhluzamqondo (logic), umchazazibalo, Inzululwazi yesicikizi ewumchachiso (theoretical computer science), Umchachiso woKwaziswa, Umchachiso wezinhlelo, umchachiso wezinqumo (decision theory), Izibalomininingo.
Ngokungafani namañe amagatsha, izinzululwazi zezimiso azibunakile kakhulu ubuqiniso bemichachiso ngokukejelwa ingqaphelo eyenziwa ezweni langempela, kanalokho inaka izigubo zohlelo lwezimiso olusekelwe ezincasiselweni nasemthethweni. Ingakho kunokuphikisana ngokuthi ingabe izinzululwazi zezimiso kufanele zibizwe Inzululwazi ngempela. Kodwa, izindlelasu zezinzululwazi zezimiso ziyingqikithi yokwakhiwa nokuvivinywa kwezinongo zenzululwazi ezibhekele INgempela elibonwayo, futhi impefuko yezinzululwazi zezimiso ivame ukuletha impefuko yezinzululwazi zobufakazi.
Umhluzangqondo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umhluzangqondo ucwaningo oluhlelekile lwemithetho yokugigiyela eyiqiniso, i.e. ubulwane obuholela ekwamukelweni kwesiphakamiso esiyisiphetho phakathi kwamaqoqo ezinye iziphakamiso. Umhluzangqondo, uma uchazwa kabanzi, uyisihlaziyo nokwenziwa kwemiqagulo.[3]
Umhluzangqondo ubulokhu uhlanganisa ukujinjwa kwemiqagulo; ukuqangqalazwa lwezimiso esihluzekile (logical form); ubuqiniso (validity), nokuvuthwa (soundness) kwendlela (deductive reasoning) the classification of arguments; the systematic exposition of the logical forms; the validity and soundness of deductive reasoning; the strength of inductive reasoning; the study of formal proofs and inference (including paradoxes and fallacies); and the study of syntax and semantics.
Ngokomlando, umhluzangqondo obulokhu uyisifundo senjulalwazi (kusuka endulo) nomchazazibalo. Kamuva, umhluzangqondo sewuyafundwa nasemkhakheni wenzululwazi yomqondo (cognitive science), oxuba nenzululwazi yesicikizi, ezezilimi, iNjulalwazi nomchazangqondo, phakathi kokunye.
Inzululwazi yokwaziswa
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Inzululwazi yokwaziswa umkhakha wakwaNgqondonkulu ngokuyinhloko onake isihlaziyo, ukubuthwa, ukujinjwa, ukulumba, ukuqoqonga, ukuhosha, umdiki, ukusatshalaliswa, nokulondolozwa kokwaziswa. Abasebenza phakathi nangaphandle kwalomkhakha bacwaninga ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ezinhlanganweni ngaphezu kokwenanana okwenzeka kubantu, izinhlangano, nezinye izinhlelo zokwaziswa ezikhona ngenhloso yokudala, ukufakelela, ukuphefukiswa, noma ukuqondwa kwezinhlelo zokwaziswa.
Umchazazibalo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazazibalo, ngomqondo obanzi, uyibizo elimqondofana nelithi Inzululwazi yezimiso; Kodwa ngokwesiko elithi umchazazibalo lisho ukuhlanganiswa kwemikhakha emine: arithmetic, Umchazabukhulu, algebra, Ukuhlaziya.
Izibalomininingo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Izobalomininingo isifundo sokuqoqwa, ukuhlelenjwa, nokuhlakahlwa kwemininingo.[4][5] Zibhekele zonke izici zalokhu, kuhlanganisa nokuhlela ukubuthwa kwemininingo ngokomklamo wezinhlolamizwa kanye nomklamo wemigcanso.
Unozibalomininingo (statistician) ungumuntu onobungcweti bezindlela zokucabangs ngokufanele ekusebenziseni isihlaziyo sezibalomininongo. Kukhona noqeqesho olubizwa izibalomininingo zomchazazibalo, olunake izisekelo ezingokomchachoso zomkhakha.
