Izaqathe

I- qhathe (i- Daucus carota subsp. Sativus ) iyimifino yezimpande, ejwayelekile ngombala wewolintshi, yize kukhona ama-cultivars ansomi, amnyama, abomvu, amhlophe, wonke amafomu asekhaya isanqante yasendle, iDaucus carota, edabuka eYurophu naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia.Lesi sitshalo kungenzeka ukuthi sasivela ePersia futhi ekuqaleni sasitshalwa ngenxa yamaqabunga aso nembewu.Ingxenye yesitshalo edliwa kakhulu yi- taproot, yize iziqu namaqabunga nakho kudliwa.Isanqante yasekhaya sikhethelwe ngokukhetha ngenxa yempande yaso ekhuliswe kakhulu, enambitheka kalula, engaphansi enezinkuni.

I-carrot isitshalo esivela kabili emndenini we-umbellifer, i- Apiaceae.Ekuqaleni, ikhula nge- rosette yamaqabunga ngenkathi yakha i-taproot ekhulisiwe.Izinhlobo ezikhula ngokushesha zivuthwa ezinyangeni ezintathu (izinsuku ezingama-90) zokuhlwanyela imbewu, kuyilapho izilimo ezikhula kancane zidinga inyanga ende (izinsuku eziyi-120).Izimpande ziqukethe inani eliphezulu le- alpha- ne- beta-carotene, futhi ziwumthombo omuhle kavithamini K novithamini B6 .

I-United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ibika ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ezweni izaqathe kanye turnips (lezi zitshalo ehlangana nge FAO) I-2018 kwaba 40 million wamathani, nge 45% wezindleko izwe likhule ngo China . Izaqathi kabanzi okuhlukahlukene abaningi, ikakhulukazi ukulungiselela salads, futhi isanqante salads Uyi isiko e okuhlukahlukene eziningi lesifunda.

Umdwebo obhalwe ukuthi "ingadi" isanqante kusuka kuJuliana Anicia Codex, ikhulu lesi-6 AD ikhophi yaseConstantinopolitan yeDioscorides 'yekhulu lokuqala le- Greek pharmacopoeia. Ikhasi elibheke ukuthi "impande ingaphekwa futhi idliwe."

Incazelo

I-Daucus carota isitshalo esivela kabili .Ngonyaka wokuqala, layo rosette ka amahlamvu ukhiqiza esiningi ushukela, okuyinto zigcinwa Taproot ukuze lunikeze amandla isitshalo ukuze imbali ngonyaka wesibili.

Izithombo ngemuva nje kokuhluma

Iningi le-taproot liqukethe i- pulpy cortex yangaphandle ( phloem ) nengaphakathi langaphakathi ( xylem ). Izaqathe ezisezingeni eliphakeme zinesilinganiso esikhulu se-cortex ngokuqhathaniswa nengqikithi.Yize isanqante engenaso i-xylem ngokuphelele ingenakwenzeka, amanye ama-cultivars anezinhlamvu ezincane nezinemibala ejulile; i-taproot ingabonakala ingenawo umnyombo lapho umbala we-cortex nengqikithi kufana ngamandla.Ama-taproots ngokuvamile amade futhi ayindilinga, yize kukhona izinhlobo zezilimo eziyindilinga nezicishe zibe yindilinga.Ububanzi bezimpande bungaqala kusuka ku-1 cm (0.39 in) kuze kufike kokungu- 10 cm (4 in) engxenyeni ebanzi kakhulu.Ubude bezimpande busuka , yize iningi liphakathi.

