Ikhambi lokugoma

Mayelana Wikipedia

Ikhambi lokugoma ikhambi elinyusa amandla wamasosha omzimba ukuze ezolwa nasifo thizeni. Ikhambi lokugoma luvamise ukwakhiwa ngenxenye yegciwane elidala izifo. Kujwayele ukuthi lengxenye yegciwane kube amagciwane abulewe noma amacezu akhomba uhlobo legciwane. Lawa macezu aqeqesha amasosha omzimba ukuthi akwazi ukubona igciwane ukuze amasosha omzimba alwe nalo alibulale uma sekufika igciwane langempela.

Ukunika umuntu umuthi oqeqesha amasosha omzimba kuthiwa ukugoma. Akukho okuhlula ukugoma ekuvimbeni ukutheleleka ngezifo ezidalwa amagciwane.[1] Umlando utshengisa ukuthi ukugoma kwaqeda izifo okubalwa kuzo ingxibongo, kwaphinde kwanciphisa amazinga ezifo okubalwa kuzo i-polio, isimungumungwane, kanye ne-tetanus. Imithi kugoma kwaziwa igwema izifo okubalwa kuzo umkhuhlane,[2] i-HPV,[3] kanye nenqubulunjwana.[4]

Igama lomuthi womgongo kuthiwa i-vaccine ngesiNgisi okuyigama elaqanjwa ngu-Edward Jenner owalisungula olimini lwesiLathini olusho inqubulunjwana yezinkomo ngesitkhathi eqamba umuthi wokuligoma.

Ukusebenza kwalo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imithi yoku goma iphephile futhi iyasebenza kahle ukulwa nezifo ezithelelanayo.[5][6][7][8] Kodwa ke, kukhona izindawo lapho ugugoma kuba buthaka khona.[9]

Amandla emithi yomgomo anqunyelwe izinto eziningi njenge:

  • Isifo (imithi yokugoma ethize isebenza kangcono kuneminye ngokuhambisana nesifo)
  • Uhlobo lomuthi womgomo (eminye imithi yomgomo ethize isebenza kangcono uma ibhekene nesifo eqondene naso)[10]
  • Uma isikhathi sokuthola umgomo sakhiwe kahle
  • Wonke umuntu unendlela yakhe yokuthi imithi yomgomo isebenza kanjani kuye
  • Ezinye izizathu kungabalwa kuzo ubuzwe, ubudala, kanye nofuzo.

Uma umuntu ogonyiwe uyasithola isifo agonyelwe sona (lokhu kuthiwa isifo esingena ngenkani) kuvamile ukuthi kwehle ukuthelelanana kwalesi sifo kwabanye abantu abangagonyiwe.[11]

Okulandelayo izinto okumele ziqaphelwe ukuze luzosebenza kahle uhlelo lokugoma abantu:[12]

  1. Ukwenziwa kahle izibalo ezitshengisa ukuthi mangakanani amazinga okugoma adingekayo kusukela esikhathini esincane kuya kwesilandelayo.
  2. Ukuqhubeka ukuqapha isimo sesifo zikhathi zonke.
  3. Ukuqhubeka namazinga aphezulu okugoma ngisho esehlile amazinga esifo emphakathini.

Ukugoma sekwaqeda izifo ezifana nengxibongo, eyaziwa njengenye yezifo ezazithelelana zibhubhisa abantu emhlabeni.[13] Ezinye izifo kubalwa kuzo i-rubella, i-polio, isimungumungwane, i-mumps, i-chickenpox, kanye nei-typhoid eseza cishe zaphela ngenxa yokugoma okwakusabalele.

Uma iningi labantu bangomile. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi isifo sibhebhetheke. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuphepha komhlambi.

Ukugoma kuvimba ukuqala kokumelana nokusebenza komuthi obulala amagciwane. Umzekelo; izinhlelo zomgomo sezehlise amazinga ukumelana nokusebenza kwemithi efana ne-penicillin ebulala amagciwane anjenge-Streptococcus pneumoniae edala inyumoniya.[14]

Umgomo wesimungumungwana uvimbela ukufa kwabantu abangama 1-million minyaka yonke.[15]

Imithelela emibi[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukugoma kwabantwana kuphephile.[16] Imithelela emibi ijwayele ukuba mncane.[17] Imithelela ijwayele ukuba imfiva, ubuhlungu endaweni yokujova, kanye nezinhlungu zomsipha. [17]

Imithelela emibi kakhulu ayijwayelekile.[16]

Izinhlobo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imithi yomgomo yakhiwe ngezincezu zamagciwane.

