Uthimba

Uthimba ngumdlalo woqwembe phakathi kwabadlali ababili. Lomdlalo ubuye ubizwe ngokuthi uthimba lomhlaba ukuze uhlukaniswe kweminye imidlalo ehlobene nawo, efana ne-xiangqi (uthimba lwaseShayina) kanye ne-shogi (uthimba lwaseJaphani). Uhlobo lothimba olukhona manje lwadabuka kwelaseSpaniya naseYurophu eseningizimu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15 emva kokuthubeka kusuka kumdlalo ofanayo kodwa omdala odabuka eNdiya obizwa chaturanga. Namuhla uthimba liwumdlalo onesibunge umhlaba wonke, odlalwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Uthimba umdlalo weqhingasu elingumkhanyango futhi alubandakanyi ukwaziswa okufihliwe. Ludlalwa oqwembeni lothimba olunamagcagcane angama-64 alungiswe okocansi lwemigqa eyisiphohlongo. Lapho uqala, umdlali ngamunye ulawula izinkomo eziyishumi mesithupha: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, imibhosho emibili, abefundisi ababili, izinkweli ezimbili, nezintindili eziyisiphohlongo. Umdlali onezinkomo ezimhlophe nguyena owenza umdiki wokuqala, bese kulandela umdlali wezinkomo ezimfipha. Impokophelo yomdlalo ukuthumba inkosi yomufo, njengoba lapho inkosi ibhekene nohlaselo futhi ingekho indlela yokuohunyuka. Kukhona nezindlela ezimbalwa lapho umdlalo ungaphetha engekho ogobuphondo.

Uthimba oluhleliwe lwaduma ekhulwini lwe-19. Imincintiswano yothimba yanamuhla ilawulwa ezizweni zonke i-FIDE (inhlangano yoThimba yezizwe).

FIDE ^[1]

I-International Chess Federation (FIDE, ngesi-French Fédération Internationale des Échecs) yinhlangano ehlanganisa izinhlangano ze-chess kazwelonke ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezivela emazwenikazi amahlanu. Yasungulwa eParis (eFrance) ngoJulayi 20, 1924, isiqubulo sayo sithi "Gens una Sumus" (SinquMndeni owodwa, ngesiLatini).

I-FIDE inesibopho sokhuhlela imiqhudelwano ye-World Chess (bobubili ubulili, kokubili kwabadala nabancane) kanye nama-Chess Olympiads. Isungula imithetho nemthethonqubo yomdlalo futhi yengamele ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ibala izilinganiso ze-Elo zabadlali futhi ibaklomelise ngezihloko zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlonishwayo.

World Chess Champion

Ngo-1886, amakilabhu amathathu e-chess aseMelika ahlela inselete phakathi kwamakhosi amabili avelele angaleso sikhathi: Wilhelm Steinitz (i-Ostriya) kanye no-Johannes Zukertort (IJalimani). Ukuze bakwenze kwaziwe kabanzi, bamemezela ukuthi owinile wayezomenyezelwa "njengompetha bomhlaba". USteinitz uwinile. Ukusuka lapho, ompetha bakhetha abamelene nabo bese bebeka umdlalo nezimo zezomnotho.

Ngo-1924 i-FIDE yasungulwa futhi yazama ukulawula imiqhudelwano yomhlaba, kodwa imizamo yayo yehluleka lapho ibhekene nentando engenakunqotshwa yabashayi abahlukahlukene. Ngo-1946, ngemva kokushona kuka-Alekhine, i-FIDE yathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu futhi yabeka isisekelo sokukhethwa kwabazokhethwa esihlokweni esasinqenamuntu kanye mendlela okwakuzanqunywa ngayo abaqhudelanayo bakusasa.

1886 - 1894: Wilhelm Steinitz, Austria
1894 - 1921: Emanuel Lasker, Germany
1921 - 1927: José Raúl Capablanca CUBA
1927 - 1935: Alexander Alekhine France
1935 - 1937: Max Euwe Netherlands
1937 - 1946: Alexander Alekhine France
1948 - 1957: Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet Union
1957 - 1958: Vasily Smyslov Soviet Union
1958 - 1960: Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet Union
1960 - 1961: Mikhail Tal Soviet Union
1961 - 1963: Mikhail Botvinnik, Soviet Union
1963 - 1969: Tigran Petrosian, Soviet Union
1969 - 1972: Boris Spassky, Soviet Union
1972 - 1975: Robert Fischer United States
1975 - 1985: Anatoly Karpov Soviet Union
1985 - 1993: Garry Kasparov Soviet Union
1993 - 1999: Anatoly Karpov Russia
1999 - 2000: Aleksandr Khalifman Russia
2000 - 2002: Viswanathan Anand India
2002 - 2004: Ruslan Ponomariov I-Yukreyini
2004 - 2005: Rustam Kasimdzhanov Uzbekistan
2005 - 2006: Veselin Topalov Bulgaria
2006 - 2007: Vladimir Kramnik Russia
2007 - 2013: Viswanathan Anand India
2013 - 2023: Magnus Carlsen Norway
2023 - 2024: Ding Liren China
2024 - ....: Dommaraju Gukesh India

I-chess yokuxhumana

Kuwuhlobo Iwe-chess lapho izimbangi zidlulisela iminyakazo yazo komunye nomunye nge-imeyili. Isikhathi sokuphendula silinganiswa ngezinsuku futhi umdlalo ungahlala izinyanga noma iminyaka.

