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Isifo segciwane le-Ebola

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Isifo segciwane le-Ebola
Isifo segciwane le-EbolaIsithombe sango-1976 lapho abahlengikazi ababili bemi ngaphambi kuka Mayinga N., umuntu onegciwane le-Ebola; washona emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva kwalokho ngenxa yokophela ngaphakathi okwedlulele.
Isifo segciwane le-EbolaIsithombe sango-1976 lapho abahlengikazi ababili bemi ngaphambi kuka Mayinga N., umuntu onegciwane le-Ebola; washona emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva kwalokho ngenxa yokophela ngaphakathi okwedlulele.
Isithombe sango-1976 lapho abahlengikazi ababili bemi ngaphambi kuka Mayinga N., umuntu onegciwane le-Ebola; washona emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva kwalokho ngenxa yokophela ngaphakathi okwedlulele.
Ukuhlela ngohlobo oluthile kanye nezinsiza zangaphandle
ICD/CIM-10A98.4 A98.4
ICD/CIM-9065.8 065.8
DiseasesDB18043
MedlinePlus001339

Isifo se-Ebola, esaziwa nangokuthi Isifo segciwane le-Ebola nokuthi umkhuhlane owophisayo we-Ebola, yigciwanyane lomkhuhlane owophisayo kubantu nakwezibuchophokhulu elivela ezilwaneni, elibangwa amagciwanyane e-ebola amane kwayisithupha. Izimpawu zivame ukuqala phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbili namasonto amathathu ngemva kokutheleleka.[1] Izimpawu zokuqala zivame ukuba umkhuhlane, umphimbo obuhlungu, imisipha ebuhlungu, nokunkenketha kwekhanda. Lezi zimpawu zivame ukulandelwa ukuhlanza, ukuhuda, umbhaduko, ukungasebenzi kwesibindi nezinso, okuyilapho abanye abantu abaqala khona ukophela ngaphakathi nangaphandle.[2] Ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo kubulala abantu abangamaphesenti aphakathi kwama-25 nangama-90. Umqhinqo obhebhethekayo kanye nesikhathi sokuthola ukwelashwa kuneqhaza ekuxilongweni kwaso. Ukufa kuvame ukuba ngenxa yokuhlumba nokulahlekelwa uketshezi, futhi kwenzeka phakathi kwezinsuku eziyisithupha nezili-16 ngemuva kokuvela kwezimpawu.[3]

Lamagciwanyane e-ebola sewabange ukuqubuka kwalesi sifo okuphindelelayo emazweni ase-Afrika kusukela ngowe-1976 lapho kubikwa ngalo okokuqala, futhi ukuqubuka okukhulu kwenzeka ngowezi-2013–16 eNtshonalanga ne-Afrika. Lamagcinwanyane abhebhetheka ngokuthintana noketshezi lomzimba, olufana negazi lomuntu onalo noma isilwane, noma ngokuthintana nezinto ebezingcoliswe uketshezi lomuntu onalo. Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi leligciwanyane lingabhebhetheka ngomoya phakathi kwabantu noma ezibuchophokhulu.[4] Emva kokululama kulesi sifo, amalotha, noma ubisi lwebele kungaqhubeka kuthwele igciwanyane amaviki noma izinyanga ezimbalwa.[2][5][6] Amalulwane wezithelo nawo kukholwa ukuthi ayalithwala leli gciwanyane futhi alibhebhethekise kodwa wona angaguliswa yilo. Izimpawu ze-Ebola zivame ukufana nezimpawu zezinya izifo ezifana [umalaleveva|novuvatha]], isifo sohudo, umkhuhlane wetyphoid, imeningitis, neminye imikhuhlane yokopha. Ukuxilongwa kwalo kwenziwa ngokuhlola igazi ukuze kubhekwe isimunyuci segciwanyane noma izinqandavubu (antibodies) noma igciwanyane ngokwalo.[7]

Ulawulo lokuqubuka kwe-ebola kudinga ukuba izinkonzo zezokwelapha zibambisane futhi kuboniswane nomphakathi ngokuthi lihlongwe ngokushesha, kuthungathwe abathintene, kufikelelwe izinkonzo zengqalaba, kunakekelwe abathelelekile, futhi kulahlwe abafileyo ngokubashisa noma ngokubangcwaba.[2][8] Ukuvikeleka kubandakanya ukugqoka izingubo zokuvikela nokugeza izandla lapho iziguli ziseduze noma lapho kulungiswa inyama okungenzeka ithelelekile, nokuyipheka ngendela eqikelelayo. Imishanguzo emibili odesivimab ne-ansuvimab kuvezwe ukuthi yenza isimo sothelelekile sibe ngcono.[9] Ukwelashwa kusenesikhathi nokunakekelwa kwenza amazinga okusinda aphakame kunalapho umuntu elashwa sekwephuzile.[10][2] Ukwelashwa kuhlanganisa ukwelashwa ngokuphuza amanzi anoshukela noma itswayi elincane, noma ukuphuza uketshezi ngomjovo, nokwelapha izimpawu. Umgomo we-ebola wagunyazwa inhlangano yemishanguzo yaseMelika ngowezi-2019. Ngo-Oktoba wezi-2020, ikhambi atoltivimab/maftivimab/odesivimab (Inmazeb) lagunyazwa ukuba lisetshenziswe ukwelapha eMelika isifo esibizwa igciwanyane le-ebola laseZaire.

