IsiTsotsitaal
Tsotsitaal ulimi abahumushela kulo ethathwe ezihlukahlukene ngezilimi okuxubile ikakhulu akhulunywa emalokishini of Gauteng isifundazwe (ezifana eSoweto ), kodwa nakwezinye agglomerations wonke eNingizimu Afrika .Tsotsi kuyinto Sesotho, Pedi noma IsiTswana isitsotsi Ligama linye esikhundleni "Thug" noma "isigebengu" noma "uyisigebengu", mhlawumbe kusukela Isenzo "lotsa ho" "alole", ogama incazelo kushintshiwe ezikhathini zanamuhla ukufaka "ukuze con "; noma kusuka empukeni ye -tsetse, njengoba ulimi lwalwaziwa okokuqala njengoFlytaal, yize i- flaai isho nokuthi "okupholile" noma "okuhlakaniphile emgwaqweni".Igama elithi taal ngesiBhunu lisho "ulimi".
I-tsotsitaal yakhelwe phezu kohlelo lolimi olulodwa noma lwezilimi eziningi, lapho amagama angeziwe kusuka kwezinye izilimi noma amagama athile akhiwe umphakathi wezikhulumi engezwa.Kungumsebenzi waphakade wokuxubeka kolimi, wokushintsha ulimi, nowokuqanjwa kwamagama .
Umlando
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]I tsotsitaal mkhuba usuka nomunye ezihlukahlukene eyaziwa ngokuthi Flaaitaal noma Flytaal, bese Tsotsitaal, okuyinto kwaduma ngaphansi kwaleli gama yokugcina elokishini freehold ka eSophiatown, entshonalanga neGoli, ngo-1940 futhi 1950s. I-Tsotsitaal, inhlobonhlobo yoqobo, isuselwa kusiBhunu, lapho ekuqaleni kwanezelwa khona amagama esiTswana, namatemu kamuva avela esiZulwini nakwezinye izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika.I-Tsotsitaal yasakazeka kuqala njengolimi lobugebengu, njengoba yayinamandla okuqinisekisa imfihlo enkulumweni: ekuqaleni kwakuyizigebengu kuphela ezazikuqonda.
Kamuva, njengesibonakaliso esivelele sokuvukela umbuso namaphoyisa awo, futhi njengoba izigelekeqe zazinconywa yintsha eyayizobona kuzo izibonelo zempumelelo, uTsotsitaal waba yintsha nolimi lwasemgwaqweni.Ngaleso sikhathi, yayizwakala ngokukhethekile emakhaya, njengoba isiko lalingavumi ukuthi kusetshenziswe ulimi lwezigelekeqe endlini.Kepha yasheshe yaba uphawu lwamasiko ahlanganisiwe eSophiatown ngokobuhlanga, ngokwesiko nangokwezilimi.ITsotsitaal manje isiyinhlobonhlobo yokufa emalokishini abantu abamnyama, njengoba izikhulumi zayo zingaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70.Kodwa-ke, igcine ngezindlela ezihluke kancane njengolimi lwasejele naphakathi kwemiphakathi yabamnyama abakhuluma isiBhunu.
Kususelwa kuTsotsitaal yoqobo, ibizo elithi tsotsitaal laqala ukubhekisa kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezigelekeqe noma ulimi lomgwaqo eNingizimu Afrika.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka okukodwa ngemuva kwaleli gama kungancika ezilimini empeleni ezikhona endaweni ethile yasemadolobheni lapho kuvela i-tsotsitaal eyodwa.I-tsotsitaal ebaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinsuku eNingizimu Afrika yileso esivela elokishini laseSoweto, ilokishi elikhulu kunawo wonke kanye nendawo ekhombisa ukwakheka kwezilimi ezahlukahlukene kakhulu ezweni.
