Ukugwamandwa kombuso
Ukugwamandwa kombuso noma ukugwamandwa kwamandla ombuso uhlobo lwenkohlakalo yezombangazwe ehlelekile lapho abantu abathile beba nethonya elikhulu ezinqubweni zombuso zokuthatha izinqumo ukuze kuzuze bona.
Leli gama lasetshenziswa okokuqala iBhange loMhlaba ngonyaka wezi-2000, ukuchazisa isimo esasikwamanye amazwe ase-Eshiya ePhakathi ayephuma ngaphansi kobuKhomanisi base-Soviet. Ngokuqondile, lalisebenza ezimweni lapho amaqeqebana akhohlakele ayesebenzisa ithonya lawo phezu kwezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze benzele uhulumeni izinqumo ukuze baqinise ukuma kwabo ngokomnotho; amalungu alamaqeqebane kamuva aziwa ngokuthi izinjinga.
Izinsolo zokugwamandwa kombuso ziye zaholela ekubhikisheni ngokumelene nohulumeni wase-Bhulgariya ngowezi-2013–2014 nangowezi-2020–2021 nase-Romaniya ngowezi-2017, futhi kwabangela inkambabeyibuza kwelaseNingizimu Afrika kusuka ngowezi-2016.
Ukuchasisa ukugwamandwa kombuso
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Incasiselo endala yokugwamandwa kombuso ibhekisela endleleni izinkambiso zomthetho (ezifana nemithetho nemikhuba yomphakathi) nokubusakwezikhulu zikahulumeni okuthonywa ngayo izikhulu zikahulumeni, imishumanqa exhaswa umbuso, imishumanqa esisulu noma abantu abasisulu, ukuze bathonye izinqubomgomo zombuso nemithetho kuvune bona.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso kuwukufuna ukuthonya ukushaywa kwemithetho, ukuze bavikele futhi baqhakambise abalingisi abathile abanethonya nezimfuno zabo. Ngalendlela kuyahluka kwezinye izinhlobo zenkohlakalo lapho kuzifunela ukuphoqwa kwemithetho ekhona ngokuchema.
Ukugwamandwa kombuso akuyona into engekho emthethweni, lokhu kuncike ekunqumeni kombuso ogwamandiwe ngokwawo, futhi kungalingwa ngokunxenxwa (lobbying) noma ukuthonywa sisulu. Leli thonya lingenziwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezikhungo zombuso, ezihlanganisa isishayamthetho, ibandla lesigungu, iminyango, kanye nezokwahlulela, noma ngenqubo yokukhetha ekhohlakele. Lokhu kufana nokugwamandwa kweziqondiso kodwa kuyehluka ngomlinganiso nangezinhlobo zezinto ezithonywayo, futhi ngokungafani nokugwamandwa kweziqondiso, ithonya elisisulu alibonakali kalula.
Isici esikuhlukanisa nenkohlakalo ukuthi, nakuba imiphumela yamacala enkohlakalo (ngokwesinqumo senqubomgomo noma isiqondiso) ingaqinisekisiwe, emacaleni okugwamandwa kombuso umphumela uyaziwa futhi uthambekele ekubeni ngozuzisayo kulabo abagwamande umbuso. Ngowezi-2017 iqembu lezingqandavu laseNingizimu Afrika lavela nesicabango embikweni wokugwamandwa kombuso kulelizwe onesihloko esithi "Umbiko wokukhashelwa kwesithembiso". Inhlaziyo yagcizelela umdwambu wezombusazwe wokugwamandwa kombuso, futhi uphika ngokuthi eNingizimu Afrika izicukuthwane ezinamandla zaphula umthethosisekelo futhi zeqa UMthetho ukuze zikhonze inkebengo yezombusazwe, ezazikholelwa ekutheni ayinakufezwa ngaphansi kohlaka lobugemu/umthethosisekelo okhona.