Imali

Isithombe sesampula sekhadi le-ATM eliqanjiwe. Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yemali yomhlaba ikhona kuphela njengezinombolo zokubalwa kwemali ezidluliswa phakathi kwamakhompyutha wezezimali. Amakhadi epulasitiki ahlukahlukene namanye amadivayisi anika abathengi ngamunye amandla okudlulisela leyo mali ngekhompyutha baye noma babuyele kuma-akhawunti abo asebhange, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imali.

Imali (noma inkece) iyiphi into noma irekhodi aqinisekiswe olwamukelwa njengoba ukukhokhelwa ngoba izimpahla namasevisi kanye ukubuyiswa kwemali of izikweletu, ezifana izintela, ezweni elithile noma izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho umongo.Imisebenzi esemqoka yemali ihlukaniswa njenge: indlela yokushintshanisa, iyunithi ye-akhawunti, isitolo senani futhi kwesinye isikhathi, izinga lokukhokha elihlehlisiwe .Noma iyiphi into noma irekhodi eliqinisekisiwe eligcwalisa le misebenzi lingathathwa njengemali.

Izici

Ukufeza imisebenzi yayo ehlukahlukene, imali kufanele ibe nezakhiwo ezithile:

Ukubonakala : izingxenye zayo ngazinye kufanele zikwazi ukufaka ngokuvumelana (okungukuthi, ukushintshana).
Ukuqina : uyakwazi ukumelana nokusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa: kuhlukaniswa ngamayunithi amancane.
Ukuphatheka: kuthwalwa kalula futhi kuthuthwe.
Ukwaziwa: inani layo kufanele likhonjwe kalula.
Ukushoda: ukutholakala kwayo ekusakazeni kufanele kukhawulelwe.

Ukunikezwa kwemali

Ukudalwa kwemali

Kuzinhlelo zamanje zezomnotho, imali idalwa ngezinqubo ezimbili:

Ithenda yezomthetho, noma imali encane (M0) yimali eyenziwe yiCentral Bank ngokudweba izinhlamvu zemali nokuphrinta imali engamaphepha.

Imali yasebhange, noma imali ebanzi (M1 / M2) yimali eyenziwe ngamabhange azimele ngokuqoshwa kwemali mboleko njengamadiphozi amaklayenti abolekayo, ngokuxhaswa okuyingxenye okukhonjiswe isilinganiso semali.Njengamanje, imali yasebhange yenziwa njengemali ye-elektroniki.

Emazweni amaningi, iningi lemali lenziwa kakhulu njenge-M1 / M2 ngamabhange ezentengiselwano enza imalimboleko.Ngokuphikisana neminye imibono eyiphutha ethandwayo, amabhange awasebenzi nje njengabalamuli, abolekisa ngamadiphozithi awagcina kuwo, futhi awancikile emalini yasebhange emaphakathi (M0) ukwenza imali mboleko entsha kanye nemali efakwa.

Ukuthengiswa kwemali emakethe

"Ukuthengiswa kwemali emakethe" kuchaza ukuthi into ingathengiswa kalula kanjani ngenye into, noma ibe yimali efanayo ngaphakathi komnotho.Imali iyimpahla ewuketshezi kakhulu ngoba yaziwa emhlabeni wonke futhi yamukelwa njengemali ejwayelekile.Ngale ndlela, imali inika abathengi inkululeko yokuhweba izimpahla nezinsizakalo kalula ngaphandle kokuhwebelana.

Okokusebenza kwezezimali okungamanzi kuyathengiseka kalula futhi kunezindleko zokuthenga eziphansi.Akufanele kube khona ukusabalalisa (noma okuncane) phakathi kwamanani ukuthenga nokuthengisa ithuluzi elisetshenziswa njengemali.

Izinhlobo

Impahla

Ummeleli

Ngo-1875, isazi sezomnotho saseBrithani uWilliam Stanley Jevons wachaza imali eyayisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi njenge " mali emele ".Imali emele imali equkethe izinhlamvu zemali zamathokheni, imali yamaphepha noma amanye amathokheni aphathekayo njengezitifiketi, angashintshelwa ngokuthembekile ngenani elinqunyiwe lezimpahla ezifana negolide noma isiliva. Inani lemali emele limi maqondana ngqo futhi elingaguquki nempahla elisekelayo, kuyilapho lingelona uqobo lwalo lakhiwa leyo mpahla.