Ekuqaleni yayaziwa njenge- Iscamtho noma i- Isicamtho (okuvela esiZulwini, kuyinhlanganisela yesiqalo sesigaba 7 sesi- lapha esimele ulimi - bheka ubulili bohlelo lolimi namabizo esiSuthu ; etholakala nge-ukuqamunda [uk'u! amunda], okusho ukuthi “khuluma ngokuzithandela”), kepha manje okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiRingas (kusuka kuma-English ringers, njengoba abantu benza iringi ukuze baxoxe).Amanye amagama zokwelapha ngaphandle kwegazi Isitsoti noma Setsotsi (ulimi Tsotsi ngesiZulu noma Sotho), Sekasi (ulimi elokishini, kusukela Iscamtho izwi Kasi incazelo elokishini, uqobo ethathwe Afrikaans lokasie), noma nje i-ulimi, ulimi.
Kodwa-ke, i-Iscamtho yehluke kakhulu kuneTsotsitaal yasekuqaleni. Kusuka engxoxweni yobugebengu ehlukile eyadalwa ngeminyaka yo-1920 yiqembu lezigelekeqe zaMaLaita futhi laziwa njengoShalambombo.Akususelwa esiBeleni, kepha kuhlelo lolimi lwesiBantu, ikakhulukazi isiZulu nesiSuthu.Izinhlobo ezinzinze esiZulwini kanye nesiSuthu yizo ezisabalele kakhulu eSoweto, kepha umuntu angakha iScamtho ngaphezu kwanoma iluphi uhlelo lolimi lwezilimi zaseBantu zaseNingizimu Afrika, njengesiXhosa, isiTsonga, isiTswana, isiVenda nezinye.Kodwa njengoba isiZulu siwulimi olukhulunywa kakhulu eSoweto, futhi njengoba abeSuthu eSoweto bevame ukuhlanganisa isiSuthu, iSetswana neSepedi kuhlobo olulodwa futhi olulwimi lwesibili oludume kakhulu elokishini, isi-Iscamtho sisetshenziswa kakhulu "ku" Zulu noma "ku" AbeSuthu.
UTsotsitaal ubeyisibonelo eScamtho, ngenxa yesithunzi saseSophiatown.Kodwa intsha yayiyeka ngeminyaka yama-1970, lapho isiBhunu sasingasahlangene namandla ombuso, njengoba sasikade sikhona kuze kube manje, kepha saziwa njengolimi lobandlululo kanye nengcindezelo (ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuvukela eSoweto ngo-1976).Iscamtho yabe isiwulimi olulodwa lwentsha eSoweto.
Isakhiwo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye-Afrikaans imigomo kusukela Tsotsitaal baye balondoloza ubunye e Iscamtho (ezifana niks, vandag, goed, maat, "Daso", "darr", vrou, vriendin, Mooi).Futhi, ukunambitheka kwezikhulumi zeTsotsitaal zokuguqulwa kwamagama, ukuhlanganiswa kolimi nokwakhiwa kwamagama sekudluliselwe kuzikhulumi ze-Iscamtho.Ngakho-ke, ubuciko bolimi luyisici esiyinhloko sezikhulumi zolimi lwesiSowetan.Futhi yize inezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, i-Iscamtho iphatha ubunikazi obubodwa bazo zonke izikhulumi zayo, ezikubona njengokuhlukahluka okukodwa, noma ngabe kuthini.
Lokhu kungenxa yendlela ulimi olusebenza ngayo:kusuka kuhlelo lolimi olulodwa olusebenza njenge-matrix, isikhulumi sengeza amagama avela kwezinye izilimi (kufaka phakathi isiNgisi, isiBhunu, nezilimi ezahlukahlukene zeBantu) noma amagama esi-Iscamtho.Umuntu angakha futhi amagama ngokuguqula akhona noma ngokuqamba amagama amasha ngokuphelele.Ngakho-ke, i-Iscamtho namanye ama-tsotsitaal ahlangabezana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo.Kwesinye isikhathi, amagama amasha enziwe adume abaculi abadumile angasabalala ngokushesha okukhulu futhi afake amanye amagama amadala.