Izinzululwazi zemvelo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Inzululwazi yemvelo iyigatsha lenzululwazi elinake ingcaziso, isibikezelo nokuqonda isimongotho semvelo, isekelwe ubufakazi bomgcanso bezingqapheliso kanye nemigcanso ngokwayo. Izindlela ezifana nesibuyekezo sezingcweti nokuphindeka kweziphumo liyasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubuqiniso bezimpefuko zenzululwazi.
Inzululwazi yemvelo ingahlukaniswa kube amagatshana amabili ayinhloko: Inzululwazi yempilo nenzululwazi yokuthintekayo. Inzululwazi yempilo yaziwa ngokuthi umchazampilo, bese Inzululwazi yokuthintekayo ibuye yahlukaniswe ngalamagatshana: umchazandalo, umchazatho, umchazamkhathi nenzululwazi yoMhlaba. La magatshana wenzululwazi yemvelo nawo aphinde ahlukanisiwe kuya phambili ngokwamagatsha akhethekile (aziwa ngokuthi imikhakha).
Inzululwazi yokuthintwayo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Inzululwazi yokuthintwayo igama elihlanganisa wonke amagatsha enzululwazi yokuthintwayo ecwaninga izinhlelo ezingaphili, ngokuphambene nezinzululwazi zempilo. Kukhona umehluko okufanele waziwe ophakathi kwenzululwazi yokuthintwayo nomchazandalo.
Umchazandalo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazandalo igatsha lenzululwazi yemvelo elibandakanya ukucwaninga uTho [6] nomdiki walo kumkhathinkathi, kanye nezicabango ezihlobene ezifana nesidlakalasi kanye [[IsiPhoqi|nesiphoqi.[7] Uma uchazwa kabanzi, uyisihlaziyo jikelele sendalo, esenzelwa ukuqonda indlela uMkhathilibe ocondoza ngayo.[8][9]
Umchazandalo Uqeqesho lakwaNgqindonkulu oludala kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi umchazamkhathi uke wahlanganiswa nalo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane, umchazandalo wawuyingxenye yefilosofi yemvelo ukanye nomchazatho, namagatsha athile womchazazibalo, kanye nomchazampilo, kodwa ngesikhathi senguqulo yenzululwazi ekhulwini le-16, Inzululwazi yemvelo yahluma njengohlelo zocwaningo oluyingqayizivele. Eminye imikhakha yocwaningo ivubuqeqesho, efana nomchazandalo wempilo (biophysics) kanye nomchazatho wohoyana (quantum chemistry), okusho ukuthi imingcele yomhcazandalo ayichasiswa ngokuqinile. Amasu amasha kumchazandalo avame ukuchaza izindlela eziyisisekelo ezinye izinzululwazi, kuyilapho avulela ucwaningo olusha emkhakheni efana nomchazazibalo nefilosofi.
Umchazatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazatho uyigatsha lenzululwazi elicwaninga uTho nezinguquko olubhekana nazo. Inzululwazi yoTho ibuye ifundwe kumchazandalo, kodwa nakuba umchazandalo ufunda ngoTho ngendlela evamile neyisisekelo, umchazatho wona uluhlozinga ngokujulile, ngokunaka isigubo, ukucondoza (noma ukusabela), uhlaka, nezakhi zotho, Kanye nezinguquko olubhekana nazo lapho kunokusabela kwevanga.[10][11] Luyinzululwazi yokuthintwayo efunda Izinhlobohlobo zeziqa, amachwe, imizwayi noTho (lomCalahle). Izibonelo zamagatshana angaphansikomchazatho zihlanganisa: umchazatho wempilo (biochemistry), ucwaningo lweziqa ezitholakala kwiziphili; umchazatho othintwayo (physical chemistry), ucwaningo lwemidludlungu yevange osebenzisa izicabango ezifana nezomchadamezo (thermodynamics) nokuguxazela kohoyana (quantum mechanics); umchazatho ohlaziyayo (analytical chemistry), oyisihlaziyo sezangulo zezithako ukuze kuqondwe isigubo sevange sazo.