Ziningi izihlobo ezisetshenziswayo.[18]

Okucishiwe[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona imithi yomgomo eyakhiwe ngamagciwane acishiwe kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali, ukushisa, noma imisebe endmandla.[19] Imizekelo kungabalwa kuyo imithi yokugoma elwa nezifo ezifana ne-polio, hepatitis A, amarabi, kanye nomkhuhlane.[20]

Okuncishisiwe[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona imithi yomgomo enamagciwane aphilayo, ancishisiwe. Le nhlobo yomgomo yenza umzimba ube namandla anyukile ukulwa nezifo kodwa awuphephile ukusetshenziswa kubantu abamasosha omzimba abuthaka.

Obekunobuthi[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona indlela yokuthatha into ewubuthi, bucishwe ubuthi bayo ukuze kwakhiwe ngayo umuthi yomgomo obizwa nge-toxoid.[21]

Okuyingxenye[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona umuthi wokugoma owakhiwa ngengxenye yegciwane thizeni ukuze kuzoqeqesheka amasosha omzimba.

Okuhlangene[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona amagciwane ambozwe ngento okuthiwa i-polysaccharide edala ukuthi ifihleke kumasosha omzimba. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthatha i-polysaccharide emboze igciwane ayihlanganise neprotheni thizeni ezokwenza ukuthi amasosha omzimba akwazi ukulibona igciwane.

Imizamo emisha[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Miningi imithi yomgomo emisha eqanjwayo kumanje. Yize imithi yokugoma eminingi yakhiwa kusetshenziswa amagciwane abulewe kanye nezingxenye zamanye amagciwane, kukhona imithi yokugoma eyokwenziwa eyakhiwe ngezinto ezingatholakazi emvelweni.

I-valence[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imithi yokugoma ingaba isimo sokuba-monovalant noma ibe multivalant. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-monovalant wakhelwe ukuthi ulwe nomazisi wegciwane elilodwa noma igciwane elilodwa. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-multivalant ukwazi ukubona ilwe namagciwane amaningi.

I-Heterotypic[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kukhona imithi yokugoma eyakhiwa ngokusebenzisa amagciwane aqhamuka ezilwaneni ukuze asetshenziswe kumuntu noma olunye uhlobo lwesilwane.

Ukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Uma amasosha omzimba athola umuthi wokugoma egazini awubona njengento eqhamuka ngaphandle komzimba, ayibulale bese “ayayikhumbula”. Uma sekufika igciwane langempela emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba ayakwazi ukukhumbulu bese:

  1. Ayalibulala igciwane ngaphambi kokuthi litholane nezithwana zomzimba;
  2. Ayalibona igciwane abulale lona kanye nesithwana somzimba lapho igciwane selingene khona.

Okusizayo kanye nokugcinayo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Imithi yokugoma ijwayele ukuhlanganisa nezinto ezisiza ukugoma eziqinisa amasosha omzimba. Kuyenzeka ukuthi imithi yokugoma ixutshwe nezinto ezenza ukuthi umuthi ugcineke ungaboli uma uhlaselwa amanye amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.

Uhlelo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kufuneka ukuthi abantwana bathole umgomo ngesikhathi lapho khona imizimba yabo isikwazi isikwazi ukuba namasosha omzimba “anamandla aphelele”. Lokhu kuhambisana nohlelo lokugoma oluyinkimbinkimbi. Miningi imithi yokugoma ehambisana nezigaba zokukhula komuntu mpilo yonke. Umzekelo, isimungumungwana, i-tetanus, umkhuhlane, kanye nenyumoniya. Kuvamise ukuthi imithi yokugoma enikwa abantu asebekhulile kakhulu ibhekane nenyumoniya kanye nomkhuhlane.

Umlando[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ngaphambi kokuthi kube khona imithi yokugoma enamacezu aqhamuka kwingxibongo yezinkomo, abantu babekwazi ukuthelelelana ngamabomu ngegciwane lengxibongo. Kunobufakazi emlandweni obutshengisa ukuthi izwe laseShayina laseliqalile ukugomela ingxibongo eminyakeni engu-1000 edlule.[22]

Eminyakeni yangama-1760s, u- Edward Jenner wathola ukuthi abantu abasengayo kwakungenzeki ukuthi bathole ingxibongo ngoba basebetheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo. Ngonyaka ka 1796, u-Jenner wabuka ukhunta oluqhamuka esandleni somuntu osengayo otheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo, waluhlikihla esandleni somfana oneminyaka eyisi-8 okwatholakala ukuthi usegomekile ekutholeni ingxibongo emva kwamaviki ayisi-6. Kwatholala ukuthi akayitholanga ingxobongo.[23][24]

U-Jenner waqhubeka nalolucwaningo kwathi ngonyaka ka-1798 wabika ukuthi umuthi wakhe wokugoma usebenza ngokuphelile ezinganeni nakwabadala. Isizukulwane salomuthi wokugoma saqhamuka ngeminyaka yama-1800 ngu-Louis Pasteur.