Fiat

Imali ye-Fiat noma imali ye-fiat yimali enenani elingasuselwa kunoma yiliphi inani elingaphakathi noma isiqinisekiso sokuthi lingaguqulwa libe impahla ebalulekile (njengegolide).Esikhundleni salokho, inenani kuphela nge-oda likahulumeni (fiat).Imvamisa, uhulumeni umemezela ukuthi imali ye-fiat (imanothi ejwayelekile kanye nezinhlamvu zemali ezivela ebhange elikhulu, njengeFederal Reserve System e-US) iyithenda elisemthethweni, okwenza kungabi semthethweni ukungayemukeli imali ye-fiat njengendlela yokukhokha zonke izikweletu, yomphakathi neyangasese. ^[1]

Ezinye izinhlamvu zemali ezifana ne- Australian Gold Nugget ne- American Eagle ziyithenda elisemthethweni, kepha, zidayisa ngokususelwa enanini lentengo lokuqukethwe kwensimbi njengempahla, kunenani lobuso bethenda elisemthethweni (okuvamise ukuba yingxenyana encane yabo inani le-bullion). ^[2]

Imali ye-Fiat, uma imelwe ngokomzimba ngendlela yemali (iphepha noma izinhlamvu zemali), ingalimala ngephutha noma icekelwe phansi.Kodwa-ke, imali ye-fiat inenzuzo ngaphezu kwemali emele noma yempahla, ngoba leyo mithetho efanayo eyenze imali ingachaza nemithetho yokuyishintsha uma kwenzeka umonakalo noma umonakalo. Isibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US uzothatha isikhundla seFederal Reserve Notes (imali ye-US fiat) uma okungenani uhhafu wenothi ungakhiwa kabusha, noma uma kungafakazelwa ngenye indlela ukuthi ubhujisiwe. ^[3]Ngokuphambene, imali yempahla elahlekile noma eyonakalisiwe ayinakutholwa.

Imali ehlwezi

Lezi zinto zaholela ekushintsheni kwesitolo senani kuyinsimbi uqobo lwayo: ekuqaleni isiliva, kwase kuthi kokubili isiliva negolide, futhi ngesinye isikhathi kwakukhona nethusi.Manje sinezinhlamvu zemali zethusi nezinye izinsimbi ezingabalulekile njengezinhlamvu zemali. Izinsimbi zazigaywa, zilinganiswe, futhi zifakwe ezinhlamvwini zemali.Lokhu kwakungukuqinisekisa lowo owayethatha uhlamvu lwemali ukuthi wayethola isisindo esithile esaziwayo sensimbi eyigugu.Izinhlamvu zemali zingaba ngumkokotelo, kepha futhi zakha neyunithi entsha ye-akhawunti, esize yaholela ekubhangeni.Isisekelo sika-Archimedes sinikeze isixhumanisi esilandelayo: izinhlamvu zemali manje sezingavivinywa kalula ngesisindo sayo esihle sensimbi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela inani lohlamvu lwemali lalinganqunywa, noma ngabe laliphuciwe, lonakalisiwe noma laphazanyiswa ngenye indlela (bheka iNumismatics ).

Indawo

Incazelo yemali ithi yimali kuphela "ezweni elithile noma kumongo wezenhlalo nezomnotho".Ngokuvamile, imiphakathi isebenzisa kuphela isilinganiso esisodwa senani, esingakhonjwa kumanani ezimpahla ezifakwe kuhlu ezithengiswayo.Kungaba nemidiya eminingi yokushintshisana, engabonwa yilokho okunikezwayo ukuthenga izimpahla ("indlela yokushintshanisa"), njll. .Emazweni amaningi, uhulumeni uthatha isinyathelo sokukhuthaza izinhlobo ezithile zemali, njengokuyidinga intela nokujezisa ukukhwabanisa .

Ezinye izindawo zigcina ezimbili noma zezimali, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni asemngceleni noma ezindaweni ezihamba kakhulu.Izitolo ezikulezi zindawo zingahle zibhale izintengo futhi zamukele inkokhelo ngezimali eziningi.Ngaphandle kwalokho, imali yakwamanye amazwe iphathwa njengempahla yezezimali emakethe yendawo.Imali yakwamanye amazwe ivame ukuthengwa noma ukuthengiswa ezimakethe zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe ngabahambi nabahwebi.