I-Iscamtho neTsotsitaal ziyefana kakhulu ngesimo nasencwadini eyakha ulwazimagama lwazo.Kepha kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa nangenxa yezizathu zezepolitiki, ukusetshenziswa kwesiBhunu njenge-matrix kuyakhishwa e-Iscamtho.Ngenxa ukuthandwa eSoweto entsheni abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika, futhi ngenxa futhi ukubaluleka abaculi eSoweto ezisekelwe e ophambili wobandlululo isiko, kwaito, Iscamtho iye esakaza kwezinye intsha elokishini kuleli zwe, futhi tsotsitaals ezahlukene bebelokhu ahlanganiswe ngezinto ezibonakalayo ze-Iscamtho.Ngakho-ke uhlobo "lokumiswa ngokomthetho" kwama-tsotsitaals azungeze inkambiso ye-Iscamtho kungenzeka lusendleleni.Lokhu ikakhulukazi kuwumphumela wobukhona be-Iscamtho emsakazweni (ngomculo kepha futhi ngoba imisakazo eminingi kazwelonke izinze eSoweto naseGoli), kuthelevishini (ochungechungeni nakwezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa) nakwisiko lekwaito.
Incazelo yomphakathi kaTsotsitaal no-Iscamtho
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Njengolimi lweqembu lezigelekeqe, ekuqaleni uTsotsitaal kwakuwulimi lwabesilisa kuphela.Okufanayo kusebenza ku-Iscamtho.Isikhulumi sowesifazane bese sikhonjwa njengentombi yesigelekeqe noma isifebe.Kwezikhulumi zesilisa nokho, lolu limi lwasheshe lwathola incazelo yokuxega kwedolobha nokuhlakanipha emigwaqweni, futhi ukubazi kahle kwakuwubufakazi bokuthi umuntu wayazi kahle imvelo yasemadolobheni ukuthi angabhekana nayo futhi angesatshiswa.Kodwa-ke, njengoba iTsotsitaal yaba uphawu lwempilo yamasiko eSophiatown (ngaphambi kokuba indawo isuswe izakhamuzi zayo phakathi nawo-1950) yamukelwa ngabesifazane abaningi.Kepha ngabesifazane abazimele nabazethembayo kuphela abebezoba yizikhulumi zeTsotsitaal.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kobugebengu eSoweto cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amane futhi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lentsha yaseSowetan eyabhekana nejele ngenxa yezenzo zobugebengu noma ezepolitiki emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule obandlululo, isimo se-Iscamtho sashintsha: sisuka olimini lomgwaqo, saba ulimi oluyinhloko lwentsha eningi, lwaqala ukukhulunywa emindenini phakathi kwentsha, lwabe seluphakathi kwentsha nabantu abadala.Esikhathini sama-1980s sakamuva, u-Iscamtho wafinyelela ezingeni lolimi lwebele ezinkulungwaneni zentsha yaseSowetan, okusho ukuthi izingane zifunde isi-Iscamtho esibelethweni kubazali bazo kanye nezinye izilimi zomndeni wazo.Namuhla, umehluko phakathi kwe-Iscamtho nesiZulu sasemadolobheni noma abeSuthu basemadolobheni eSoweto uvame ukuba mncane njengoba amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentsha empeleni ekhuluma isi-Iscamtho njengolimi lokuqala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kwangemva kobandlululo kube ukwamukelwa kwe-Iscamtho namanye ama-tsotsitaal yizikhulumi eziningi zesifazane.Ikakhulukazi, amantombazane amaningi aseSoweto ajulile manje anama-Iscamtho njengolunye (izilimi) zawo zomdabu.I-Iscamtho njengophawu lwentsha, ukushelela emadolobheni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezilimi ezehlukene entandweni yeningi yaseNingizimu Afrika (ulimi ngalunye lumelwe e-Iscamtho) seluphenduke ulimi olufanelekile kuzo zombili izikhulumi zesilisa nezesifazane yize kunezindlela ezithile zokuziphatha ezilandelwayo kanye nokubhekelelwa kwezikhulumi zesifazane.Ikakhulu phakathi komphakathi wobungqingili obuncane.I-Iscamtho ivame ukusetshenziswa njengophawu oluqinile lobunikazi, futhi iningi lesbians abasebasha bayayazisa futhi bayisebenzise njengolimi lwabo olukhulu.
