IPhumezi

IPhumezi (noma I-aphula) yisithelo esiyindilinga, esidliwayo esikhiqizwa isihlahla samaphumezi (i-Malus spp., phakathi kwazo iphumezi lasekhaya noma lesihlahla sesithelo; i-Malus domestica). Izihlahla zamaphumezi zitshalwa emhlabeni wonke futhi ziyizinhlobo ezitshalwa kakhulu zohlobo lwe - Malus. Lo muthi wavela e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho kusatholakala khona ukhokho wawo wasendle, iMalus sieversii. Amaphumezi abelokhu etshalwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka e-Eurasia futhi afakwa eNyakatho Melika ngabaqoneli baseYurophu. Amaphumezi anencazelo engokwenkolo nezinganekwane emasikweni amaningi, kuhlanganise namasiko amaNorse, amaGreki namaKristu aseYurophu.

Amaphumezi akhuliswa ngembewu ngokuvamile ahluke kakhulu kulawo angawomzali wawo, futhi isithelo esivelayo ngokuvamile asibi nazo izici ezifiselekayo. Ngezinhloso zokuhweba, kuhlanganise nokuhlola izitshalo, izinhlobo zamaphumezi zanda ngokufakelwa kwe-clonal emithonjeni. Izihlahla zamaphumezi ezikhule ngaphandle kwezimpande zivame ukuba zinkulu futhi zithela kancane ngemva kokutshala. Izimpande zisetshenziselwa ukulawula ijubane lokukhula nobukhulu besihlahla esivelayo, okuvumela ukuvunwa okulula.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-7 500 zamaphmezi. Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zifuyelwa ukunambitheka nokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokupheka, ukudla okuluhlaza, nokukhiqiza i-cider noma ijusi lephumezi. Izihlahla nezithelo zithambekele ezinkingeni zokhunta, zamagciwane, nezilokazane, ezingalawulwa ngezindlela eziningana eziphilayo nezingaphili. Ngo-2010, i-genome yesithelo yalandelwa njengengxenye yocwaningo lokulawulwa kwezifo nokuzalanisa okukhethiwe ekukhiqizeni amaphumezi.

Ingcaziso

Umuthi wephumezi awukhithiki, futhi ungamamitha mane ukuphakama lapho utshaliwe, okuwenza ube muncane kunalowo okhula endle.^[1]^[2] Lapho utshaliwe, ubungako, ubumo nesilithe samaqabunga kunqunywa izimpande ngendlela othenwa ngayo. Imitho yamaphumezi ivame ukuba nomqhele ondingilizi noqombothile nesikhuphelo samaqabunga esithe khuhle. Amagxolo awo avame ukuba mpunga noma ngwevu samnunwe, Kodwa amagatsha amancane wona aba mtshezi noma abe nsundu futhi Abe buthelezi. amahlumela amancane avame ukumbozwa iziboya ezincinyane, lapho ekhula ziyasuka zonke.^[3]

ukuqhakaza kwephumezi
Umfanekiso womchazasimila

Isithelo

Isithelo siyi- esivuthwa ekupheleni kwehlobo noma Ikwindla. Izithelo zangempela ziyizingosi esiqinile ezingaphakathi emnyombweni wephumezi ezibizwa ama-carpel. Kunama-carpel amahlanu phakathi kwephumezi, kodwa ayavela namathathu. Ingozi ngayinye iqukethe izimbewu ezinmbile noma eyodwa.^[4] Ingxenye edliwayo yakhiwa isamukezo sembali.^[5]

Indlela isithelo sephumezi esivela ngayo embalini

Izimbewu zimise okweqanda noma iganandoda futhi ziba nombala osuka konsundu kuya kosamunwe, futhi zivame ukuba nesidli noma zibe buthuntu.^[6]

Amaphatho

↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "UofGeorgia".
↑ Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). "Malus domestica". Flora of North America. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 27 July 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 909. ISBN 978-1-930723-84-9. OCLC 859541992. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 27 July 2024.
↑ Juniper, Barrie E.; Mabberley, David J. (2006). The Story of the Apple (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-88192-784-9. LCCN 2006011869. OCLC 67383484. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 1 August 2024.
↑ "Fruit glossary". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 August 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Burford, Tom (2013). Apples of North America: 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks (in i-English) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5. LCCN 2012045130. OCLC 819860825.

[UofGeorgia-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "UofGeorgia".

[FNA-2] Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). "Malus domestica". Flora of North America. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 27 July 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Heil_et_al.-3] Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 909. ISBN 978-1-930723-84-9. OCLC 859541992. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 27 July 2024.

[4] Juniper, Barrie E.; Mabberley, David J. (2006). The Story of the Apple (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-88192-784-9. LCCN 2006011869. OCLC 67383484. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 1 August 2024.

[5] "Fruit glossary". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 7 August 2024. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[6] Burford, Tom (2013). Apples of North America: 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks (in i-English) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5. LCCN 2012045130. OCLC 819860825.

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