I-International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF) ^[2] eyasungulwa ngo-1951, iphete ukuhlela ama-Olympiads ayo kanye nama-World Champinships.

World Championships

#	Iminyaka	Umpethal	Izwe
1	1950-1953	Cecil Purdy	Australia	^[3]
2	1956-1959	Viacheslav Ragozin	Soviet Union	^[4]
3	1959-1962	Alberic O'Kelly	Belgium	^[5]
4	1962-1965	Vladimir Zagorovsky	Soviet Union	^[6]
5	1965-1968	Hans Berliner	United States	^[7]
6	1968-1971	Horst Rittner	Germany	^[8]
7	1972-1976	Jacob Estrin	Soviet Union	^[9]
8	1975-1980	Jorn Sloth	Denmark	^[10]
9	1977-1983	Tonu Oim	Estonia	^[11]
10	1978-1984	Vytas Palciauskas	United States	^[12]
11	1983-1989	Fritz Baumbach	Germany	^[13]
12	1984-1991	Grigory Sanakoev	Russia	^[14]
13	1989-1998	Mikhail Umansky	Russia	^[15]
14	1994-2000	Tonu Oim	Estonia	^[16]
15	1996-2002	Gert Timmerman	Netherlands	^[17]
16	1999-2004	Tunc Hamarat	Austria	^[18]
17	2002-2007	Ibar Bern	Norway	^[19]
18	2003-2005	Joop van Oosterom	Netherlands	^[20]
19	2004-2007	Christophe Leotard	France	^[21]
20	2004-2011	Pertti Lehikoinen	Fimland	^[22]
21	2005-2008	Joop van Oosterom	Netherlands	^[23]
22	2007-2010	Aleksandr Dronov	Russia	^[24]
23	2007-2010	Ulrich Stephan	Germany	^[25]
24	2009-2011	Marjan Semri	Slovenia	^[26]
25	2009-2013	Fabio Finocchiaro	Italy	^[27]
26	2010-2014	Ron Langeveld	Netherlands	^[28]
27	2011-2014	Aleksandr Dronov	Russia	^[29]
28	2013-2016	Leonardo Ljubicic	Slovenia	^[30]
29	2015-2018	Aleksandr Dronov	Russia	^[31]
30	2017-2019	Andrey Kochemasov	Russia	^[32]
31	2019-2022	Fabian Stanach Christian Muck Ron Langeveld	Poland Austria Netherlands	^[33]
32	2020-2022	Jon Edwards	United States	^[34]	.

Ama-Olympics e-ICCF

#	Iminyaka	Indondo Yegolide	Indondo Yesiliva	Indondo Yethusi
01.	1949-1952	Hungary	Czechoslovakia	Sweden
02.	1952-1955	Czechoslovakia	Sweden	Germany
03.	1958-1961	Soviet Union	Hungary	Yugoslavia
04.	1962-1964	Soviet Union	Democratic Germany	Sweden
05.	1965-1968	Czechoslovakia	Soviet Union	Federal Germany
06.	1968-1972	Soviet Union	Czechoslovakia	Democratic Germany
07.	1972-1976	Soviet Union	Bulgaria	Great Britain
08.	1977-1982	Soviet Union	Hungary	Great Britain
09.	1982-1987	Great Britain	Federal Germany	Soviet Union
10.	1987-1995	Soviet Union	England	Democratic Germany
11.	1992-1999	Czechoslovakia Germany		Canada Scotland
12.	1998-2004	Germany	Lithuania	Latvia
13.	2004-2009	Germany	Czechia	Poland
14.	2002-2006	Germamy	Lithuania	United States
15.	2006-2009	Norway	Germany	Netherlands
16.	2010-2016	Czechia	Germany	France
17.	2009-2012	Germany	Spain	Italy
18.	2012-2016	Germany	Slovene	Spain
19.	2016-2021	Bulgaria	Germany	Czechia Poland
20.	2016-2019	Germany	Russia	Spain
21.	2020-2023	Germany	Luxemburg	United States

Izithenjwa

[1] FIDE

[2] ICCF

[3] 1°. World Championship

[4] 2°.World Championship

[5] 3°.World Championship

[6] 4°.World Championship

[7] 5°.World Championship

[8] 6°.World Championship

[9] 7° World Championship

[10] 8° World Championship

[11] 9° World Championship

[12] 10° World Championship

[13] 11° World Championship

[14] 12° World Championship

[15] 13° World Championship

[16] 14° World Championship

[17] 15° World Championship

[18] 16° World Championship

[19] 17° World Championship

[20] 18° World Championship

[21] 19° World Championship

[22] 20° World Championship

[23] 21° World Championship

[24] 22° World Championship

[25] 23° World Championship

[26] 24° World Championship

[27] 25° World Championship

[28] 26° World Championship

[29] 27° World Championship

[30] 28° World Championship

[31] 29° World Championship

[32] 30° World Championship

[33] 31° World Championship

[34] 32° World Championship

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FIDE [1]