Iminyaka yama-1900 yabona ukuqala kwemithi yokugoma eminingi, okubalwa kuyo imithi elwa ne-diphtheria, isimungumungwana, i-mumps, kanye ne-rubella. Kwa igxathu elikhulu ukutholakala komgomo we-polio ngeminyaka yo-1950 lapho okwaphinde kwanqotshwa khona ingxibongo eminyakeni yo-1960 no-1970. u-Maurice Hilleman waba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni yalemigomo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi okugoma amaningi kuze kube manje ime ngokuxhaswa uhulumeni, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye nabasizi bomphakathi abazimele.[25] Amakhambi okugoma amaningi awabizanga kakhulu aphinde asiza abezempilo.[26] Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi okugoma kunyuke kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule.[27] Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa kwezilwane kusiza ukuthi zingatholi izifo nokuthi zingatheleli abantu ngezifo.[28]

Amadokodo okuqamba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukufaka idokodo lokuqamba ikhambi lokugoma kungaba ingqinamba ekuqanjweni kwamakambi okugoma amasha ngenxa yokuthi lawa madokodo awavikelekile kahle. Ukwenziwa kwamadokodo kwenzelwa ukuthi ligcineke liyimfihlo.[29]

Isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ithi into evimba ukuthi kwenziwe amakhambi okugoma emazweni azathuthuka imali, izinsiza kusebenza nabasebenzi abawaziyo umsebenzi.

Izindlela zokuthumela[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukuthuuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuthumela izinto, kunyusa ithemba lokwakhuwa kwamakhambi okugoma azothunyelwa ngokuphepha bese eyasetshenziswa. Izindlela ezincomekayo zokunikwa kwabantu abakhambi okugoma abala imigomo ethathwa ngomlomo. Ikhambi lokugoma elithathwa ngomlomo labonakala lisebenziseka kalula uma lisetshenziswa abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe. Ikhambi lokugoma elingasebinzisi umjovo[30] lisahlolwa ngezilwane okwamanje.[31][32] Kwakhiwe istembu esincane esifanisa nebhandishi elinamathelayo esinama-microscopic projections angu-20 000.[33]

Imikhuba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi omgomo kunemikhuba ejwayelekile:[34]

  • Imigomo eminingi ibibhekiswe ebantwaneni kodwa manje sekubhekwe abasha nabadala.[34][35]
  • Ukuxutshwa kwamakhambi okugoma sekuyinto ejwayelekayo.[34]
  • Kubhekwa ezinye izindlela zokunika abantu imigomo
  • Amakhambi akhandelwa ukuthi agqugquzele amashosha omzimba angaphakathi nashintshashintshayo.[34]
  • Kunemizamo eyenziwayo ukuze kwakhiwe ikhambi lokugomela izifo ezibucayi kakhulu.[34]
  • Kukhona amakhambi okugoma akhandelwa ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni ngemithi.[34]
  • Ososayensi bazama ukwakha amakhambi okugoma okuzenzela ngokusebenzisa ingaphandle legciwane. Lokhu kuzosisa kubantu abangalizweli ikhambi lokugoma.[36]

