Amakha
Perfume (UK: /ˈpɜːfjuːm/, US: /pərˈfjuːm/; isiFulentshi: parfum) iyingxube yamafutha abalulekile anephunga elimnandi noma amakha (amakha), izinto ezilungiswayo nezincibilikisayo, ngokuvamile eziwuketshezi, ezisetshenziselwa ukunikeza umzimba womuntu, izilwane, ukudla, izinto, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala iphunga elimnandi. Ngo-1939, owathola umklomelo kaNobel weKhemistry, uLeopold Ružička wathi "kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zesayensi yesayensi kuze kube manje, iziqholo zibe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo mayelana nezindlela, ukuhlukaniswa okuhlelekile, kanye nethiyori.
Imibhalo yasendulo nemivubukulo ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakha kweminye yemiphakathi yakudala yabantu. Iziqholo zesimanje zaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngokuhlanganiswa kwezentengiselwano kwenhlanganisela yephunga elimnandi njenge-vanillin noma i-coumarin, eyayivumela ukwakheka kwamakha anephunga elalingatholakali ngaphambilini elivela kuma-aromatics emvelo.
Umlando[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Igama elithi perfume lisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi perfumare, elisho "ukubhema". Iziqholo, njengobuciko bokwenza iziqholo, zaqala eMesophothamiya yasendulo, eGibhithe, empucukweni yase-Indus Valley futhi ngokunokwenzeka neChina Yasendulo. Yabuye yacwengisiswa amaRoma namaSulumane.
Usokhemisi orekhodiwe wokuqala emhlabeni uthathwa njengowesifazane ogama lakhe linguTapputi, umenzi wamakha okukhulunywa ngaye kuthebhulethi ye-cuneiform yangenkulungwane yesi-2 BC eMesophothamiya.Wacwenga izimbali, uwoyela, ne-calamus nezinye iziqholo, wayesezihlunga futhi azibuyisele endaweni ethule izikhathi eziningana.
Ezwenikazi laseNdiya, amakha neziqholo zazikhona empucukweni yase-Indus (3300 BC - 1300 BC).
I-allembic yaseByzantium yayisetshenziselwa ukudidiyela amakha
Isitsha samakha saseGibhithe lasendulo esimise okwenkawu; 1550-1295 BC; faience; ukuphakama: 6.5 cm, ububanzi: 3.3 cm, ukujula: 3.8 cm; I-Metropolitan Museum of Art (eNew York City)
Ngo-2003, abavubukuli bathola lokho okukholelwa ukuthi [ngubani?] kungamakha amadala kakhulu asekhona ePyrgos, eCyprus. Amakha asukela eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4,000. Atholwa endaweni yasendulo yokwenza iziqholo, ifektri engamamitha-skwele angu-300 (3,230 sq ft) [8] enezindawo zokumisa okungenani ezingu-60, izitsha zokuxuba, amafaneli, namabhodlela eziqholo. Ezikhathini zasendulo abantu babesebenzisa amakhambi nezinongo, njenge-alimondi, i-coriander, i-myrtle, i-conifer resin ne-bergamot, kanye nezimbali. NgoMeyi 2018, isiqholo sakudala esithi "Rodo" (Rose) siphinde sadalelwa umbukiso weminyaka yonke weGreek National Archaeological Museum "Izici Ezingenakubalwa Zobuhle", okuvumela izivakashi ukuthi zisondele emandulo ngokusebenzisa ama-olfaction receptors azo.