Jump to content

IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika

Hlela izixhumanisi
Mayelana Wikipedia

uMzansi (IsiZulu)
Inkondlo: 
Idolobha elikhulu IGoli[1]
Izilimi isiZulu, IsiXhosa, IsiPedi, IsiSotho, IsiVenda, IsiTsonga, Swati, IsiTswana, IsiNgisi, IsiNdebele ne Sign language
Abantu abAfrika baseningizimu
Government iRiphabhuliki wephalamende womthethosisekelo
 -  Umengameli Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa
 -  Isekela likamengameli Paul Mashatile
 -  Usihlalo weNCOP Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane
 -  Isikhulumi sephalamende Thoko Didiza
Ukwenza
 -  Union 31 ngoNhlaba 1910 
 -  Statute of Westminster 11 ngoZibandlela 1931 
 -  Republic 31 ngoNhlaba 1961 
Ubukhulu
 -  Jikelele 1,221,037 km2 (25)
471,443 sq mi 
Inani labantu
 -  2011[5] ukulinganisa 50,586,757[2][2][3] (24)
 -  2001 uhlolovo 44,819,778[4] 
 -  Ixuku labantu 41.4/km2 
107.2/sq mi
Imali iRandi (RSA)

iNingizimu Afrika (ngokomthetho iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, ngokwesijwayelekile uMzansi), iyilizwe eningizimu le-Afrika. iNingizimu Afrika enemigcele namazwe amahlanu: iButswana neZimbabwe ngasenyakatho, iMozambiki ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga, eSwazini ngasempumalanga, INamibhiya ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga. iNingizimu Afrika izungeze iLesotho. Futhi, inemigu yolwandle emibili: enye elwandlekazini yaseNdiya nenye ngaselwandlekazini ye-Atlantiki ezihlangana eKapa.

Kunokuhluka kwabantu ngokwelimi, kwehlanga nakwenkolo okuningi. Kunezilimi eziyishumi nambili zombuso ngokomthetho: isiZulu, isiNgisi, isiBhunu, isiTswana, isiTsonga, isiVenda, isiSuthu saseNyakatho (esaziwa ngokujwayelekile ngesiPedi) nesiSuthu saseNingizimu, isiNdebele saseNingizimu, isiSwazi, isiXhosa nokuphawula ngezandla. Futhi kunabantu bomdabu abangama-Khoi-San. Kunezinhlanga ezine zabantu: abaNsundu, abeLungu, amaNdiya namaKhaladi (inhlobo yabantu elihlanganisa abantu baseMalaysia, abantubomdabu, nabeLungu). Kukhonzwa izinkolo eziningi njengenkolo yomdabu, ubuKhrestu (elindlula ezinkolo ngenani labalandeli bayo), i-Islamu, isiHindu nesiJuda.

Ezombangazwe zilawulwa nguMthethosisekelo. uMthethosisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayahlonishwa nokuthi bonke abantu baphathwa ngokulingana. uHulumeni unamagatsha amathathu ahlolanayo ukuthi angahluli amanye: isishayamthetho (iPhalamende ekhethwa ngabantu bonke abakhulile), igatsho lokuphatha (uMkhandlu wokuPhatha kaZwelonke), negatsha lobulungiswa (iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo nezinyi izinkantolo). Lelizwe lihlanganisa izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye: iNtshonalanga Kapa, iMpumalanga Kapa, iNyakatho Kapa, eGoli, iFuleyisitata, iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, iLimpopo, kwaZulu-Natali neMpumalanga. Ineziqonga ezintathu: iPitoli, eKapa naseBloemfontein. Idolobha elunkulu kunazonke luseGoli.

Kwasukela iminyaka eyi-100,000 eyandlule, kwakuhlala amaKhoi-Sani ebaphila ngokuzulazula, ukuzingela izinyamazane nokuqoqa izitshalo zasehlathini. Kusukela iminyaka eyi-3000 eyandlule, kwaqala ukufika abantu basePhakathi Afrika abafuyayo, abalimayo, futhi abaqamba izinto ngensimbi. Bafudukele eNingizimu Afrika ngamaqembu alandelanayo. Bahlangana namaKhoi-Sani, baganana, bazalelana izingane. Abazukulu babo yibona ekuthiwa ngabantu abaNsundu ebayikhulu lenani labantu abahlala eNingizimu Afrika namhlanje. Ngo-1664, kwafika abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurobhu (namhlanje baziwa ngokuthi abeLungu).

