Izilimi
Ulimi
Ulimi luyisimiso sokuxhumana esihlelekile esiqukethe uhlelo lolimi namagama. Kuyindlela eyinhloko abantu abadlulisela ngayo incazelo ngezindlela ezikhulunywayo nezisayiniwe futhi ingadluliselwa ngokubhala. Ulimi lwesintu lubonakala ngokuhlukahlukana kwamasiko nomlando kanye nokuhlukahlukana okuphawulekayo okubonwayo phakathi kwamasiko nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izilimi zabantu zinezici zokukhiqiza nokuthutha okuvumela ukudalwa kwenani elingenamkhawulo lemisho kanye nekhono lokubhekisela ezintweni, izenzakalo, nemibono engekho ngokushesha enkulumweni. Ukusetshenziswa kolimi lomuntu kuncike emphakathini futhi kutholakala ngokufunda.
Ukulinganisela kwenani lezilimi zabantu emhlabeni kuhlukana phakathi kuka-5.000 no-7.000. Ukulinganisela okunembile kuncike ekuhlukaniseni okuzenzakalelayo okumiswe phakathi kwezilimi zezigodi. Izilimi ezingokwemvelo zikhulunywa, zisayini noma zombili nokho, noma yiluphi ulimi lungase lufakwe emithonjeni yesibili kusetshenziswa izinto zokuzwa, zokubona noma zokuthinta ngokwesibonelo, ukubhala, ukushaya ikhwela, ukusayina noma i-Braille. Ngamanye amazwi, ulimi lomuntu luhlukile kodwa ulimi olubhaliwe noma lwesandla luyindlela yokubhala noma ukufaka inkulumo yomuntu engokwemvelo noma izimpawu.
Kuye ngemibono yefilosofi maqondana nencazelo yolimi nencazelo lapho isetshenziswa njengomqondo ovamile, "ulimi" lungabhekisela ekhonweni lokuqonda lokufunda nokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokuxhumana eziyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuchaza iqoqo lemithetho eyakha lezi zinhlelo noma iqoqo lezinkulumo ezingavela kuleyo mithetho. Zonke izilimi zithembele enqubweni ye I-semiosis ukuhlobanisa izimpawu izincazelo ezithile. Izilimi zomlomo ezisetshenziswayo nezithintekayo ziqukethe isimiso sokuphonela esilawula ukuthi izimpawu zisetshenziswa kanjani ukwakha ukulandelana okwaziwa ngokuthi amagama noma kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kwezwi esilawula ukuthi amagama nama-morphemes ahlanganiswa kanjani ukwakha imisho namazwi.
Ulimi kucatshangwa ukuthi luhlukene kancane kancane ezimisweni zokuxhumana zangaphambili ze-primate lapho ama-hominins okuqala ethola ikhono lokwakha inkolelo-mbono yengqondo kanye nenhloso ehlanganyelwe. Lokhu kuthuthuka ngezinye izikhathi kucatshangwa ukuthi kwahambisana nokwanda kwesisindo sobuchopho futhi izazi eziningi zolimi zibona ukwakheka kolimi njengokuziphendukela ekusebenziseni imisebenzi ethile yokuxhumana nezenhlalo. Ulimi lusebenza ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene ebuchosheni bomuntu kodwa ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zikaBrocca noWernicke. Abantu bathola ulimi ngokusebenzisana nabantu besebancane, futhi izingane zivame ukukhuluma ngokushelela lapho zineminyaka engaba mithathu ubudala. Ulimi namasiko kuncike ekuhlanganyeleni. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo kokuxhumana ngokuqinile, ulimi lusetshenziswa emphakathini njengokubonisa ukuthi iqembu lihlukile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ekuzilungiseleleni komphakathi ukuzijabulisa.
Izinkomba
Nicholas Evans & Stephen Levinson (2009) 'The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, 429–492.
Engesser, Sabrina; Ridley, Amanda R.; Townsend, Simon W. (20 July 2017). "Element repetition rates encode functionally dinstinct information in pied babbler 'clucks' and 'purrs'.