Ulwaluko
Ulwaluko, bendabuko ukusoka futhi Ukuqalwa ifomu ebuntwaneni sibe abantu abadala, kuyinto Ukuqalwa emkhubeni yasendulo (nakuba hhayi kuphela) ngokufaka amaXhosa, futhi ngokuvamile kwenziwa eNingizimu Afrika.Isiko ngokwesiko kuhloswe ngalo njengesikhungo sokufundisa, ukulungiselela abesilisa abancane ngemithwalo yemfanelo yobudoda. [1] Ngakho-ke, amathwasa abizwa ngokuthi abakhwetha ngesiXhosa : aba kusho iqembu, kanti i- kwetha kusho ukufunda. Eyesilisa oyedwa eqenjini waziwa ngokuthi umkhwetha.Owesilisa ongakatholakali ubizwa ngo- inkwenkwe (umfana), kungakhathalekile ukuthi uneminyaka emingaki, futhi akavunyelwe ukuba yingxenye yemisebenzi yabesilisa efana nemihlangano yesizwe. [2]
Isenzo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Isiko lokuqalisa livame ukwenziwa ngasekupheleni kukaJuni / ekuqaleni kukaJulayi noma ngasekupheleni kukaNovemba / ekuqaleni kukaDisemba. [3] Ngesikhathi senqubo yesiko udokotela ohlinzayo wendabuko ( ingcibi ) ngokuhlinzwa ususa ijwabu . Ngemuva kokusikwa, isikhathi sokuhlukaniswa okulandelayo sithatha cishe inyanga eyodwa futhi sehlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili - kepha lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka ezikhathini zanamuhla kanye / noma ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, lapho kuvame ukuhlala okungenani amaviki ama-4.Ngezinsuku eziyi-7 zokuqala abakhwetha bavalelwa eqhugwaneni (bhoma) futhi ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuthile, ngokwesibonelo inyama, kunqunyelwe, kepha lokhu kungahluka njengoba imizi ethile inezinkolelo zayo noma izindlela zokwenza izinto.Amanzi nawo angavinjelwa.Lesi sigaba sigcina ngomkhuba wokukhululwa, lapho kudedelwa khona amatheko okudla, okukhomba ushintsho esigabeni sesibili esihlala amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu.Ngalezi zigaba amathwasa abhekwa yikhankatha (umlindi wendabuko).Ukuphela kwesikhathi sokuzihlukanisa kuqala lapho abafana benxuswa ukuba bagijimele emfuleni bayozigeza, futhi, kuye ngendawo.Kushe iqhugwane (iBhoma) nempahla yamathwasa okubalwa nezingubo zabo.Lokhu kufanekisela ukubukeka kwangaphandle okusha abaqalayo okufanele bakuthathe.Kuyisiko ngisho ukuthi abathwalwayo bagqoke ngendlela ehlelekile isikhathi esithile ngemuva komkhuba.Ithwasa ngalinye lithola ingubo entsha manje selibizwa ngokuthi "ikrwala" (ubunye) okusho ukuthi umuntu omusha noma amakrwala . (ubuningi) (amadoda amasha). [4]Amadoda angaqaliwe abizwa I nkwekwe.
Ukukhathazeka kwezempilo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Okungenani abalethimba angama-969 ashonile ngenxa yezinkinga ezibangelwe yisiko kusukela ngo-1995. Izibalo ezinembile azitholakali ngenani lokunqunywa kwe-penile, kepha kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lazo liphindwe kabili kunenani labashonile. [5]Iningi lokufa kanye nezinkinga kungumphumela wokungakwazi ukusebenza kochwepheshe bendabuko. [3]Lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi ikakhulukazi amaMpondo athinteke kakhulu ngokufa kanye nezinkinga.AmaMpondo enza lesi siko kwaze kwaba yilapho iNkosi uFaku iwenqabela ngawo-1820s ngemuva kokulahlekelwa amadodana akhe amaningi ngenxa yezinkinga.Izikole zokuthwasa ziphinde zavela ngawo-1980 nawo-1990, kanti isiko leli seliqhutshwa ngezinga elikhulu. [6]
NgoJanuwari 2014, uDesmond Tutu wanxusa ubuholi bendabuko nohulumeni ukuba bangenelele, futhi "basebenzise amakhono odokotela abaqeqeshiwe ukuthuthukisa imikhuba yethu yokusoka."Ubuye wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwamasiko alesi siko njengesikhungo semfundo, elungiselela amathwasa "ukuthi anikele ekwakheni umphakathi ongcono wabo bonke." [7]
Ehlobo lonyaka wezi-2019 eNingizimu Afrika, bangu-21 sebebonke abafana abashonile ezikoleni ezihlukene zokusoka esifundeni sonke.Iningi labantu abashonile kuthiwa lingenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kwamanzi.UNgqongqoshe Wezempilo uZweli Mkhize wenze izincomo zokuthi izikole zingabe zisalwenza lolu siko ezinyangeni zasehlobo.
Ukwelashwa[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Izisulu zokusokwa okuhlulekile zibike ukuthi zicabanga ukuzibulala ngenxa yokudangala nokuzizwa zincishwa ubudoda bazo. [8]NgoDisemba 2014, ukufakelwa umthondo okokuqala ngempumelelo emhlabeni kwenziwa iqembu eliholwa nguDkt Andre van der Merwe.Lesi siguli bekuyindoda eneminyaka engu-21 ubudala eyaba yisisulu sezinkinga ngenxa yemikhuba yokuthwasa ezikoleni zokuthwasa ezingekho emthethweni. [8] [9] Ngo-21 Ephreli 2017 ukufakelwa umthondo wesibili kwenziwa iqembu elifanayo lodokotela elaliholwa uDkt Andre van der Merwe endodeni eneminyaka engama-40 eyalahlekelwa ipipi eminyakeni engu-17 ngaphambi kwenqubo. [10] Odokotela bathe ngenxa yezimo ezizungeze izikole zokusoka ezingekho emthethweni, iNingizimu Afrika isibe ngelinye lamazwe anesidingo esikhulu sokufakelwa isitho sangasese sowesilisa.