Bahlasela, bacindezela, futhi bahlukanisa abantu bomdabu ezindaweni ezithile futhi baphuca izizwe zabantu abaNsundu amandla okuzibusa nokuzimela. Futhi, basungula umbuso wobandululo okwehlanga kusukela u-1948 makungena i-National Party embusweni. Ngenxa yomzabalazo oludonswe phambili nge-African National Congress namanye amaqembu wabantu abansundu, nangemphoqo yamanye amazwe wangaphesheya (kakhulu wase-Afrika), umbuso wabeLungu wanikela amandla okubusa ngo-1994. Manje, iNingizimu Afrika ibuswa ngentandoyeningi kodwa kusekhona izinkinga: njengokungalingani ngemali ngaphakathi kwabantu bezihlanga ezihlukene, udlame ngenxa yobugebengu, nobumpofu nobungabi nomsebenzi. Noma kunjalo, iNingizimu Afrika inothile ukundlula amazwe wonke wase-Afrika. Ihloniphekile ngaphesheya ngenxa yokumela amalungelo wabantu abacindezelwayo nokukhutaza ukusebenzisana kamazwe.

Igama

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kusetshenziswa amagama ambalwa akubiza iNingizimu Afrika. "IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika" iyigama elide ngokoMthethosisekelo. Kodwa kunabafundi besiZulu abathu igama likaRiphabhuliki liguqulwe kuMbusobala. Kusetshenziswa igama esifushane likeMzansi (igama lesiXhosa lasemthethweni). Ngenxa yokumbumbanan kwezihlanga ezahlukile emuva kwesikhathi sobandlululo, abantu balubiza "Rainbow Nation" (Iziswe Sokwethingo). Kunabantu abafunda ukuchitha amagama onke aqondene nekolonializimu. Ngakho ke bafuma lelilizwe libizwe "Azania".

Uhlu wamagama weNingizimu Afrika ngemilimi esemthethweni
Ulwimi Igama elifushane Igama ngokomthetho
isiBhunu Suid-Afrika Republiek van Suid-Afrika
isiNgisi South Africa Republic of South Africa
isiSuthu saseNingizimu Afrika Borwa Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa
isiSuthu saseNyakatho Afrika-Borwa Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa
isiSwazi iNingizimu-Afrika iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika
isiTsonga Afrika Dzonga Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga
isiTswana Aforika Borwa Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa
isiVenda Afurika Tshipembe Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe
isiXhosa uMzantsi Afrika iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika

uHulumeni

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ezokubusa

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, uMnm Cyril Ramaphosa

uHulumeni unamagatsha amathathu anikezwe amandla angafani ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzohlala kubuswa ngentandoyeningi eNingizimu Afrika:

uMongameli uyinloko yombuso nenhloko yoMkhandlu kaZwelonke wokuPhatha. uMongameli uqoka aboNgqongqoshe abahola iminyango kahulumeni. uMongameli unamandla okwamkela noma ukubiyisa imithethosivivinywa ePhalamende. uMongameli ungumkhuzi omkhulu woMbutho wokuVivela waseNingizimu Afrika futhi umela ilizwe lonke. uMongameli ukhethwa isiGunga sikaZwelonke. Ohleli esikhundleni manje ngu-Cyril Ramaphosa owakhethwa ngo-2019 nango-2024. Akuvumelekanga ukuthi uMongameli ahlale kabili esikhundleni.

Amalunga wesiGunga sikaZwelonke abuya ezihlwini zathunya zamaqembu wepolitiki. Makundlula iminyaka eyihlana, kuba nokhetho olukhulu lapho izakhamuzi ezikhulile ezingavinjwanga ngokomthetho ukuthi zivote zikhetha izinhlangano zepolitiki. Kulokhetho omkhulu, izakhamuzi kikhetha amaqembu azimele eziShayamthethweni zezifundazwe lapho bahlala khona. Izishayamthetho zeziFundazwe zikhetha amalunga azo ukuthi bazimele eMkhandlwini kazwelonke weziFundazwe. IsiGunga sinamandla amaningi ukundlula uMkhandlo. uMkhandlu ebhekane nezindaba zezifundazwe, isiko, ulimi, namakhosi.

uMthethosisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme kuyonke imithetho. iPhalamende inamandla okushaya nomayimuphi umthetho ohambisana nayo. iziNkantolo zegatsha yobulungiswa zinamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imithetho iyalendelwa. iNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo inamandla okuchitha noma yimuphi umthetho ongahambisani nomthethosisekelo. Ezinye izinkantolo zihlulela ukuphikisana ngaphathi kwabantu nezinhlangano futhi zihlulela amacala womthetho wobugebengu. Izinkantolo zinamandla okugweba abantu amacala nokubabophisa ukuze kubenokulungiswa nokuxola ezweni. Izinqumo zezinkantolo zibayinxenye yomthetho welizwe ngoba zichaza ukuthi imithetho ngempela isho ukuthini.