Iscamtho futhi sesiphenduke ulimi olusetshenziswa ekushintshaneni nabantu asebekhulile, phambilini abebengacasulwa ukuthi kukhulunywe nabo ngolimi lwatsotsi.Kepha njengoba izikhulumi zomdabu zase-Iscamtho zenqaba ukubandlululwa, bavame ukuphoqelela ulimi lwabo ngokushintshana, futhi bakuthathe njengokuhlonipha njenganoma yikuphi okunye.
Iscamtho kwabezindaba
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ngemuva kokuqedwa kobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1994, ikwaito, eyayivele iyindlela eyaziwayo yomculo eNingizimu Afrika, nabaculi bayo beza bakwamukela ukusetshenziswa kwe-tsotsitaal kokuqukethwe okunomsindo.Ngoba zihlotshaniswa nezigilamkhuba zasemadolobheni kanye ne-subculture yobugebengu, ama-tsotsitaals kanye ne-Iscamtho abonwa ngabaningi njengendlela yaseNingizimu Afrika ye-gangsta slang.Kodwa-ke, lolu limi lungaphezu kwesitsotsi nje, futhi izikhulumi zalo zibizwa ngalo ngokuthi "ulimi lwethu".Ngokufika kwabamnyama abasezingeni eliphakathi kanye nabamnyama eNingizimu Afrika ngemuva kobandlululo kanye nokubaluleka kwegolide emlandweni nasemasikweni aseNingizimu Afrika, izimo zengqondo ezivame kakhulu emculweni wekwaito zifanele igolide emibonweni yempumelelo kanye nengcebo.Ngenxa yesimo sasemadolobheni nesimo sawo, ama-tsotsitaals abe yisibonakaliso sezimo zentsha yabantu baseNingizimu Afrika abampofu abangaphansi kobandlululo eyayingabandlululi kakhulu, eyayithinta kakhulu ukumelwa kwempumelelo kanye nengcebo.
Namuhla, umculo wekwaito osebenzisa i-tsotsitaal futhi ikakhulukazi i-Iscamtho ungezwakala emisakazweni kazwelonke efana ne-YFM (ye-Youth FM).Abanye abaculi abaqavile njengoZola7 bakhuluma Iscamtho uma bevela kwabezindaba (iZola7 ikakhulukazi inohlelo lwayo lweTV olujwayelekile).I-Iscamtho nayo iyasetshenziswa ekukhangiseni, kuyo yonke imikhiqizo ehlose intsha. Ekugcineni, i-Iscamtho isabalale kuthelevishini, ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zentsha ezifana nochungechunge (ikakhulukazi iYizo Yizo ), ama-soapie ( iRhythm City noma iGenerations ) nemibukiso yezokungcebeleka.Ukusuka ngo-2007, kwavulwa isiteshi sethelevishini sendawo e-Orlando West, eSoweto. Sibizwa ngeSowetoTV, lesi siteshi sisebenzisa Iscamtho njengezinye zezilimi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, sihlangene nesiNgisi, isiZulu nesiSotho. Izinhlelo eziningi zentsha zise-Iscamtho kuphela, njengeDlalangeringas (okusho ukuthi “Masikhulume Iscamtho”).
Ngemithombo yezindaba, futhi ngokubheka amandla angokomfanekiso eSoweto ngentsha yasemalokishini amnyama, i-Iscamtho inethonya kwizikhulumi ezisencane zama-tsotsitaal eNingizimu Afrika, futhi abaningi bamukela amagama noma izinkulumo abazithola kuthelevishini noma kwi-kwaito. Ngakho-ke, i-Iscamtho inethonya ngqo futhi ibumba kabusha ama-tsotsitaal endawo.
