IPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika

Isakhiwo esikhulu sephalamende

iPhalamende laseNingizimu Afrika iyigatsha lesibili embusweni weRiphabuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika. Iqukathwa izindlu ezimbili: iGunga yakaZwelonke noMkhandlu kaZwelonke weziFundazwe. Mayihlangene, iPhalamende iyona yodwa yamagatsha kahulumeni enegunya lokushaya umthetho nokuguqula uMthethosisekelo saseNingizimu Afrika. iGunga yakaZwelonke inegunya lokuqoka nokususa uMengameli nokushaya imithetho yezomali. uMkhandlu kaZwelonke weziFundazwe unegunya lokubhekana nemikhakha eqondane namalungelo wemiphakathi olimi, amasiko namandla ezifundazwe.

Umlando

uMlando wePhalamende usuka ekuhlanganisweni kwamakoloni amane ukwakha uMbumbano waseNingizimu Afrika: iNatali, iKapa yeThemba eLihle, iTransvaal neFuleyistati eliPhuzi. loMbumbano usungulwe numthetho owawubizwa Umthetho waseNingizimu Afrika owashayiwa yiPhalamende yoMbuso oHlangeneyo ngo-1910. Njengoba uMbumbano waseNingizimu Afrika wawungasiyona isizwe esizimele ngokuphelele bokujwayelekile emthethweni wesimanje wezizwe (wawuyisizwe ngaphakathi koMbusokazi wamaBhulitani), iPhalamende yoMbuso oHlangeneyo yayinegunya lokushayela lesisizwe imithetho emikhakheni ethile. Lamakoloni-phenduka-zifundazwe amane wayenezinhlelo noma izindlela ezahlukene zokuvotela amalunga ePhalamende. Ezintatu zalezizifundazwe (iTransvaal, iNatali, neFuleyistate eliPhuzi) zazingavumeli abangasingabeLungu nabesifazane ukuthi bavote. iKapa leThemba eLihle lalivumela abesilisa abanempahla ukuthi bavote kodwa iningi yalabo ababenayo impahla enele ukuvota bebangabeLungu.

Njengoba iningi labantu bezinhlanga ezazingazingabeLungu njengabantu bomdabo, (abantu abantsundu) nabazekamuva bebala (amaKhaladi namaNdiya), wayengavunyelwanga ukuthi avote nokuthi abengamalunga ePhalamende, iPhalamende yayimele abeLunga bodwa noma yayinamandla phezu kwawonke umuntu ebukhoneni bendawo yaseNingizimu Afrika. Lokho kuchaza ukuthi iPhalamende yayigunga lamakolonisti elalishaya umthetho ukulawula nokuphatha abanye iningi lenani labantu: abantu abantsundu.

Ngo-1930, amanxusa amele izizwe zabamhlophe eMbusokazweni wamaBhulitani ahlengene eBalfour, idolobha esiqhingini sikaBhulitani oMkhulu, ukuvumelana mayelana ubudlelwane ngaphakathi kwezizwe zamakolonisti nesizwe sendabuko yabo: iBhulithani. Lapho bakhiqiza isiMemezelo saseBalfour saka-1926 esavula indlela eyadontsela ekushayiweni koMthetho waseWestminster waka-1930. loMthetho waseWestminster unikeze lemibuso yamakolonisti igunya lokuzibusa nokubusa abantu bomdabo nalalbo abazekamuva ezizweni ebebalawula khona, ukuthi bazishayele bona umthetho. Okwakuhlukile kwakungukuthi umthetho ohlela ukuthi ndlulisana kwobukhosi bamaBhulitani bufuna ukuvumelwana ngaphakathi kwamakolonisti nesizwendabuko yabo.

Izinxenye zoMthetho waseWestminster zazihlangisiwe zashayiwa yiPhalamende yaseNingizimu Afrika njengoMthetho weSimo soMbumbano ngo-1934. Ngalolu, yasusa amandla onje asele woMbuso oHlangeneyo ukuthi ulishayele umthetho. Yachitha nesidingo seMvumo yasebuKhosini baseBhulitani ekushayweni kwemithethosivivinywa. Kodwa njengoba iNkosi yaseMbusweni Ohlangeneyo yayigciniwe njengeNkosi yaseNingizimu Afrika, uMbuso-Jikelele njengomeli waleyoNkosi wayenikezwe igunya lokunikeza noma ukuphuca iMvumo yasebuKhosini. Kepha, ngenxa yokuthi uMbusi-Jikelele wayephoqelekile ukuthi ahambisane nembono kaNdunankulu waseNingizimu Afrika, amandla wangempela okuvuma ukuthi yimuphi imithethosivivinywa engena ebuphoqelelweni wayesendlaneni sikaNdunankulu.