Imiphakathi ingashintsha imali eyisebenzisayo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ukufaka imali esikhundleni.Lokhu kungenzeka ngenhloso, lapho uhulumeni ekhipha imali entsha. Isibonelo, lapho iBrazil isuka e- cruzeiro yaseBrazil iya kwangempela yaseBrazil

Kungenzeka futhi ngokuzenzekelayo, lapho abantu benqaba ukwamukela imali ehlangabezana ne- hyperinflation (noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukhuthazwa uhulumeni).

Financial crimes

Imali mbumbulu yimali yokulingisa ekhiqizwa ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni wombuso noma uhulumeni. Ukukhiqiza noma ukusebenzisa imali mbumbulu wuhlobo lokukhwabanisa noma ukuqola. Ukuqola cishe kudala njengemali uqobo. Kuye kwatholakala amakhophi ama-plate aziwa ngokuthi ama-Fourrées ezinhlamvini zemali zaseLydia okucatshangwa ukuthi aphakathi kwezinhlamvu zemali zokuqala zasentshonalanga.^[4] Ngokomlando izinto okwakunzima ukuzenza (isib. amagobolondo, amatshe angavamile, izinsimbi eziyigugu) zazivame ukukhethwa njengemali.^[5] Ngaphambi kokwethula imali yephepha, indlela evame kakhulu yokwenza amanga yayihlanganisa ukuxuba izinsimbi eziyisisekelo negolide noma isiliva elihlanzekile. Uhlobo lokwenza izinto mbumbulu ukukhiqizwa kwamaphepha ngabenzi bezincwadi ezingokomthetho ngokusabela eziqondisweni zokukhwabanisa. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, anaNazi enza ama-pound aseBrithani nama-dollar aseMelika.^[6]^[7] Namuhla amanye amaphepha omgunyathi amahle kakhulu abizwa ngokuthi Ama-superdollars ngenxa yekhwalithi yawo ephakeme nokufana ne-dollar langempela lase-US. Kube nokwenziwa kwamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali ze-I-Euro kusukela ekumisweni kwemali ngo-2002 kodwa ngaphansi kakhulu kwe-dollar lase-US.^[8]

↑ Black, Henry Campbell (1910). A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions Of The Terms And Phrases Of American And English Jurisprudence, Ancient And Modern, p. 494. West Publishing Co. Black’s Law Dictionary defines the word "fiat" to mean "a short order or warrant of a Judge or magistrate directing some act to be done; an authority issuing from some competent source for the doing of some legal act"
↑ usmiNT.gov Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July-18-09.
↑ Shredded & Mutilated: Mutilated Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
↑ "A Case for the World's Oldest Coin". Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 January 2013.
↑ Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier; Rey, Hélène; Sauzet, Maxime (2019). "The International Monetary and Financial System". Annual Review of Economics (in i-English). 11 (1): 859–893. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053518. ISSN 1941-1383. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
↑ "Operation Bernhard". www.bankofengland.co.uk (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2025-10-14. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-10-25.
↑ Giesener, Jeffrey (2021-04-06). "When Nazis Tried to Wreck U.S., British Economies | Jewish Website" (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2021-09-19. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-10-25.
↑ "Counterfeiting statistics for several currencies". Itsamoneything.com. 2012-06-09. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2014-09-21. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[BlackHenry-1] Black, Henry Campbell (1910). A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions Of The Terms And Phrases Of American And English Jurisprudence, Ancient And Modern, p. 494. West Publishing Co. Black’s Law Dictionary defines the word "fiat" to mean "a short order or warrant of a Judge or magistrate directing some act to be done; an authority issuing from some competent source for the doing of some legal act"

[usmint.gov-2] usmiNT.gov Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved July-18-09.

[3] Shredded & Mutilated: Mutilated Currency, Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved 2007-05-09.

[4] "A Case for the World's Oldest Coin". Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 29 January 2013.

[5] Gourinchas, Pierre-Olivier; Rey, Hélène; Sauzet, Maxime (2019). "The International Monetary and Financial System". Annual Review of Economics (in i-English). 11 (1): 859–893. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053518. ISSN 1941-1383. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

[6] "Operation Bernhard". www.bankofengland.co.uk (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2025-10-14. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-10-25.

[7] Giesener, Jeffrey (2021-04-06). "When Nazis Tried to Wreck U.S., British Economies | Jewish Website" (in i-English). Archived from the original on 2021-09-19. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2025-10-25.

[autogenerated1-8] "Counterfeiting statistics for several currencies". Itsamoneything.com. 2012-06-09. Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 2014-09-21. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

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