Ukukhula kwembali kuqala lapho i- meristem eyisicaba iguquka kusuka ekukhiqizeni amaqabunga iye ku-meristem ephakanyisiwe, eyindilinga ekwazi ukukhiqiza ukunwebeka kwesiqu kanye neqoqo lezimbali.Iqoqo liyi- umbel ehlangene, futhi i-umbel ngayinye iqukethe ama-umbels amancane amancane (ama-umbellets).Umbele wokuqala (oyinhloko) wenzeka ekugcineni kwesiqu esikhulu sezimbali; ama-umbels amancane wesibili akhula kusuka egatsheni elikhulu, futhi lawa aqhubekela phambili abe ama-umbels wesithathu, wesine, ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi.

Izimbali ziqukethe amacembe amahlanu, ama-stamen amahlanu, ne-calyx ephelele.

Izimbali zishintsha ubulili ekukhuleni kwazo, ngakho-ke ama-stamens adedela impova yawo ngaphambi kokuba ukucwaswa kwembali efanayo kwamukeleke.Leli lungiselelo liyi-centripetal, okusho ukuthi izimbali ezindala kakhulu ziseduze nonqenqemeni kanti izimbali ezincane kunazo zonke zisenkabeni.Izimbali zivame ukuvula kuqala emaphethelweni angaphandle we-umbel oyinhloko, zilandelwe cishe ngesonto kamuva kuma-umbels wesibili, bese kuthi emasontweni alandelayo kuma-umbels aphezulu.

Isikhathi esivamile sokuqhakaza kwama-umbels ngamanye izinsuku eziyi-7 kuya kwezingu-10, ngakho-ke isitshalo singaba senqubeni yokuqhakaza izinsuku ezingama-30-50.Ama-umbels ahlukile nezimbali zezimbali ziheha izinambuzane ezithutha impova.Ngemuva kokuvundiswa futhi ngenkathi imbewu ikhula, ama-umbellet angaphandle we-umbel egoba ngaphakathi abangela ukuma kwe-umbel ukuthi kushintshe kusuka ku-convex kancane noma kube flat flat to concave, futhi lapho i-cupped ifana nesidleke senyoni.

Amaqathi e- Ljubljana Central Market

I-carrot yizinhlobo ze-diploid , futhi inama-chromosomes ayisishiyagalolunye amafushane, anobude obufanayo (2 n = 18). Usayizi we-genome ulinganiselwa kuma-mega base pair angama- 473, okuyinto enkulu ngokuphindwe kane kune- Arabidopsis thaliana, ingxenye yesihlanu yobukhulu be-genome yommbila, futhi icishe ilingane ne-genome yelayisi.

I-Chemistry

Isakhiwo se-β-Carotene. ICarotene ibhekene nombala wewolintshi wezinqathe nezinye izithelo nemifino eminingi.

Ama-Polyacetylenes angatholakala kwimifino ye-Apiaceae enjengezaqathe lapho akhombisa khona imisebenzi ye- cytotoxic.I-Falcarinol ne- falcarindiol (i- cis -heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyne-3,8-diol) yizinhlanganisela ezinjalo.Le nhlanganisela yokugcina ikhombisa imisebenzi yokulwa nokubulala i-Mycocentrospora acerina neCladosporium cladosporioides.I-Falcarindiol iyinhlanganisela eyinhloko ebhekene nomunyu kuzinqathe.

Amanye amakhemikhali afana ne- pyrrolidine (akhona emaqabungeni), 6-hydroxymellein, 6-methoxymellein, eugenin, 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde ( gazarin ) noma (Z) -3-acetoxy-heptadeca-1, 9-diene-4,6-diin-8-ol ( falcarindiol 3-acetate ) nayo ingatholakala kusanqante. 

Ukulima

Abasebenzi bavuna izaqathe, e- Imperial Valley, eCalifornia, ngo-1948

Izaqathe zitshalwa kusuka enzalweni futhi kungathatha izinyanga ezine (izinsuku eziyi-120) ukuvuthwa, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zezilimo zikhula zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-70 kuya kwezingama-80 ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele.Zikhula kahle elangeni eligcwele kepha zibekezelela umthunzi othile.Izinga lokushisa elikhulu.Umhlabathi olungile ujulile, uvulekile futhi ukhishwa kahle, unesihlabathi noma u-loamy, une- pH engu-6.3 kuye ku-6.8.

Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi ngoba isivuno sidinga amazinga aphansi e-nitrogen, phosphate elinganiselayo kanye ne-potash ephezulu. Inhlabathi ecebile noma enamadwala kufanele igwenywe, ngoba lokhu kuzodala ukuthi izimpande zibe nezinwele futhi / noma zishintshe ukubumbeka.Ukunisela kuyasetshenziswa lapho kunesidingo ukugcina inhlabathi imanzi.Ngemuva kokuhluma, isivuno sigcina sincishisiwe kube yisikhala kanye nokhula ukuvimbela ukuncintisana ngaphansi kwenhlabathi.

Amasimu

Imbewu yesanqante

Imbewu yeDaucus carota subsp. maximus - MHNT

Izilimo zikakherothi zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi, izaqathe zasempumalanga kanye nezaqathe zasentshonalanga.Izinhlobo eziningi zezilimo ezintsha zenzelwe izici ezithile.

Izaqathe "zaseMpumalanga" (okuyinkomba yezwekazi laseYurophu nelaseMelika) zafuywa ePersia (mhlawumbe emazweni aseIran nase- Afghanistan yanamuhla eNtshonalanga Asia) ngekhulu le-10, noma ngaphambili.Izinhlobo zekherothi "empumalanga" ezisaphila kuze kube namuhla zivame ukuba nsomi noma ziphuzi, futhi zivame ukuba nezimpande ezinamagatsha.Umbala onsomi ovamile kulezi izaqathe uvela kumbala we- anthocyanin.

I-carrot esentshonalanga yavela eNetherlands ngekhulu le-17.Kunenkolelo edumile yokuthi umbala wayo osawolintshi okwenza uthandwe kulawo mazwe njengesibonakaliso seNdlu ye-Orange kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko yamaDashi, yize buncane ubufakazi balokhu.Umbala wewolintshi uvela kuma- carotenes amaningi kulezi zinhlobo.

Izinhlobo zezinhlayiya zaseNtshonalanga zivame ukuhlukaniswa ngezimpande zazo. Izinhlobo ezine ezijwayelekile yilezi:

• Izaqathi zeChantenay. Yize izimpande zimfushane kunamanye ama-cultivars, zinamahlamvu amakhulu kanye ne-girth enkulu, zibanzi emahlombe futhi ziqonde ngasemthonjeni ocijile, oyindilinga.Zigcina kahle, zinengqamuzana enemibala ephaphathekile futhi zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukucubungula.Izilimo zifaka phakathi 'iCarson Hybrid' ne 'Red Cored Chantenay'.
• Izaqathe zeDanvers.Lezi zinamahlamvu aqinile futhi izimpande zinde kunezinhlobo zeChantenay, futhi zinesimo esiyindilinga esinehlombe elichazwe kahle, sithinta iphuzu.Imifushane ngandlela thile kunezilimo ze-Imperator, kepha iyabekezelela izimo zenhlabathi ezisindayo.Izinhlobo zeDanvers zigcina kahle futhi zisetshenziswa zombili zihlanzekile futhi zicutshungulwa.Zakhiwa ngo-1871 eDanvers, eMassachusetts . Izilimo zifaka phakathi 'iDanvers Half Long' ne 'Danvers 126'.
• Izaqathi ze-Imperator.Lesi silimo sinamahlamvu amakhulu, sinokuqukethwe okunoshukela omningi, futhi sinezimpande ezinde nezincane, ezingena esicongweni esicijile.Izinhlobo ze-impperator yizo ezitshalwa kakhulu ngabalimi bezohwebo.Izinhlobo zokutshala zifaka phakathi 'i-Imperator 58' ne 'Sugarsnax Hybrid'.
• Izaqathe zaseNantes.Lawa anamahlamvu amancane, ayindilinga, amafushane anethiphu ebuthuntu kunezinhlobo ze-Imperator, futhi athola isivuno esikhulu ezimeni ezahlukahlukene.Isikhumba sonakele kalula kanti nengaphakathi limbozwe kakhulu.Ane-brittle, aphezulu ushukela futhi agcina kahle ngaphansi kunezinye izinhlobo.Izinhlobo zezilimo zifaka phakathi 'iNelson Hybrid', 'Scarlet Nantes' kanye ne 'Sweetness Hybrid'.