Izimpawu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Izimpawu ze=ebola emzimbeni

Ukutheleleka

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ubude besikhathi esilandela ukutheleleka nokuvela kwezimpawu sivame ukuba izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezingama-21,[2][11] futhi kuvame ukuba phakathi kwezinsuku ezine nezilishumi. .[12] Kodwa, izibalo zakamuva ezisekelwe ezinongweni zomchazazibalo zibikezela ukuthi amaphesenti ayisihlanu okutheleleka angathatha izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingama-21 ukuba likhule.[13]

Izimpawu zivame ukuqala ngomkhuhlane obonakala ngokuzuka, umkhuhlane, ukucobeka, ukungadli, imisipha ebuhlungu, amalungu abuhlungu, ukunkenketha kwekhanda, nomphimbo obuhlungu.[2][12][14][15] Umkhuhlane uvame ukuba ngaphezu kwamazingakushisa angama-38°C.[16] Lokhu kuvame ukulandelwa isidikinyane, ukuhlanza, ukuhuda, isisu esibuhlungu ngisho nengwici kwezinye izikhathi.[15][17] Ukuhlangana kokuhlanza kakhulu nokuhuda kuvame ukuholela ekomeni kakhulu.[18] Okulandelayo, kuba ukuphefumula kanzima, isifuba esibuhlungu, kanye nokudumba, ukunkenketha kwekhanda, nokudideka.

  1. ↑ Modrow S, Falke D, Truyen U, Schätzl H (2013). "Viruses: Definition, Structure, Classification". In Modrow S, Falke D, Truyen U, Schätzl H. Molecular Virology (in i-English). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 17–30. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_2. ISBN 978-3-642-20718-1. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ebola virus disease, Fact sheet N°103, Updated September 2014". World Health Organization (WHO). September 2014. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 December 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Singh SK, Ruzek D, eds. (2014). Viral hemorrhagic fevers. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 444. ISBN 978-1439884294. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa". World Health Organization (WHO). 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 3 August 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ "Preliminary study finds that Ebola virus fragments can persist in the semen of some survivors for at least nine months". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 14 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ "Recommendations for Breastfeeding/Infant Feeding in the Context of Ebola". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 26 October 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease: Past, Present, and Future". Clinical Microbiology Reviews (American Society for Microbiology) 29 (4): 773–793. 13 July 2016. doi:10.1128/cmr.00003-16. ISSN 0893-8512. LCCN 88647279. OCLC 38839512. PMC 5010747. PMID 27413095. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5010747.
  8. ↑ "Guidance for Safe Handling of Human Remains of Ebola Patients in U.S. Hospitals and Mortuaries". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 10 October 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ "Independent Monitoring Board Recommends Early Termination of Ebola Therapeutics Trial in DRC Because of Favorable Results with Two of Four Candidates". NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. 12 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 20 August 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Ebola in Uganda: Guiliani R. "Our game-changing treatment centres will save more lives". msf.org.urk. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 15 November 2022.
  11. ↑ "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Signs and Symptoms". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 28 January 2014. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2 August 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  12. 1 2 "Ebola virus disease: a review on epidemiology, symptoms, treatment and pathogenesis". Neth J Med 72 (9): 442–448. November 2014. PMID 25387613. http://www.njmonline.nl/getpdf.php?t=a&id=10001148.
  13. ↑ "On the Quarantine Period for Ebola Virus". PLOS Currents Outbreaks 6. 14 October 2014. doi:10.1371/currents.outbreaks.2ab4b76ba7263ff0f084766e43abbd89. ISSN 2157-3999. PMC 4205154. PMID 25642371. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4205154.
  14. ↑ "The 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa". J Gen Virol 95 (Pt 8): 1619–1624. August 2014. doi:10.1099/vir.0.067199-0. PMID 24795448.
  15. 1 2 Magill A (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). New York: Saunders. p. 332. ISBN 978-1416043904. Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Unknown parameter |name-list-style= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "Ebola virus: unravelling pathogenesis to combat a deadly disease". Trends in Molecular Medicine 12 (5): 206–215. May 2006. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.006. PMID 16616875.
  17. ↑ "Ebola Virus Disease: An Update on Epidemiology, Symptoms, Laboratory Findings, Diagnostic Issues, and Infection Prevention and Control Issues for Laboratory Professionals". Clinical Laboratory Medicine 37 (2): 269–284. June 2017. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2017.01.003. PMID 28457350.
  18. ↑ "Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of Ebola Virus Infection". Digestive Diseases and Sciences 60 (9): 2590–2603. September 2015. doi:10.1007/s10620-015-3691-z. PMID 25972150.
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