Inzululwazi yoMhlaba
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Inzululwazi yoMhlaba igama elihlanganisa izinzululwazi ezihlobene nomzulane wethu uMhlaba.[12] Eqinisweni lena Inzululwazi yemizulane, uMhlaba uwukuphela komzulane ophasa Impilo. Uqeqesho lwezinzululwazi zoMhlaba lungahlanganisa ucwaningo lomoyambulunga, amanzimbulunga, lithosphere nempilombulunga, kanye noMhlaba ongumkhumanqa.
Umchazamphansi
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazamphansi uyinzululwazi yoMhlaba enake uMhlaba oyisikhumanqa, amatshe owakhiwe ngawo, nemidludlungu yokuguquka kwawo emva kwesikhathi. Umchazamphansi ubuye uhlanganise nocwaningo lolwangu olunqumile lwanoma yimuphi umzulane ohlabathi noma amaduna njengomchazamphansi kaNotshezi noma umchazamphansi weNyanga. Umchazamphansi wanamuhla uhambosana nezinye izinzululwazi zoMhlaba, ezihlanganisa umchazamayila (hydrology) nezinzululwazi zomoyambulunga.
Umchazalwandle
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazalwandle, uyigatsha lenzululwazi yoMhlaba ecwaninga ulwandlekazi. Uhlanganisa izihloko eziningi, ezihlanganisa iziphili zasolwandle, izinguquko zohlelompiliswano; imisinga yolwandlekazi, amaza wamanzi, ezokuzabazaba.
Umchazazulu
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazazulu (Meteorology) ucwaningo lwenzululwazi oluvubuqeqesho lomoyambulunga. Lolu cwaningo lunake izindaba zesimo sezulu nokubikezelwa kwaso.
Umchazamkhathi
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umchazamkhatgi ucwaningo lwayo yonke into esemkhathingeni.[13] Kodwa namuhla sekukhona ezinye izinzululwazi zomkhathi eyingexnye yazo, ezihlanganisa eminye imikhakha ehlobene, [14] ecwaninga izindaba ezihlobene nokukhenketha emkhathini nokuhlwaya umkhathi (ukuhlanganisa ezokwelapha emkhathini nemivubukilo yasemkhathini).[15] kanye nocwaningo lenzululwazi olwenziwa emkhathingeni.
Amaphatho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ "social science | History, Disciplines, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2020-08-18.
- ↑ Popper 2002, p. 20.
- ↑ Gensler, Harry J. (2017). "Chapter 1: Introduction". Introduction to logic (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 1. doi:10.4324/9781315693361. ISBN 978-1-138-91059-1. OCLC 957680480. Unknown parameter
|orig-date=ignored (help) - ↑ Dodge, Y. (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9
- ↑ "statistics". TheFreeDictionary.com. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 25 August 2020.
- ↑ R.P. Feynman; R.B. Leighton; Matthew Sands (1963). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. 1. Addison-Wesley. p. I-2. ISBN 0-201-02116-1.
- ↑ ]]
J.C. Maxwell (1878). Matter and Motion. D. Van Nostrand. p. 9. ISBN 0-486-66895-9.
Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events.
- ↑
H.D. Young; R.A. Freedman (2004). University Physics with Modern Physics (11th ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 2.
Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns and principles that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and of broad use, physical laws or principles.
- ↑
S. Holzner (2006). Physics for Dummies. Wiley. p. 7. ISBN 0-470-61841-8.
Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you.
- ↑ "Definition of CHEMISTRY". www.merriam-webster.com (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 August 2020.
- ↑ "Definition of chemistry | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com (in i-English). Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 August 2020.
- ↑ "WordNet Search: Earth science". wordnetweb.princeton.edu. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 23 August 2020.
- ↑ "space science". TheFreeDictionary.com. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2020-08-23.
- ↑ National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) – NASA Science
- ↑ "Space science | Define Space science at Dictionary.com".