Izinhlelo zokuzalela izaqathi zisungule imihlanganisela emisha ukuze ibe nenani eliminyene lezingulube ezakhiwe ngamakhemikhali ezizinzile ezinamakhemikhali, njenge- anthocyanins, enothisa umbala wesanqante ngokuya ngobuningi nezinhlobo ze-anthocyanin ukukhiqiza imibala ehlukene yesanqante. Olunye uhlobo lwembewu luswele i-pigment ejwayelekile yewolintshi ngenxa ye-carotene, ngenxa yombala wayo omhlophe kofuzo oluphindaphindwayo lwe-tocopherol (uvithamini E), kepha lesi silimo kanye nezaqathe zasendle azinikezi inani elibalulekile lokudla okunempilo likavithamini E.

Ukukhiqizwa

Ukukhiqizwa kherothi (notheniphu) ngo-2018

Izwe	Ukukhiqizwa (izigidi zamathani )
China</img>China	17.9
</img> I-Uzbekistan	2.2
United States</img>United States	1.5
Russia</img>Russia	1.4
</img> I-Ukraine	0.8
Umhlaba	40
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations

Isitoreji

Izaqathe zingagcinwa izinyanga ezimbalwa esiqandisini noma ngaphezu kobusika endaweni enomswakama, epholile.Ukugcina isikhathi eside, izaqathe ezingageziwe zingabekwa ebhakedeni phakathi kwezingqimba zesihlabathi, ingxube yesihlabathi engu-50/50 nesihlabathi, noma enhlabathini.Ibanga lokushisa kuhamba phambili.

Ukusetshenziswa

Izaqathe ezinemibala ehlukahlukene

Izaqathe zingadliwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.Amaphesenti ama-3 kuphela e- β-carotene akweziqathe ezingavuthiwe akhishwa ngesikhathi sokugaya: lokhu kungathuthukiselwa ku-39% ngokugaya, ukupheka kanye nokungeza uwoyela wokupheka.Ngenye indlela ingaqunywa futhi ibiliswe, ithosiwe noma iphekwe nge-steamed, futhi iphekwe ngesobho kanye nesitshulu, kanye nokudla kwezingane nezilwane ezifuywayo.Isitsha esaziwayo yi- carrots julienne.Ngokubambisana no- anyanisi nesilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, izaqathe zingenye yemifino eyinhloko esetshenziselwa i- mirepoix yokwenza imihluzi ehlukahlukene.

ENdiya izaqathe zisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, njengamasaladi noma njengemifino efakwa elayisi elibabayo noma ezitsheni zedal.Ukuhluka okuthandwayo enyakatho ye-India yi- Gajar Ka Halwa carrot dessert, enezinqathe ezigayiwe futhi eziphekwe obisini kuze kube yilapho yonke ingxube iqinile, ngemuva kwalokho kufakwa amantongomane nebhotela.Amasaladi wesanqante avame ukwenziwa ngoqathe abagayiwe ngesinongo sembewu yesinaphi kanye nopelepele oluhlaza ovele emafutheni ashisayo.Izaqathi kungaba futhi ukuncishiselwa izicezu bese yengezwa irayisi, kungaba yingxenye isidlo okuxubile eyosiwe imifino noma kungenziwa ezihlangene tamarind ukuze ukwakheka chutney.

Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, izaqathe zezingane noma ama-mini-carrot (izaqathe ezihlutshiwe futhi zasikwa zaba ngamasilinda afanayo) bekuyinto ethandwayo yokudla okulungele ukudliwa etholakala ezitolo ezinkulu eziningi.Ama- carrot ahlanjululwa futhi asetshenziswa njengokudla kwezingane, aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni ukwenza ama-chips, ama-flakes, ne-powder, futhi asikiwe kancane futhi athosiwe ajulile, njengama- chips amazambane.

Ubumnandi bezaqathe buvumela ukuthi imifino isetshenziswe kwezinye izindima ezifana nezithelo.Izaqathe ezigayiwe zisetshenziswa kumakhekhe esanqante, kanye nakaphudingi, isitsha sesiNgisi okucatshangwa ukuthi saqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.Izaqathe zingasetshenziswa zodwa noma zixutshwe nezithelo emijamu kanye nasekulondolozeni.Ijusi leSanqante libuye limakazwe kabanzi, ikakhulukazi njengesiphuzo sezempilo, kungaba yizimele noma lihlanganiswe namajusi akhishwe ezithelweni nakweminye imifino.

Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile isikhathi eside kungaholela ku- carotenemia, ukushintsha kombala okuphuzi okusawolintshi kwesikhumba okubangelwe ukwakheka kwe-carotenoids.

Ukudla okunomsoco

Izaqathe ezingamanzi zingama-88% wamanzi, ama-carbohydrate ayi-9%, amaprotheni angu-0.9%, u-2.8% wefayibha yokudla, u-1% womlotha kanye no-0.2% wamafutha.I-Carrot fiber fiber ihlanganisa kakhulu i- cellulose, enezilinganiso ezincane ze- hemicellulose, i- lignin ne- starch.Ushukela wamahhala kukherothi kufaka phakathi i- sucrose, i- glucose, ne- fructose .

Isanqante ithola isici sayo, umbala o-orenji okhanyayo ku- β-carotene, namanani amancane we- α-carotene, γ-carotene, lutein, ne- zeaxanthin . α- ne-β-carotenes ngokwengxenye zifakwa ku- vitamin A, zinikela ngaphezu kuka-100% we- Daily Value (DV) nge-100 g ngayinye yokukhonza izaqathe (itafula langakwesokudla).Amaqathi nawo awumthombo omuhle kavithamini K (13% DV) novithamini B6 (11% DV), kepha uma kungenjalo anokuqukethwe okulingene kwezinye izakhamzimba ezibalulekile (itafula).

Umbono wasebusuku

I- provitamin A beta-carotene evela kwizinqathe empeleni ayibasizi abantu ukuthi babone ebumnyameni ngaphandle uma behlushwa ukuntuleka kukavithamini A.Le nganekwane kwakuyinkulumo- ze esetshenziswa yiRoyal Air Force ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba ukuchaza ukuthi kungani abashayeli bezindiza babo benze impumelelo empini yasebusuku, kepha empeleni yayisetshenziselwa ukufihla intuthuko kubuchwepheshe be-radar kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamalambu abomvu kuma-panels wezinsimbi.

Noma kunjalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqathe kwakukhuthazwa eBrithani ngaleso sikhathi njengengxenye yomkhankaso we- Dig for Victory.Uhlelo lomsakazo olubizwa ngeThe Kitchen Front lwalukhuthaza abantu ukuthi batshale, bagcine futhi basebenzise izaqathe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zenoveli, kufaka phakathi ukwenza ujamu wesanqante nephayi leWoolton, eliqanjwe ngegama leNkosi uWoolton, uNgqongqoshe Wezokudla.Umphakathi waseBrithani ngesikhathi seWWII wawukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi ukudla izaqathe kuzobasiza ukuthi babone kangcono ebusuku futhi ngo-1942 kwakukhona inqwaba yamathani izaqathe ayi-100,000.