LePhalamende yaseNingizimu Afrika, yayinezindlu ezimbili: iSenathi (ubulunga bayo buqukatha labo abakhewe izifundazwe noMbusi-Jikelekele) kanye neNdlu yokuHlangana (eyayivotelwa ngabaMhlophe nabambalwa bezinhlanga ezinye: amaKhaladi eKapa kuphela, njengoba abantu abaNtsundu namaNdiya wayevalelwe ngaphandle). Kusukela u-1930, abesifazane banikezwa ilungelo lokuvota. Kusukela u-1937, abaNtsundu bebamelwe ngamalunga amane eKapa, kanye nelunga elilodwa eNdlini yokuHlangana. Kusukela u-1950, abaMhlophe baseNingizimu-Ntshonalanga Afrika bebakhona ukuthi votela amalunga ayisithupha eNdlini yokuHlanagana namaSenetha amane.

Kusukela u-1957, amaKhaladi wayemelwe amaSenetha namalunga eNdlu yokuHlangana ahlukile. Kusukela u-1960 abantu abaNtsundu bakhishwa ezombusazweni ngokuphelele (bangasanabo abameli futhi bangakwazi ukuvotela amalunga lawo ambalwa). Ukumelwa kwamaKhaladi okwakuncane okusele kwaphela ngo-1967. Lokho kusho ukuthi iPhalemende yayimele abaMhlophe kuphela; lokhu okuncane okwakukhona kwakuphuciwe ebantwini ababagasingabaMhlophe bonke.

Yanya yadl' inja; ngo-1984, abaMhlophe bezama ukuciphisa ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kwabo yizizwe zangaphesheya ngenxa yobandlululo ebantwini abantsundu nokubahlukumeza obebuhambelana nobandlululo lowo, bashaya uMthethosisekelo omusha owabuyisa ilungelo lokuvota emaKhaladini futhi wanikeza amaNdiya igunya lokuvota - kungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambu kwalesosikathi ukuthi bakhone ukuvota. Bashayiwe ngemfe iphindiwe amaKhaladi namaNdiya ngoba ukubandakanywa kwabo ePhalamendeni luphelele ekubanezindlu zabo ezahlukene ezazinganawo amandla okushaya noma ukuvimba imithethosivivinywa. Lokho kusho ukuthi abaMhlopho bazigcinele igunya lokubehlula amaNdiya namaKhaladi umabengavumelani nabo edaben oluthile.

Abantsundu basusa umzabalazo omkhulu, betotitoya futhi besenzisa udlame ukumelana nobubi bombuso wabaMhlophe. Inkohlakalo yabo, nokulahlekelwa kokusingathelwa yizizwe zase-Yurophu nase-Nyakatho Melika ngenxa yokuwa kweMbumbano yamaSoviyethi (njengoba i-ANC yayixhaswa yisona isitha samaMelika esikhulu), ibashiye besele njengamafinyela emhlabeni wonke. Lokho kwephelele ekutheni, kubenokuxoxisana ngaphakathi kwe-ANC namanye amaqembu ehlangothini labantsundu nabanye abangasingabeLungu ne-National Party ehlangothini labeLungu. Kukezizinxoxo kwaphuma ukhetho lokuthi abaMhlophe bavotele ukuthi chitha noma ukuqhubeka ngobandlululo. Ngeningi lamaphesenti angamashumi ayisithupa, abaMhlophe bakhetha ukuchitha ubuso wobandlululo. uMthethosisekelo wesiKhashane waka-1994 washayiwa ukunikeza abantu abantsundu, amakhaladi namaNdiya amalungelo abo abafanele okuvota nokumelwa amalunga afana nabo ePhalamendeni.

Ekhethweni lokuqala lentandoyeningi, i-ANC yaphuma phambili. Amalunga ayo akhetha uNelson Mandela abenguMengameli wokuqala ontsundu.