Imithombo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

  1. ↑ *United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases. Archived 2017-08-29 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year."
  2. ↑ Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ (2009). Seasonal influenza vaccines. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 333. pp. 43–82. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3. ISBN 978-3-540-92164-6. PMID 19768400.
  3. ↑ "Evaluating the impact of human papillomavirus vaccines". Vaccine 27 (32): 4355–62. July 2009. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.008. PMID 19515467. 
  4. ↑ "Varicella zoster virus vaccines: effective, but concerns linger". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 44 (4): 379–84. August 2009. doi:10.3129/i09-126. PMID 19606157. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/7a8870d019b79f046138cca99b6301e9fcd9d4d1. 
  5. ↑ "Field evaluation of vaccine efficacy". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63 (6): 1055–68. 1985. PMC 2536484. PMID 3879673. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2536484. 
  6. ↑ Jan 11, Hub staff report / Published; 2017 (2017-01-11). "The science is clear: Vaccines are safe, effective, and do not cause autism". The Hub. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-04-16.
  7. ↑ "The complicated task of monitoring vaccine safety". Public Health Reports 112 (1): 10–20; discussion 21. 1997. PMC 1381831. PMID 9018282. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1381831. 
  8. ↑ "Vaccine Safety: The Facts". HealthyChildren.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-04-16.
  9. ↑ "Meta-analyses on pediatric infections and vaccines". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 23 (2): 431–57. June 2009. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2009.01.008. PMID 19393917. 
  10. ↑ "Comparative efficacy of three mumps vaccines during disease outbreak in Eastern Switzerland: cohort study". BMJ 319 (7206): 352. August 1999. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7206.352. PMC 32261. PMID 10435956. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32261. 
  11. ↑ "Effects of pertussis vaccination on disease: vaccine efficacy in reducing clinical severity". Clinical Infectious Diseases 37 (6): 772–9. September 2003. doi:10.1086/377270. PMID 12955637. 
  12. ↑ Miller, E.; Beverley, P. C. L.; Salisbury, D. M. (2002-07-01). "Vaccine programmes and policies". British Medical Bulletin 62 (1): 201–211. doi:10.1093/bmb/62.1.201. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 12176861. 
  13. ↑ "WHO | Smallpox". WHO. World Health Organization. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-04-16.
  14. ↑ "19 July 2017 Vaccines promoted as key to stamping out drug-resistant microbes "Immunization can stop resistant infections before they get started, say scientists from industry and academia."". Archived from the original on July 22, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Sullivan P (2005-04-13). "Maurice R. Hilleman dies; created vaccines". Wash. Post. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2014-01-09. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)open access publication - free to read
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review". Pediatrics 134 (2): 325–37. August 2014. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1079. PMID 25086160. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2f93s53t. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Possible Side-effects from Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018-07-12. Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 24 February 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ "Vaccine Types". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 2012-04-03. Archived from the original on 2015-09-05. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2015-01-27. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ "Types of Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Kulandwe ngomhlaka October 19, 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-06-14.
  21. ↑ "Different Types of Vaccines | History of Vaccines". www.historyofvaccines.org. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2019-05-03.
  22. ↑ Needham, Joseph. (2000). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.154
  23. ↑ "The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, unew challenges". Health Affairs 24 (3): 611–21. 2005. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.611. PMID 15886151. 
  24. ↑ "Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox". Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 74 (1): F77-8. January 1996. doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.F77. PMC 2528332. PMID 8653442. Archived from the original on 2011-07-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20110708080506/http://fn.bmjjournals.com/content/74/1/F77.full.pdf. Retrieved 2020-06-14. 
  25. ↑ "Human vaccine research in the European Union". Vaccine 27 (5): 640–5. January 2009. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.064. PMC 7115654. PMID 19059446. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7115654. 
  26. ↑ "Key issues for estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination strategies". Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 9 (4): 834–40. April 2013. doi:10.4161/hv.23637. PMC 3903903. PMID 23357859. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3903903. 
  27. ↑ "Economic evaluations of implemented vaccination programmes: key methodological challenges in retrospective analyses". Vaccine 32 (7): 759–65. February 2014. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.067. PMID 24295806. 
  28. ↑ Roser, Max; Vanderslott, Samantha (2013-05-10). "Vaccination". Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination. 
  29. ↑ "The role of intellectual property in the global challenge for immunization". J World Intellect Prop 9 (4): 413–25. 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1422-2213.2006.00284.x. 
  30. ↑ WHO to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| ABC News, 16 Sep 2014| "Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer'". 2014-09-16. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2015-09-15. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 August 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ "Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global". Business Review Weekly. 2015-02-10. Archived from the original on 2015-03-16. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2015-03-05. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ "Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 "Vaccines: past, present and future". Nature Medicine 11 (4 Suppl): S5-11. April 2005. doi:10.1038/nm1209. PMC 7095920. PMID 15812490. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=7095920. 
  35. ↑ Carlson B (2008). "Adults now drive growth of vaccine market". Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News. 28 (11). pp. 22–3. Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)open access publication - free to read
  36. ↑ Staff (28 March 2013). "Safer vaccine created without virus". The Japan Times. Agence France-Presse – Jiji Press. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2013-03-28. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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