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Amazuba

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Mayelana Wikipedia

Amazuba (elithi ugesi liyibizomfakela) ayisimongotho sendalo esiyamaniswa nobukhona kanye nomdiki woTho onobuzuba. Amazuba ahlobene nobuwonga, zombili eziyingxenye yesimongotho senzubawonga, njengoba ichazwa izilinganiso zikaMaxwell. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezimongotho ezihlobene namazuba, ezihlanganisa umbani, umzuba (static electric), umsikizo wamazuba (electric discharge), ukuchadameza ngamazuba, phakathi kwezinye.

Ukuba khona komlelesa (electric charge), okungaba okuvumayo (positive) noma okuphikayo (negative), kukhiqiza umzuba (electric field). Umdiki womlelesa wona uluzuba (electric current)  futhi ukhiqiza ubuwonga (magnetic field).

Lapho umlelesa usendaweni engenawo umzuba, kunesiphoqi esizosebenza kuwo. Ubukhulu balesiphoqi sibuthola emthethweni ka-Coulomb. Uma umlelesa udikiza, kusho ukuthi umzuba uzobe wenza umsebenzi kuwo umlelesa. Kanjalo siyakwazi ukukhuluma ngodliki lamazuba (electric potential) endaweni ethile, alingana nomsebenzi owenziwa isenzi esingaphandle ekuthwaleni umuvo womlelesa ovumayo kusuka endaweni ehlofuzile kuya kuleyo ndawo ngaphandle kokuphangisa futhi kulinganiswa ngezivuve (volts).

Amazuba awumnyombo wezinto eziningi zobuchwepheshe banamuhla, njengoba asetshenziswa kulokhu: Amandla wamazuba lapho uluzuba lusetshenziswa khona ukudlakalisa amathuluzi; Kwezezingabuzuba eziphathelene nezintandelo zamazuba ezibandakanya izigcoyi zamazuba eziqebethayo ezifana namathumbu elinya (vacuum tubes), transistors, diodes, nezintandelo ezididiyelwe (integrated circuits), kanye nobuchwepheshe boxhakaxhumano obuyamaniswa nakho.

Isimongotho samazuba sasilokhu sicwaningwa kusuka endulo, nakuba ukuqombola ekuqondeni lowombono kwakulusilili kwaze kwaba semakhulwini e-17 ne-18. Umbono wobuwonga benzuba wathuthukiswa ekhulwini le-19, futhi ekupheleni kwalelo khulu amazuba ayesefakwa ezindaweni zezimboni nezokuhlala osonjiniyela bamazuba. Ukwanda okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bamazuba ngaleso sikhathathi kwaguquka izimboni nomphakathi, okwaba isiphoqi esifuqela phambili INguquko yeziMboni yesibili. Ukusebenziseka kwamazuba ndawozonke okumangazayo kusho ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ezintweni eziningi ezihlanganisa ezokuthutha, ukuchadameza, ukukhanyisa, ukuxhumana, nokucikiza. Isidlakalasi samazuba kuyimanje siwumgogodla womphakathi wezimboni wanamuhla.

Elithi 'amazuba' livela egameni lesiNtu elidala elithi zuba elisho umbani welanga. Kunezilimi ezimbalwa ezisalisebenzisa leli gama lapho zikhuluma ngelanga. Amazuba aziwa ngamandla awo wokukhanyisa, njengoba kunjalo ngombani nelanga. Kusetshenziswe isiqalo sesigaba 9 (ama-) njengoba

A bust of a bearded man with dishevelled hair
uThales, umcwaningi wokuqala owaziwayo wamazuba

Kudala ngaphambi kokuba kube nanoma iluphi ulwazi olukhona ngamazuba, abantu babelumuka ubuzaze bezinhlanzi zamazuba. Imibhalo yaseGibhithe lasendulo eqala ngonyaka wezi-2750 BCE ibhekisela kulezinhlanzi ngokuthi "umbani weNayili", futhi izichazisa ngokuthi "abavikeli" bezinye izinhlanzi. Izinhlanzi zamazuba zaphinde zabikwa ngemuva kwenkulungwaneni yeminyaka ngabosomvelo nabelaphi baseGrisi, eRoma nase-Arabiya. Ababhali basendulo abambalwa, abafana no-Pliny oMdala no-Scribonius Largus, bafakazela uzenzane lwamazuba oluba khona emva kokuzazwa izinhlanzi zamazuba nayizinzaza, futhi babenolwazi lokuthi ubuzaze obunjalo bungahamba ngezinto ezibuhambisayo. Iziguli ezinezigulo ezifana ne-gout noma ikhanda elinkenkethayo zzaziqobdiswa ukuba ziyothinta izinhlanzi zamazuba ngethemba lokuthi inhlukuzo enamandla izozilapha.