Ezombangazwe

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Izindlu zePhalamende yaseNingizimu Afrika, eKapa, eNtshonalanga Kapa

Inhlangano enkulu eyayibusa iyodwa eNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1994 kufikela ngo-2024 yi-African National Congress (ANC). i-ANC isungulwe ngo-1912. Ngenxa yokuxoxisana nokuvumela ne-National Party (NP) ukuthi ubandlululo okwehlanga, yayiphumelela emikhethweni ukuthi aboMongameli abane bokuqala besikhathi senkululeko babuye kuyo: kusukela uNelson Mandela kufika kuCyril Ramaphosa. iQembu labelungu elalibusa futhi elasungula ubandlululo okwehlanga, i-NP, ibusa neANC eHulumenini wokuMbubana kodwa ngasemuva kwalesosikhathi yachitha, amanye amalunga ayo angena kwi-ANC.

Izakhiwo zeMbumbano, ePitoli, eGoli

iQembu elaliphikisane ne-ANC kusukela u-1999 kwakuyi-Democratic Party, elaguqula igama kwi-Democratic Alliance (DA). Ngo-2009, i-DA yathatha amandla eNtshonalanga Kapa kufika manje. Ngo-2024 yavuma ukungena emfelondawonyeni wezinhlangano lapho i-ANC beyidonsa phambili. iNkatha Freedom Party (IFP) yasungulwa iSilo uSolomoni kaDinuzulu, uMntwana uMangosuthu Buthelezi wayiguqula igama. Leliqembu laliphethe eKwaZulu esikhathini sobandlululo. Ngo-1994 livume ukungena eHulumenini wokuMbubana futhi waphatha kwaZulu-Natali, kodwa yancipha ngamavoti, yabuyela ezihlalweni zabaphikisi ePhalamendeni.

Ngo-2014, uJulius Malema, owayenguMongameli weQembu laBasha le-ANC, wasungula inhlangano yakhe, i-Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). Wafika ezingeni loba yiqembu elintathu ngobukhulu ezweni. Kodwa, u-Jacob Zuma, owayenguMongameli kusukela u-2009 kufika u-2018, wasungula IQembu loMkhonto weSizwe ngo-2023[6] olandlula i-EFF ngebalo lamavoti ngo-2024.[7] Kusukela u-2024, i-MK iyiqembu eliphikisayo- ngokomthetho. Amanye amaqembu adumilenyana: i-Freedom Front Plus (yamaBhunu), i-Patriotic Alliance, i-Congress of the People, ne-African Christian Democratic Party. Kukhona izinhlangano eziphezu kwemishumi amashiyagalolunye eNingizimu Afrika.

Imphoqelelo yomthetho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
iThimba lamaphoyisa eGoli ngo-2010. Bathwele ama-Vektor R5 ngezandla

Amaphoyisa aseNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi: South African Police Service) anomsebenzisa okuphoqelela umthetho ezweni nokuvikela umphakathi. Kuneziteshi esi-1,154 zamaphoyisa nabaqhashi abayi-150,950. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazizwa baphephile, iNingizimu Afrika inobalo lamankampani wokuphephe olundlala izizwe zonke emhlabeni. Inani labantu abasebenzela lomkhakha bandlu izigidi eziyi-2.5 (bendlula amaphoyisa namajoni behlangene).

Kunobugebengu obuningi eNingizimu Afrika njengokudlwengula nobunye uhlobo lobugebengu becansi eNingizimu Afrika kanye nodlame oluhlukumeza izingane nabesifazane kakhulu: amaPhoyisa amemeza okuthi abesifazane abayi-75,871 ngo-2023/2024 abaziswe ubuhlungu ngenxa yodlame nokubulawa.[8] Kuvamile ukuthi abesifazane bahlukunyezwe abantu (kakhulu abesilisa) babaziyo.[9]

Ubudlelwano namanye amazwe

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Umhlangano koMongameli waseMelika uDonald TrumpuMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, Cyril Ramaphosa

iNingizimu Afrika liyilunga yemihlangano yamazwe njengeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo (isiNgisi: United Nations), iNhlangano yase Africa (isiNgisi: African Union), i-BRICS (inhlangano yeBrazil, iNdiya, iShayina, neNingizimu Afrika), iNhlangano yoMhlabawonke woHwebo (isiNgisi: World Trade Organisation), iNkantolo yoMhlabawonke wobuGebengu (isiNgisi: International Criminal Court), i-Commonwealth of Nations, iKomithi yoMhlabawonke wama-Olympics (isiNgisi: International Olympic Committee), i-Fédération Internationale de Football Association (i-FIFA), Inhlangano yoMhlabawonke yabaSebenzi (isiNgisi: International Labour Organisation). Noma buthi ukubanda ubudlelwano neMelika, iNingizimu Afrika isebenzisana futhi ihwebana nayo kakhulu kanye namanye amazwe ekuthiwa wase-"Ntshonalanga" njengeNhlangano yaseYurobhu (ngesiNgisi: European Union).

