Butylated hydroxyanisole
'BHA' (Butylated hydroxyanisole) ngu-ikhemikhali eyenziwe isetshenziselwa kakhulu njengentwala eluhlaza, eyodwa, engumafuta engaphuzwana petrochemical. Izimpilo zayo zokuguquka zokukhumba ziyenza isetshenziselwa kakhulu njengomlalazi eqinisekiswe kubudlelwano bokudla, ucingo lwokudla, ukudla kwezinkomo, imithelo yezinhlanzi, amaphalamisitshana, imithelo yezompilo, imibhobho, kanye namabhokisi omgangatho.[1] U-BHA usebenziswa emaqondweni okudla kusukela ngonyaka we-1947.[2]
Uhlobo lwemikhemikhali
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]U-BHA luhlelo lokuphathwa komsebenzi izinto ezimbili zezifo zemikhemikhali ezibulalisa, i-2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole kanye ne-3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole. Kusebenza kusuka kumekhinikhi yezilwanyana we-4-methoxyphenol kanye ne-isobutylene.
Isilinganiso esigcwele kanye ne-BHA sisebenza ukugadlula kwezilwane ezinyukayo, sikwama izilwane. Njengomqondo wokugadlula izilwane, izinkalo zezilwane ezinyukayo zisimemezela.
Izimpilo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Kusukela ngonyaka we-1947, u-BHA ubekwe kumafuta abulalisi kanye nezinto ezilambile ezinendlela yezinkohlakalo kusukela kuqhubeka kokugadlula kwezilwane kwezintanga kuzenzeka izinhlamba ezisabekayo.[3] Kufakwe i-E number E320. Kungenzeka kube yinhlangano nesikhwama semikhemikhali engaphumeliyo, i-butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).[2]
Nokho, u-BHA kusebenzi kakhulu kumithi yokwelapha, njengoba kukhona i-cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), isotretinoin, lovastatin, kanye ne-simvastatin, phakathi kwezinye.
Impilo Yomzimba
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]I-National Institutes of Health yaseMhlabeni yakhomba ukuthi u-BHA kufanele kube khona ikhangelelwa ukuthi kube yinhlazo yomuntu okanye akhona inkohlakalo yebala ebukhona ngokusebenzisa izinto ezibulalayo izinhlamba zokugcina i-BHA. Ngokwamathiphu, uma kukhishwa emilayini enkulu njengendlela yokudla kwabo, u-BHA kuthatha amapapiloma nomonakalo wekhasiyana we-squamous cell carcinoma kwezinkomo nase-Syrian golden hamster.[4] Kwesinye isikhathi, akukhona isikhombisa sokungabazeki i-BHA kwezinkomo;[4] ngelinye ilula, kukhona isikhombisa sokulinganisa imininingwane engazibekiyo yevelele emcimbini wezinkohliso.[3]
Ukuqinisekiswa kwemiphumela yomuntu (population statistics), isilinganiso esiningi sokwelapha kwe-BHA esedlule akuyona yokunikezwa enkulu yokungabazeki nesifo sekhansela.[5] Kodwa isifunda saseKhaliforniya isibhalisile u-BHA njengomuntu oqhudelwako.[6]
I-European Commission yagcizelela ithuba lokulungisa. Babhekisile ukungakwenziwa kobuchwepheshe ngumbutho wokugcina ukuthi kutholakale imiphumela yebala yomuntu; izifundo ezithola imiphumela yebala kwezinkomo ayenzelwa kubo abantu (abangaphumi isikhombisa semvumo). Nokho bakhombisekile ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwehormoni, uma kungenziwa, kuzotholakala kuphela emazweni anemithi eziningi kulokhu kukhuthazwa njengenyama.[7]
I-International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - Summaries & Evaluations ithi u-Butylated hydroxyanisole ubekelwe kwi-ngcebo kwezigqabo ezimbili zomhlaba emadodeni kanye naze-nkqubo ezimbili zomhlaba emahamsters ngokusebenzisa isifo ngomlomo, kwenziswa izikhali ezivulekile neminye imiphumela engu-forestomach. [8]
Umthombo wakhe omtsha ungu-TBHQ (t-butylhydroquinone), umlalazi wamathiphu omhlaba omgwaqelekile eceleni lomdabu Michael Pollan.[9][2]
Bonisa kahle
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Anisole Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Amarekhensi
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]- ↑ Hazardous Substances Database, National Library of Medicine
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "BHA and BHT: A Case for Fresh?". Scientific American. December 19, 2013. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 27 December 2022.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lam, L. K.; R. P. Pai; L. W. Wattenberg (1979). "Synthesis and chemical carcinogen inhibitory activity of 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole". J Med Chem 22 (5): 569–71. doi:10.1021/jm00191a020. PMID 458807.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), CAS No. 25013-16-5 Archived 2010-06-05 at the Wayback Machine., Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition, National Institutes of Health
- ↑ "Intake of Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Stomach Cancer Risk: Results from Analyses in the Netherlands Cohort Study". Food and Chemical Toxicology 38 (7): 599–605. 2007. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(00)00042-9. PMID 10942321. https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/portal/en/publications/intake-of-butylated-hydroxyanisole-and-butylated-hydroxytoluene-and-stomach-cancer-risk-results-from-analyses-in-the-netherlands-cohort-study(7abde0bd-1682-4da8-8ebf-b8373b7ed481).html.
- ↑ "Known Carcinogens and Reproductive Toxicants (California Proposition 65)". Scorecard. Archived from the original on 2019-08-14. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2011-05-29. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of butylated hydroxyanisole - BHA (E 320) as a food additive". EFSA Journal 9 (10): 2392. 2011. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2392.
- ↑ "Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 40, 1986)". inchem.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2022-01-30.
- ↑ "BHA". Kulandwe ngomhlaka 22 May 2023.