Iphrezentheshini (ukuhlaziywa kwemibhalo nomlando)
Ekuhlaziyeni kwemibhalo nomlando, iphrezentheshini wukuhlaziya kokwethulwa kwemibono yanamuhla kanye nemibono emifanekisweni noma ekuchazeni isikhathi esedlule. Ezinye izazi-mlando zanamuhla zifuna ukugwema iphrezentheshini emsebenzini wazo ngoba zikuthatha njengohlobo lokuchema kwamasiko, futhi zikholelwa ukuthi kudala ukuqonda okuhlanekezelwe kwesihloko sabo. Umkhuba wesimanjemanje abanye bawubheka njengephutha elivamile lapho bebhala mayelana nesikhathi esedlule.
I- Oxford English Dictionary inikezela ngengcaphuno yokuqala yephrezentheshini ngomqondo wayo we-historiographic kusuka ngo-1916, futhi igama kungenzeka ukuthi lasetshenziswa kule ncazelo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1870s. Isazi-mlando uDavid Hackett Fischer sikhomba i-presentism njengenkohliso eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-fallacy of nunc pro tunc ". Ubhale ukuthi "isibonelo sakudala" se-presentism kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi " umlando we-Whig ", lapho izazi-mlando zaseBrithani ezithile zekhulu le-18 nele-19 zabhala umlando ngendlela eyasebenzisa okwedlule ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinkolelo zabo zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhumusha bekungokwamanje ngoba bekungavezi isikhathi esedlule ngomongo womlando ohlosiwe kodwa kunalokho kubukwe umlando kuphela ngeso lengqondo lezinkolelo ze-Contemporary Whig. Kulolu hlobo lwendlela, olugcizelela ukubaluleka komlando kuze kube manje, izinto ezingabonakali zibalulekile zithola ukunakwa okuncane, okuholela ekubonisweni okudukisayo kwesikhathi esedlule. "I-whig history" noma "whiggishness" ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengamagama afanayo ephrezentheshini ikakhulukazi uma ukuvezwa komlando okukhulunywa ngakho kuyi- teleological noma ukunqoba. [2]
Ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Iphrezentheshini inomlando omfushane ekuhlaziyeni kwezenhlalo, lapho isetshenziswe khona ukuchaza abanquma bezobuchwepheshe abahumusha ushintsho ekuziphatheni njengokuqala ngokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Isibonelo, izazi ezinjengoFrances Cairncross zamemezela ukuthi I-inthanethi iholele "ekufeni kwebanga", kodwa ubudlelwano obuningi bomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano obuningi bebhizinisi bebudlulele kanye namazwekazi iminyaka eminingi. [1]
Izahlulelo zokuziphatha[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Ukwethulwa nakho kuyisici embuzweni oyinkinga womlando nezahlulelo zokuziphatha . Phakathi kwezazi-mlando, umbono we-orthodox ungase ube ukuthi ukufunda imibono yesimanje yokuziphatha esikhathini esidlule kuwukwenza iphutha lesimo samanje. Ukuze kugwenywe lokhu, izazi-mlando zimane zichaze okwenzekile futhi zizame ukugwema ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhipha isahlulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubhala umlando mayelana nobugqila enkathini lapho umkhuba wamukelwa kabanzi, ukuvumela lelo qiniso lithonye isahlulelo mayelana neqembu noma umuntu kungaba umuntu okhona ngakho kufanele kugwenywe.
Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi ukugwema iphrezentheshini ezindabeni ezinjengobugqila kufana nokugunyazwa kwemibono yamaqembu abusayo, kulokhu, abanikazi bezigqila, njengalabo ababephikisana nabo ngaleso sikhathi. U-Lawson uthi: Isibonelo, ngokuphathelene nobugqila nobuhlanga, izazi-mlando, ezithonywe yimanje, zithole idatha entsha ngokuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nezindaba zobuhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, bathole imibono nokuziphatha phakathi kwezigqila ezingqubuzana nemilando emidala eshiwo ngokuyinhloko ngombono wabaphathi bezigqila. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphikiswa okwamukelwa abantu abagqilaziwe, ababemelene nobugqila ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, kuhlanganise namaQuaker nama-abolitionists, baphikisana ngezizathu zokuziphatha zokugqilazwa kwabantu base-Afrika.
Abagxeki baqhubeka bephendula ngokuthi ukugwema izahlulelo zokuziphatha kuwukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha . Ezinye izazi-mlando zenkolo zithi isimilo asiphelelwa yisikhathi, njengoba sasungulwa nguNkulunkulu; bathi akuyona i-anachronistic ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi esikhathini esidlule. (Ngalo mbono, nakuba okungaphezulu kungashintsha, ukuziphatha akushintshi. )
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zenkolo kuye kwahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Augustine waseHippo ukholelwa ukuthi kunezimiso zokuziphatha ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, kodwa ugomela ngokuthi imikhuba ethile ( njengesithembu ) yayamukeleka esikhathini esidlule ngoba yayiyisiko kodwa manje ayisamukeleki.
UFischer, yena, ubhala ukuthi nakuba izazi-mlando zingase zingakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugwema ukukhohlisa ngokuphelele, kufanele okungenani zizame ukuqaphela ukuchema kwazo futhi zibhale umlando ngendlela yokuthi zingadali umfanekiso ohlanekezelwe wesikhathi esidlule. [2]
Abagxeki be-Conservative baye baveza inkambiso ebheke ekuphikisweni kwesimanje kusayensi yomlando yesimanje njengokubonisa ukubusa okukhulayo kwezimo zengqondo " zokuvuka " emphakathini obanzi.
Izithenjwa[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
- ↑ Wellman, Barry (June 2001). "Physical Place and Cyber Place: The Rise of Networked Individualism". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25 (2): 227–52. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00309.