iNingizimu Afrika lidume ngaphesheya ngokukhulumela amalungelo wabantu abahluphekile. Ngo-2024, izamile ukusiza iYukreyini neRashiya zixoxisane ukuqeda imipi yabo. Ngo-2022, iNingizimu Afrika ivulele i-Israyeli icala eNkantolo yoMhlabawonke yobuLungiswa mayelana ukubhubhisa kwamaPalestini eGaza. iNingizimu Afrika ithumela amajoni ukuthi agcine ukuthula ezindaweni lapho kunempi yezakhamuzi khona njengase-DRC (isiNgisi: Democratic Republic of the Congo), eMozambhiki, eLesotho, eSudani, naseBhurundi. Ngenxa yodlame nenhlupheko eZimbabwe, iNingizimu Afrika yamkele ababaleki. Futhi yamkele ababaleki ngobuningi abaqhamuke kwamanye amazwe anempi njengeSomaliya, Khongo-Kinshasa, eMozambhiki naseSudani.

Ezokuvikela

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Indiza yokulwa, iSAAB Gripen yamaButho waseBhakabhakeni, ekhandwe eSwidi

umButho kaZwelonke oVikelayo waseNingizimu Afrika (isiNgisi: South African National Defence Force) unikezwe umsebenzi wokuvikela amagcele waseNingizimu Afrika - yiwona wodwa wemibutho evumelekile ukuhloma. Lombutho unamagatsha amane: amaButho waseMhlabeni, waseLwandle, waseBhakabhakeni, nawezeMpilo. amaButho waseLwandle ahlome imikhumbi yempi eyi-44, njengemikhumbi enthathu yangaphansi kwamanzi. Namhlanje amaButho waseLwandle abhekane nokubamba abazingeli nabadwebi bezinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zaselwandle ezivikeleliwe kanye nobunye ubugebengu elwandle. Futhi, ilwa namagcwelegcwele waselwandle eMozambhiki. amaButho waseMhlabeni asebenza e-Afrika ezindaweni ezibhekane nempi ukuthi zibenokuthula futhi bavikela imigcele yaseNingizimu Afrika. amaButho waseBhakabhakeni alwa kubhakabhaka lweNingizimu Afrika.

Kukhona izinkampani ezikhandela umButho waseNingizimu Afrika izikhali nenye impahla: iDenel, iMilkor, iParamount Group ne-Reutech Radar Systems. Uphinde uthenge izinto eMbusweni Ohlangeneyo, eMelika, eJalimani, eJapani, eTaliya naseSwidi. Isabelomali somButho yizigidigidi eziyi-51.8 zamaRand ngoyaka ka-2024. Kunamajoni ahlangene ayi-71,235. iNduna yamaJoni Jikelele nguRudzani Maphwanya.

Izifundazwe

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Kunezifundazwe eziyisishiyagalolunye. Zinesishayamthetho esikhethwa ngasemuva kweminyaka eyihlanu kanye nePhalamende. Izifundazwe zineNdunakulu ekhethwa abalunga besishayamthetho. Indunankulu ikhetha abangqongqoshe bomiKhandlu yesiFundazwe yokuPhatha. Zonke izifundazwe zineNkomfa yeNkantolo ePhezulu yaseNingizimu Afrika ekudluliswa amacalo khona ngamphambe ukuthi adluliselwe eNkantolo yoMthehtosisekele nomaNkantolo ePhakeme Yokudlulisa Amacala.

Izifundazwe zinabomasipala abayi-205 bendawo futhi abayi-52 phezukwabo abesifunda. Kunamamasipala ayisishiyagalombili abanamandla wesifunda nendawo ekuthiwa ama-metropolitan lapho kuhlala inani labantu eliningi khona: iGoli, eKapa, eThekwini, ePitoli, eKurhuleni, eNelson Mandela Bay, eBufallo City naseMangaung. Izifundanzwe yilezi ezilandelayo:

isiFundazwe isiQonga sesiFundazwe iDolobha eliKhulu Ubungakho beNdawo (km2) iNani laBantu
iMpumalanga Kapa eBhisho eGqeberha 168,966 7,230,204
iFuleyisitata eBloemfontein eBloemfontein 129,825 2,964,412
eGoli eGoli eGoli 18,178 15,099,422
kwaZulu-Natali eMngungundlovu eThekwini 94,361 12,423,907
iLimpopo ePolokwane ePolokwane 125,754 6,572,720
iMpumalanga eMbombela eMbombela 76,495 5,143,324
iNyakatho-Ntshonalanga eMahikeng eKlerksdorp 104,882 3,804,548
iNyakatho Kapa eKimberley eKimberley 372,889 1,355,946
iNtshonalanga Kapa eKapa eKapa 129,462 7,433,01

