Buka umthombo wala Nelson Mandela

{{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[His Excellency]]|name=Nelson Mandela|honorific-suffix={{small|[[Order of Mapungubwe|OMP]] [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Order of the Federal Republic|GCFR]] [[Order of Australia|AC]] [[Order of Canada|CC]] [[Order of Jamaica|OJ]] [[Venerable Order of Saint John|GCStJ]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] [[Order of Prince Henry|GCIH]] [[Royal Order of the Seraphim|RSerafO]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPk]]}}|image=Nelson Mandela-2008.jpg|image_upright=|caption=Mandela in Johannesburg in May 2008|order=1st|office=President of South Africa|term_start=10 May 1994|term_end=16 June 1999|deputy=[[Thabo Mbeki]]<br />[[F. W. de Klerk]]|predecessor=[[F. W. de Klerk]] <small>(''[[State President of South Africa|State President]]'')</small>|successor=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|office1={{nowrap|11th President of the<br />[[African National Congress]]}}|deputy1=[[Walter Sisulu]]<br />[[Thabo Mbeki]]|term_start1=7 July 1991|term_end1=20 December 1997|predecessor1=[[Oliver Tambo]]|successor1=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|office2=19th [[Secretary General]] of the<br />[[Non-Aligned Movement]]|term_start2=2 September 1998|term_end2=16 June 1999|predecessor2=[[Andrés Pastrana Arango]]|successor2=[[Thabo Mbeki]]|birth_date={{Birth date|df=y|1918|7|18}}|birth_place=[[Mvezo]], Cape Province, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|2013|12|05|1918|7|18}}|death_cause=[[Respiratory infection]]|death_place=[[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, South Africa|restingplace=Mandela Graveyard<br />[[Qunu]], Eastern Cape, South Africa|birthname=Rolihlahla Mandela|party=[[African National Congress]]|otherparty=[[South African Communist Party]]|spouse={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|[[Evelyn Mase|Evelyn Ntoko Mase]]|5 October 1944|19 March 1958|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie Madikizela]]|14 June 1958|19 March 1996|reason=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Graça Machel]]|18 July 1998|05 December 2013|reason=his death}}}}|children=6 (including [[Makgatho Mandela|Makgatho]], [[Makaziwe Mandela|Makaziwe]], [[Zenani Mandela-Dlamini|Zenani]] and [[Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane|Zindziswa]])|parents=Nosekeni Fanny<br />Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa|alma_mater={{plain list|
* [[University of Fort Hare]]
* [[University of London]]
* [[University of South Africa]]
* [[University of the Witwatersrand]]
}}|occupation={{flatlist|
* Activist
* Politician
* Philanthropist
* Lawyer
}}|website={{url|nelsonmandela.org}}|nickname={{flatlist|
* Madiba
* Dalibunga
}}|blank1=Known for|data1=[[Internal resistance to apartheid|Anti-Apartheid Movement]]|blank2=Awards|data2={{plain list|
* [[Sakharov Prize]] (1988)
* [[Bharat Ratna]] (1990)
* [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] (1992)
* [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1993)
* [[Order of Lenin]]
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
* [[List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela|(hundreds more ...)]]
}}|blank3=Notable work(s)|data3=''[[Long Walk to Freedom]]''}} '''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' ( /m AE n d ɛ l ə / ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandela|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mandela|publisher=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|accessdate=17 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405011219/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mandela|archivedate=5 April 2016}}</ref> Xhosa:   ; 18 Julayi 1918 &nbsp; - 5 Disemba 2013) kwaba zaseNingizimu Afrika sobandlululo wamavukelambuso, umholi wezombangazwe, futhi UMuphi owakhonza njengesithunywa [[Umongameli waseNingizimu Afrika|uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika]] kusukela ngo-1994 kuya 1999. Wayengumuntu ikhanda lokuqala wezwe black zekhethelo ngowokuqala akhethwe ngendlela omele ngokugcwele ukhetho yeningi. Uhulumeni wakhe wagxila ekunciphiseni ifa [[Uhlelo lobandlululo|lobandlululo]] ngokulwa nobandlululo oluyisikhungo futhi wagqugquzela ukulugiswa kwengxabanongokobuhlanga. Ideologically isizwe sase-Afrika kanye sezenhlalo, wakhonza njengephayona uMongameli we [[African National Congress|-African National Congress]] (ANC) party kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-1997. 