Amasiko wasendulo asoLwandle olukhulu iMedithera ayenolwazi lokuthi izinto ezithile, ezifana nezinduku (rods of amber), zazingahlukuhlwa kanye noboya bengobe ukuheha izinto ezilula njengezimpaphe. UThalesi waseMiletu wenza uhide lwezingqaphelo zobuzuba ngonyaka ka+600 BCE, ezamenza wakholwa ukuthi umshikisho wenza umhluzi (amber) ube nobuwonga, okuphambene nezimbiwa ezifana netshewonga (magnetite), elingadingi ukuhlukuhlwa. UThalesi wayegeja ngokukholwa ukuthi umheho wenzeka ngenxa yobuwonga, kodwa kamuva inzululwazi yafakazela ukhongco phakathi kobuwonga namazuba. Ngokombono odala impikiswano, abantu base-Parth kungenzeka babenolwazi lwe-electroplating.

A half-length portrait of a bald, somewhat portly man in a three-piece suit.
uBenjamin Franklin wenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngamazuba ekhulwini le-18, njengoba kwaloba uJoseph Priestley (1767) kwethi History and Present Status of Electricity.

Eminyakeni elandela owe-1600, osonzululwazi uWilliam Gilbert wacwaninga ngamazuba nobuwonga.[1][2] [3] Omunye owacwaninga ngamazuba uMnumzane uIsaac Newton,[4] owaloba amasu encwadini yakhe ethi Opticks]] eyaba yisileke somchachiso wesiohoqi samazuba.[5]

Abanye abacwaningi bahlanganisa u-Otto von Guericke, uRobert Boyle, uStephen Gray kanye noC. F. du Fay.[6] Kamuva ekhulwini le-19, uBenjamin Franklin naye wenza ucwaningo olunzulu ngamazuba, Waze wathengisa nezimpahla zakhe ukuze axhase umsebenzi wakhe ngokwezimali.[7][8][9] [6]

Half-length portrait oil painting of a man in a dark suit
uMichael Faraday, imivubukulo yakhe yabumba isisekelo sobuchwepheshe bokudikiza kwamazuba.

Ngowe-1775, uHugh Williamson wabikela iRoyal Society ngothungethunge lemigcanso ayenza ngobuzaze obuvela enhlanzini ezazayo;[10] Ngowe-1791, uLuigi Galvani, washicilela umvubukulo wakhe wobuwongazuba beziphili, obaveza ukuthi iziNzwa zisebenzisa amazuba ukudlulisa iziyabizo emisipheni.[11][12][6]

Amaphatho

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stewart
  2. ↑ Baigrie, Brian (2007), Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective, Greenwood Press, pp. 7–8, ISBN 978-0-313-33358-3
  3. ↑ Chalmers, Gordon (1937), "The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England", Philosophy of Science 4 (1): 75–95, doi:10.1086/286445
  4. ↑ Sanford, Fernando (1921). "Some Early Theories Regarding Electrical Forces – The Electric Emanation Theory". The Scientific Monthly 12 (6): 544–550. Bibcode 1921SciMo..12..544S. ISSN 0096-3771. https://www.jstor.org/stable/6312.
  5. ↑ Rowlands, Peter (2017). Newton - Innovation And Controversy (in i-English). World Scientific Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 9781786344045.
  6. 1 2 3 Guarnieri, M. (2014), "Electricity in the age of Enlightenment", IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 8 (3): 60–63, doi:10.1109/MIE.2014.2335431
  7. ↑ Srodes, James (2002), Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, Regnery Publishing, pp. 92–94, ISBN 0-89526-163-4, https://archive.org/details/franklinessentia0000srod/page/92. It is uncertain if Franklin personally carried out this experiment, but it is popularly attributed to him.
  8. ↑ Uman, Martin (1987) (PDF), All About Lightning, Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-25237-X, https://archive.org/details/allaboutlightnin0000uman
  9. ↑ Riskin, Jessica (1998), Poor Richard's Leyden Jar: Electricity and economy in Franklinist France, p. 327, archived from the original on 2014-05-12, https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220545/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/poorrichard.pdf, retrieved 2014-05-11
  10. ↑ Williamson, Hugh (1775), "Experiments and observations on the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 65 (65): 94–101, doi:10.1098/rstl.1775.0011, https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/epdf/10.1098/rstl.1775.0011, retrieved 2022-07-16
  11. ↑ Guarnieri, M. (2014), "The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog", IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 8 (4): 59–61, 69, doi:10.1109/MIE.2014.2361237
  12. ↑ Kirby, Richard S. (1990), Engineering in History, Courier Dover Publications, pp. 331–33, ISBN 0-486-26412-2, https://archive.org/details/engineeringinhis0000unse/page/331
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