Ezomnotho

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
iSandton, eGoli, indawo ecebile ukundlula izindawo zonke e-Afrika

iNingizimu Afrika inesimo somnotho osathuthuyako. e-Afrika yonke, iyona ethuthuke kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe ngomboni futhi inkulu uzindlula zonke: phezu kwezigidigidi eziyigidi eziyi-1.030 zamaDola ngokulinganisa amandla emali (isiNgisi: purchasing power parity) noma izigidigidi eziyi-418 zamaDola ngobunjalo nje (isiNgisi: nominal).[10] Umkhiqizo ohlukaniswe okwekhanda, undlula amazwe amaningi e-Afrika: phezu kwamaDola ayi-16,080 wamaDola. Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bacebe ukundlula izizwe zonke zase-Afrika: izigidigidi eziyi-650 zamaDola.

iNingizimu Afrika ihwebana kakhulu namanye amazwe ase-Afrika, iShayina, iMelika, iJalimani, iSpaniya, noMbuso oHlangeneyo. iNingizimu Afrika ikhiqize insimbi njengegolide, iplatinamu, ipaladium, imanganese, ichrome, namalahle. iNingizimu Afrika ikhiqiza umbila, umoba, amazambane, iwayini, itiya yerooibos, namafutho wemifino, futhi imfuyo yezinkomo, izinkuku, izimvu nezimbuzi, iletha imali eningi.

iDonga neLwandle leDamu lasegariep. Livimbe amanzi womfula isaNgqu

Ngenxa yobuhle, isimo sezulu esimnandi, izindawo zokubona izinyamazane, ukudla okumnandi newayini edumile ngaphesheya, nokuthuthuka kwengqalasizinda, iNingizimu Afrika ivakashelwa ukundlula wonke amazwe ase-Afrika. Futhi inezindawo eziningi eziklomiswe ngokuba ifa elibalulekile emhlabeni wonke. iNingizimu Afrika inomkhakha womnotho wezemali othembekile kakhulu. i-Johannesburg Stock Exchange (lapho kuhwetshwa izibopho emali namasheya emankampanini) indlula amanye amamakethi e-Afrika ngobukhulu kwemali nangokuthuthuka.

Ngemphoxeko alikho ilizwe emhlabeni elinobungalinga kwemali njengeNingizimu Afrika. Lesimo singenxa yobungalingani kwomholo, ukungasebenzi kwenani elinkulu labantu, nobumpofa oluthinta abantu abaningi. Kunabantu abandlula u-33% abangasebenzi noma u-44% ngencazelo eyandiswa.[11] Abantu abangu-55%, baphila ngaphansi kwezinga lobumpofu bukazwelonke, futhi abantu abangu-25% basezingeni lobumpofu lokuba encupeni yokungadli okwanele. Kunzima ukuthi umnotho wenze usebenze olingene abantu bonke abafuna umsebenzi ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lemfundo, ubunzima bokusungula amabhizinisi nokutshala imali ngenxa yemigomo engakhuthazi ubuzisebenza. Futhi, isikhathi sobandlululo sishiye abaningi abansundu banganyo indlela olukuzithuthukisa, ngesibonelo, ngokulima ngoba bengenamhlaba.

Ingqalasizinda

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Isikhumula seziNdiza sikaOliver Reginald Tambo eKurhuleni, eGoli. Siyisikhumulo esizindlula zonke e-Afrika ngobukhulu

Ingqalasizinda yaseNingizimu Afrika ivame ukuba ncono ukundlula amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika kodwa akusho ukuthi konke kulungile. Kunemigwaqo engamakhilomitha ayi-754,600 eNingizimu Afrika, eseshumi emhlabeni wonke ngobude kodwa imiGwaqo eminingi inezigodi.[12] Imigqa yezitimela indlula-30,000 amakhilomitha ngobude.[13] iNingizimu Afrika yilizwe lokuqala e-Afrika ukuba nesitimela esihamba ngokushesha: iGautrain eGoli. Imigqa yezitimela eminingi ingphantsi kweTransnet, inkampani yakahulumeni. Ngenxa yokushiswa kwezitimela, ukutshontshwa nokuphulwa kwemishini, nokuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okungalungiswa, izinga lengqalasizinda zezitimela zaseNingizimu Afrika luyawohloka. Izitimela zivame ukungcola, ukungaphephanga, nokungafiki ngesikhathi ngenxa yokungaphathwi kahle. Imikhakha eminingi emiphakathini nasemnothweni njengamamayini athembele ezitimeleleni ukuthutha impahla nabantu ngobuningi.