Abantu abangama-Xhosa, uMandela wazalelwa emndenini wasebukhosini abaThembu [[Mvezo|eMvezo]], [[Umbuso waseNingizimu Afrika|eBritish South Africa]] . Ufunde umthetho e- [[University of Fort Hare]] nase- [[University of the Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]] ngaphambi kokusebenza njengommeli [[IGoli|eGoli]] . Lapho, wazibandakanya kwipolitiki elwa nobumboni kanye nobuzwe base-Afrika, wajoyina i-ANC ngonyaka we-1943 futhi wabumba iNhlangano Yentsha yayo ngo-1944. Ngemuva kokuthi uhulumeni we- National Party omhlophe kuphela asungule ubandlululo, okuwuhlelo lokubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga oluhlomulisa abelungu, yena ne-ANC bazibophezela ekubhukuleni. UMandela waqokwa njengoMongameli wegatsha le- [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]] le-ANC, wenyuka waba yimbangi ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe eMkhankasweni Wokuhlubuka ngo-1952 kanye neCongress of People yango -1955. Waphinde waboshwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yokuvukela umbuso futhi wamangalelwa ngecala lokuzama ukuqulwa kwecala lika- 1956 . Ethonywe uMarxism, wajoyina ngasese iqembu laseNingizimu Afrika lamaKhomanisi (i-SACP) elivinjelwe. Nakuba ekuqaleni uzibophezele ezingenalo udlame, sikanye iSACP co-wasungula nenkani weSizwe ngo-1961 futhi lokho kwaholela ukuketula umkhankaso ulwa nohulumeni. Waboshwa wagqunywa ejele ngo-1962, kwathi ngemuva kwalokho wagwetshwa udilikajele ngokuqothula umbuso ngokulandela Icala laseRivonia . 

UMandela wadonsa iminyaka engama-27 ejele, wahlukanisa phakathi kweRobben Island, nePollmoor Prison neVictor Verster Prison . Phezu kokucindezela okukhulayo kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, futhi ngokwesaba impi yombango yobuhlanga, uMongameli [[Frederik Willem de Klerk|uFW de Klerk]] wamkhulula ngonyaka we-1990. UMandela no de Klerk bahola imizamo yokuxoxisana ngokuphela kobandlululo, okwaholela okhethweni jikelele lwezinhlanga ezi-1994 lapho uMandela ahola khona i-ANC yanqoba futhi yaba ngumongameli. Ehola uhulumeni wobumbano obanzi owamisa umthethosisekelo omusha, uMandela wagcizelela ukubuyisana phakathi kwezinhlanga zezwe futhi wasungula neKhomishini Yamaqiniso Nokubuyisana ukuze iphenye ukuhlukunyezwa [[Amalungelo abantu eNingizimu Afrika|kwamalungelo]] abantu okwedlule. Ngokwezezomnotho, ukuphathwa kukaMandela kugcina uhlaka lwenkululeko lwalowo owabe eyandulela leyo yize ayenezinkolelo zakhe zokuhlalisana nabanye, futhi wethula nezindlela zokukhuthaza ukubuyiswa komhlaba, ukulwa nobuphofu kanye nokwandisa izinsizakalo zezempilo. Emhlabeni jikelele, wasebenza njengomlamuli ecaleni lokuqhuma kwamabhomu iPan Am Flight 103 futhi wasebenza njengoNobhala-Jikele weNhlangano Engahlanganyeli kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-1999. Unqabile ihlandla lesibili likamongameli, kwathi ngo-1999 kwathathelwa isikhundla yiphini lakhe, [[Thabo Mbeki|uMnuz Thabo Mbeki]] . UMandela waba yisikhulu esidala futhi wagxila ekulweni nobuphofu kanye negciwane lesandulela ngculaza kanye nengculazi ngeNelson Mandela Foundation.

== Izinkomba ==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}}
[[Category:Abongameli yamazwe]]
[[Category:AmaXhosa]]
[[Category:Abafa nge-2013]]
[[Category:Abazalwa nge-1918]]
[[Category:Izishoshovu zepolitiki]]