Ubungqingili[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Amadoda athandana nobulili obufanayo eNingizimu Afrika asathukwa futhi agxekwa yimiphakathi yawo. Isiko le-'Ulwaluko 'ngumkhuba ohlonishwa kakhulu futhi ongcwele wamasiko phakathi kwamaXhosa kanye nabantu abathile abakhuluma isiNguni baseNingizimu Afrika.Kusolwa ukuthi umthelela walo mkhuba ungasongela ukuzethemba kwensizwa eyisitabane, yize kungaphoqelekile ukuthi noma ngubani aye 'ehlathini'.Abanye besilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ababambe iqhaza kulo mkhuba babika ukuthi benza kanjalo ukuze bathole ukuqinisekiswa kobudoda ngokwamasiko, kungashiwo okufanayo ngamadoda angasokile abesilisa nabesifazane.Ezinye izizathu zokuhlanganyela e-Ulwaluko zibandakanya ukufeza isifiso sokuhlangabezana nokulindelwe ngumphakathi kanye nengcindezi evela emndenini 'yokuguqula' ubungqingili ngokusebenzisa inqubo ye-Ulwaluko. [11]IFilm 'The Wound' yaqala ukukhonjiswa kwi-2017 Sundance Film Festival futhi ikhuthazwe yinoveli kaThando Mgqolozana ethi 'Indoda engeyona indoda' [12] egxile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwamadoda athandana nabesilisa abathandana nabesilisa abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ngesikhathi sika 'Ulwaluko'. [13]Abaholi bendabuko bakwaXhosa bagxeke le filimu besithi 'ayihloniphi', 'ibukela phansi isiko lamaXhosa' njengoba ikhombisa amasiko afihliwe. Empeleni akuvezi lutho ngabantu abangamaXhosa. [14] Le filimu iqhathaniswe ne- Moonlight ewine i-Oscar.Umkhuba we-'ulwaluko 'uphinde ulawulwe yimithetho eminingana ukukhuthaza ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwamathwasa angaphansi kweminyaka eye aba yisisulu semikhuba engahlanzekile ezikoleni zokusoka ezingekho emthethweni, le mithetho ifaka noMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika (1996), uMthetho Wezingane ( 2005), Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazinga Ezempilo Ekusokeni Komdabu (2001), kanye noMthetho Wabasebenzi Bezempilo Bendabuko (2004).
Imibono yosuku lwanamuhla[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Izimpikiswano[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Imininingwane yesiko akufanele idalulwe kwabesifazane noma kwabesilisa abangaqaliwe; ngokwesimiso sokuthi 'okwenzeka ehlathini, kuhlala ehlathini', ngokusho kweminye imithombo. [15]Ukubandlululwa kwamasiko kungaba kukhulu kangangokuthi amadoda angasokile noma 'angafanelekile' asokiwe ahlaselwa futhi ashaywe ngenxa yokungahambisani nawo, akucaci ukuhambisana nalokho noma isixhumanisi senkambiso yesikhashana uqobo. [3]NgoMashi 2014 insizwa yahlaselwa ngemuva kokuba ikhulume ngesikhathi somhlangano womphakathi ngezinkinga eyazibamba ngalesi siko. [16]
zinkomba[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
- ↑ Hunter, M. (1979). Reaction to conquest: effects of contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa (First abridged edition). Cape Town: David Philip.
- ↑ Kwekudee (2013). Xhosa people: South Africa's ancient people with unique traditional and cultural heritage. Blogspot.com. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Meintjes, G. (1998). Manhood at a price: socio-medical perspectives on Xhosa Traditional Circumcision. Grahamstown: Rhodes University.
- ↑ Papu, J., Verster, P. (2006). A biblical, cultural and missiological critique of traditional circumcision among Xhosa-speaking Christians. Acta Theologica 2:178–198.
- ↑ Rijken, D.J. (2014). Description of the problems accompanying the ritual of Ulwaluko Archived 2021-10-03 at the Wayback Machine.. Ulwaluko.co.za. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ Bank, L. Between boys and men in Pondoland Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.. Fort Hare Institute of Social and Economic Research. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ SAPA (9 January 2014). Intervene to stop initiation problems: Tutu Archived 2017-09-13 at the Wayback Machine.. SABC. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 The South African Medical Journal. Volume 105 nr 4. Cape Town. April 2015.
- ↑ Netto, Joseph (13 March 2015). "Doctors claim first successful penis transplant". CNN. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
- ↑ Joshua Carstens (22 May 2017). "SEE: SA doctors perform second successful penis transplant". Health24.
- ↑ A.Ntonzini, H Ngqangweni. Culture, Health & Sexuality. An International Journal for Research, Intervention & care. Volume 18, 2016. Issue 11
- ↑ G. Hlongwane, K. Mtshali. Journal of African Identities. Mentoring, masculinity and reparation in Mgqolozana’s A Man Who is Not a Man.Volume 15, 2017 Issue 1.
- ↑ J C. Lyden. The Journal of Religion and Film. Volume 21. Issued 1 April 2017. Article 14
- ↑ S.Mzantsi. The Cape Times. Fury at festival film on Xhosa circumcision. 31 January 2017.
- ↑ Zvomuya, P. (18 July 2009). Tackling the matter head-on. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
- ↑ Malan, M. (25 March 2014). Man severely beaten for speaking out about his penis amputation. Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.