isiTimela sikagautrain esisesitheshini esisemkhumulweni wezindiza kaOliver Reginald Tambo

iNingizimu Afrika ithembele emalahleni ukukhiqiza ugesi. Ikomothi yoGesi eyaziwa nge-Eskom yayisungulwe ngo1923. Ngokuzama ukukhuthaza izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zingene emkhakheni wokukhiqiza ugesi ngezi-1999, uhulumeni uvimbe i-Eskom ukuthu ingakhi iziteshe zogesi ezintsha. Kodwa lokhu akusizanga. I-Eskom ibihluleka ukukhiqiza ugesi owanele ngenxa yokwanda ngokushesha kwezakhamuzi ezixhumakelwe nogesi emuva kwesikhathi sobandlululo lapho abelungu namabhizinisi kwakuyiwona wedwa ewathola ugesi. Ngoba imigqa yogesi yayidonsa nzima ukufikisa ugesi ebantwini bonke, umbuso unqamule izibopha ezivimbe i-Eskom ukuthi yakhe iziteshi zogesi. Ekuzameni ukwakha iziteshi zeMedupi neKusile, kwamoshakala imali, kwanda isikolodo kangangokuthi wawuncane ngendlela ephoxekisayo umkhiqizo wogesi. Ngenxa yalezizinkinga, kwasuka ukunciphiswa kwegesi ngesikhathi esihlelekile ngo-2007. Kusukela u-2024, isimo sithi ukuguquka ngenxa yokuqotshwa kweNgqongqoshe yoGesi omusha uKgosientso Ramkgopa.

iNingizimu Afrika yilizwe lokuqala e-Afrika ukukhiqiza ugesi ngenuzi: kunesitheshi sogesi wenuzi eKapa, iKoeberg. iNingizimu Afrika enezikhumulo zezindiza zamazwewonke: i-OR Tambo neLanseriya eGoli, nenyeEkapa, iSilo uShaka eThekwini, neNkosi uDavide Stuurman eGqeberha. INingizimu Afrika inezikhumulo zezindiza ezi-401. Futhi inetheku elikhulu eThekwini eliwandlula wonke amazwe ase-Afrika ngokusinda kwempahla ethwalwa izikhumbi ezingena khona. Futhi kunezitheku zaseKapa, eGqeberha naseSaldanha lapho Umbutho woLwandle ugcina imikhumbi yempi khona.

Isayensi nobuchwepheshe

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
uMark Shuttleworth umdali weThawte ne-Ubuntu onguyena yedwa umNingizimu Afrika owagibela umKhumbi waseMkhathini wamaZwewonke

Kunokuhlakani nobuchwepheshe obuqhamuka eNingizimu Afrika olundlula okulindelwe nabantu abaningi. Emandulo kwakukhona abantu bomdabu eMpumalanga abakhe ikhalenda yamatshe eyokuqala yokuchaza iminyaka nesikhathi ekuthiwa yiNzalo yeLanga kusukela iminyaka eyi-75,000 kufika ku-200,000 ewandlule.[14] Abantu baseMapungubwe eLimpopo baqambe impahla ngegolide kusukela iminyaka eyi-500 kufika ku1100 eyandlule.[15] Ngemuva kokufika abelungu nokusuka wesikhathi sogesi, imikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe yanda. Ngo-1882, iKimberley, eNyakatho Kapa yayidlobha lesibili emhlabeni ukukhanyisa imigwaqo ngemibani yogesi.[16]

Ngo-1955, kuqalwe ukukhiqiza amafuthi emalahleni eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yobuchwepheshe baseSasol.[17] Ngo-1957, isayensi nesikhomba sokwakha umshini ohlola ubungaphakayi bomzimba womuntu, iCAT Scan, bewuqamuka eNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yomsebenzi woSolwazi u-Allan Cormack.[18] Ngo-1967 uChristiaan Barnard noHamilton Naki bebangabantu bokuqala bokwenza isihlinzelo esivulekile sokufaka inhliziyo yomuntu komunye umuntu ophilayo esibhedlele seGroote Schuur eKapa.[19] Ngezi-1980, iNingizimu Afrika yayilizwe lokuqala lase-Afrika ukwakha izikhali zenuzi.[20] Ngo-1995, uMark Shuttleworth udale uhlelo lokuvimba ukuthwetshulwa kwamakhompiyutha ekuthiwa yi-Thawte.[21] go-2004, uMark Shuttleworth wadala uhlelo lokulawula amakhompiyutha, Ubuntu, elisasetshenziswa nanamhlanje.