Imiphakathi yabantu abakhuluma isi-Iscamtho nemiphumela yayo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Kulezi zinsuku eSoweto, mhlawumbe kuze kufike ku-500,000 yentsha ekhuluma isi-Iscamtho njengolimi lwabo olukhulu noma olunye lwezilimi zabo ezinkulu.Abanye babo bakufunde kwasekuzalweni, futhi bazi kahle u-Iscamtho kunezinye izilimi.Njengoba uMthethosisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uhlinzekela ukuthi wonke umuntu afundiswe ngolimi lwakhe, izinkinga zolimi ohlelweni lwezemfundo ziyinkinga ebalulekile eSoweto: izingane ezithathwa yiziphathimandla njengabantu abakhuluma isiZulu noma abeSuthu bafundiswa ngalezo zilimi.Kepha izilimi ezisetshenziswa esikoleni yizona ezijwayelekile.Ngenxa yalokhu, abafundi abaningi babhekana nezinkinga zokuqonda, ngoba abazi ngempela lawo mazinga asezindaweni zasemakhaya.Abanye bangaphuthelwa kufikela kuma-30% wolwazi abalutholayo.Futhi othisha kuze kube manje abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa i-Iscamtho, yize iningi labo likwenza ngokwethukela.
Futhi, inkinga yolimi ohlelweni lokwahlulela ihlushwa ukungabonwa kwe-Iscamtho.Izakhamizi zaseNingizimu Afrika zinelungelo lokuvivinywa ngolimi lwazo, kepha izimo zinikezwa kuphela izilimi eziyi-11 ezisemthethweni zezwe.Ngenxa yalokho, abakhuluma izilimi zokuqala ama-Iscamtho babhekana nokungalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye abantu, njengoba bengazanywa ngolimi okungelona abalwazi kahle kakhulu.Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho bezama ukusebenzisa ulimi “lwabo” enkantolo, kuyaqabukela benethuba lokuxhaswa ngumhumushi olwaziyo lolu limi, njengoba abahumushi beqashwa ngokwazi kwabo ulimi olulodwa noma ngaphezulu kwezingu-11 ezisemthethweni.
Umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuthi okwenzeka emiphakathini ekhuluma isi-Iscamtho kungasebenza nakweminye imiphakathi ekhuluma isiTsotsitaal eNingizimu Afrika, emalokishini abaMnyama kanye nasemalokishini amaKhaladi, lapho abantu abakhuluma isiBhunu benama-tsotsitaal abo.
Kaningi kunalokho, lapho kugujwa emkhakheni wezokuxhumana noma esikhaleni, izikhulumi ze-tsotsi taal zethulwa ngendlela lapho izizukulwane ezindala zesiko elinjalo zingachazwa khona; enobudlova, ekhonondayo futhi engahlaliseki.Lolu hlobo lokuvezwa kwemidiya kuvamise ukusabalalisa umqondo; njengazo zonke izilimi ezikhishwa inyumbazane futhi ezingekho emthethweni; ukuthi alikho noma alikwazi ukuba nezwi lokucabanga, ubuhlakani, uthando noma inhlonipho phakathi kwezikhulumi zalo.Lokhu-ke, kungaba yisizathu nje sokuthi kungani lolu limi lungaziwa yimiphakathi nezikhungo eziningi.Kunezinga elihlukile kakhulu lenhlonipho elihambisana nolimi abaningi abangase bangaluqondi.Lapho isikhulumi esikhuluma naye sikatsotsi sibona sihlangane nomunye; umuzwa ojulile wenhlonipho nokuba ngowakho ungafakazelwa.Igama elithi "ka" lilandelwa yilokho izwe lasentshonalanga ebelivele likubize ngokuthi iqhubu lesibhakela ngokwesiko kwakuyigama elifushanisiwe elichazwe ngokuthi "kasi" elisho ilokishi - okuyinkulumo yokuziqhenya ekhombisa ukuthi umuntu uvelaphi - emalokishini. [1]
- ↑ Hurst, Ellen (2009-09-01). "Tsotsitaal, global culture and local style: identity and recontextualisation in twenty‐first century South African townships". Social Dynamics 35 (2): 244–257. doi:10.1080/02533950903076196. ISSN 0253-3952.