I-Square Kilometre Array yiqoqo lwezibonakude ezisinikeza ukhono lokucwaninga izinkanyezi nezinye izizulane ezisemkhathini. Abasolwazi baseNyuvesi yaseKapa bafake isandla ekwakheni kwehlelo lokulawula amakhompiyutha e-Large Hadron collider, umshini eSwitzerlandi oshayisana izihlamvukazi zamatomi ukufunda imithetho ejulile yendalo. iNingizimu Afrika ithole inhlobo yesifo seCoronavirus i-Omicron kuqala ngo-2021. uSolwazi uMashudu Tshifularo waseNyuvesi yasePitoli uyena wokuqala emhlabeni wonke ukuphumelela ekufakeni kwethambo langaphakathi lwendlebe eliqanjwe ngokuphrinta kwezilinganiso ezintathu ngo-2019.

Ezezibalo zabantu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
uGrafu oveza inani labesilisa nabesifazane ngeminyaka wango-2020

Kunenani labantu elindlula izigidi eziyi-64 eNingizimu Afrika, nokuminyana kwabantu abayi-51.8 ngesikhilomitha-skwele. Kunenani labantu abangangenanga ngokwomthetho abayizigidi ezinhlanu, kakhulu abantu baseZimbabwe. Kunabantu abansundu abangamaphesenti ayi-81, abelungu abangamaphesenti ayi-7.3, amaKhaladi abayi-8.2% namaNdiya ayi-2.7%. IsiZulu sincelwe ebeleni ngabantu abangamaphesenti ayi-24.4 (ukundlula izilimi zonke ngobuningi), isiXhosa silandela ngo-16.4% isiBhunu ngo-10.6%, nesiNgisi ngo-8.7%. Noma kunjalo, isiNgisi sitshenziswa ukwenza ukuxhumana kwabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezihlukile kubelula. Ngenxa yalokho isiNgisi sitshenziswa emabhizinisi, nasezimfundisweni ukundlula izilimi zonke.

Ibalazwe laseNingizimu Afrika eliveza ukuminyana kwabantu. Ubunyama bombala buchaza ininani labantu abaningi abaminyene endaweni ethile

Inani labantu abandlula u-79%, bakholelwa ebuKhrestini, ukundlula inani lezinkolo zonke ezinye. ebuKhrestini kunamaZayoni abayi-11%, abaZalwane (amaPentekositi) abayi-8.2%, abaseRoma abayi-7.1%, amaWesile ayi-6.8% nabebandla laseNetherlands abayi-6.2%. AmaMuslimi, abantu abakholelwa esintwini kuphela nabaHindi bangango 1%. Kodwa, baningi abantu abahlanganisa ubuKhrestu nenkolo yomdabu njengamasiko akubo. AmaMuslimi avema ukuba amaKhaladi waseKapa (ama-Cape Malay) namaNdiya. Kukhona nomphakathi omncane wamaJuda.

Ezemfundo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Ikhampasi ephezulu yeNyuvesi yaseKapa

Kunabantu abangango-95% abakwazi ukufunda. INingizimu Afrika inohlelo lwezemfundo olunamazinga amathathu: lokuqala yisibanga sokusekela noma esiphansi sesikole nalwesibili yisibanga eliphezulu sesikole (ezingaphantsi kweminyango wezifundo wezifundazwe), futhi olwesithathu wamanyuvesi nezikolishi. iNingizimu Afrika isezingeni eliphansi ngezemfundo emhlabeni malulinganiswa namanye amazwe ngezizathu ezimbalwa:

  • Imaki lokuphasa esikoleni ngu-30%
  • Abantu abaningi abaphasi ngo-Bachelor, oludingekayo ukuqhubeka ukufunda emanyuvesini
  • Ngu-50% wezingane eziqala isikole ezizophasa umatekuletsheni
  • Inani labafundi abasebangeni llesishiyagalolunye abakwazi ukufunda noma ukubala okufanelwe iminyaka yabo
  • Ngoba esikhathini sobandlululo, umbuso wavimba amathuba amaningi wokufunda nokuqeqeshwa, awukho umkhuba wokufunda emiphakathini eminingi
  • Kunodlame, izidakamiswa nokuswela imithombo nengqalasizinda ezikoleni eziningi ezenza ukufunda kubenzima.

Kungakho, abazali abakhonayo ngokwemali bamikisa Izingane zabo ema-Model C (izikole ezagcinelwa abelungu esikhathini sobandlululo) nomaezikolweni ezizimele. Ngoba abaningi Abantu abampofu abanayo imali enele ukumikisa Izingane zabo kulezikole, Izingane zabo ezifunda ezikoleni zikahulumeni zisala emuva. Lokuhlukana emizingeni emibilo yokufunda, yenza ukuthi kubenzima ukuthi abantwana abaqhamuka emakhazeni abampofu ukuthi baphumelele ezinfundweni eziphezulu. Uhulumeni uzamile ukulinganisa amathuba ngezinhlelo nemingqubomgomo ehlukene njengokunikeza abantwana amampofu imifundaze phecelezi i-NSFAS (isiNgisi: National Student Financial Aid Scheme) namanye amaqhinga.

Amanyuvesi aseNingizimu Afrika ahloniphekile e-Afrika nasemhlabeni wonke ngokukhiqiza izinga locwaningo nokufundisa olulingana namazwe asesingeni eliphezulu lentuthuko. Amanyuvesi adulime yilawa: iNyuvesi yaseKapa, iNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand, iNyuvesi yaseStellenbosch, iNyuvesi yaseGoli, iNyuvesi yaKwaZulu-Natali, neNyuvesi yaseNingizimu Afrika. INyuvesi yaseFort Hare ikhiqize abaholi abaningi bezepolitiki njengo-Nelson Mandela owayenguMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika, uRobert Mugabe owayenguMongameli waseZimbabwe, uSeretse Khama owayenguMongameli waseButswana, uJulius Nyerere owayenguMongameli waseThanzaniya, no-Oliver Tambo owayenguMongameli we-ANC.

Ezempilo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Isibhedlela sikaChris Hani Baragwanath esikhulu uzindlula zonke eNingizimu Afrika futhi kufundiswa amadokotela lana

Owesilisa uvame ukuphila iminyaka eyi-59.3, owesimame uvame ukuphila iminyaka eyi-64.4 kodwa abantu abansundu nabantu abampofu bavame ukuphila isikhathi esifushane ukundlula abelungu nabantu abacebile, futhi umehluko mukhulu.[22] Kuvame ukushona Izingane ezincane eziyi-24 ngenkulungwane yabantu.[23] Kunabantu abayi-13.5% abaphila nesifo sengculazi.[23] Inani labo liyaphunguleka ngenxa yokumbatha ijazi lomkhwenyana ecansini nokuphuza imishanguzo ecindezela legciwane egazini.[24]

Ubungalingani kwobude bempilo ngaphakathi kwabacebile abampofu kungenxa yokuthi uhulumeni ukhokhela bonke abantu abampofu ngemali yentelo kodwa lemali kufanele ufeze izidingo zabantu abayi-84% kodwa abantu abancono ngesimo semali (u-16% wabantu) bakhona ukukhokhela izinsizo zempilo, ukuze bakhone ukuhambela izibhedlela ezizimele lapho izinga lokuphathwa lindlula izibhedlela zikahulumeni. Futhi, ngokwanda kwemali, umuntu ukwazi ukuhlala endaweni ephephile, ukuthola usizo ngokushesha, ukudla ukudla okuphilisayo, nokudela izingozi ezehlela abantu abahlupekayo.

Kungakho uhulumeni we-ANC uzama ukuvusa i-NHI (iNtshulensi yezeMpilo lakaZwelonke) ukuze uhulumeni kuhlinzekelwe izinga elinganayo lezempilo kubonke abantu. Kodwa baningi abangavumi ngoba iNingizimu Afrika ayinabo abantu abalaphayo abanele inani labantu (0.3 wamadokotela ngenkulungwane yabantu, ngaphantsi kwe-2.5 yamadokotela ngenkulungwane yabantu ephakanyiswa uMhlangano woMhlabawonke wezeMpilo). Futhi, kuzofuneka ukuthi imali yentelo ekhokelwayo ngabambalwa abasebenzayo ikhuphuke kakhulu. Nokuthi umkhakha wezibhedlela elizimele awunayo imibhede elingene abantu bonke baseMzansi. Okwamanje i-NHI ayikakabikhona.

Ezesiko nobuciko

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]

Ezomnculo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
uBrenda Fassie, umculi odume ngezingoma Black President, Vulindlela, Memeza, Too Late for Mama

Imiculo yamapiano, ikwaito nesipantsula idalwe eGoli. Imiculo yeGqom, iMaskandi, iMbaqanga nesiCathamiya iqhamuka kwaZulu. Abantu balalela umnculo omunye ohlukile njenge ihouse, iHip-Hop, iclassical, ipop, igospel nezinye. Kunabaculi abadumile abaqhamuka eNingizimu Afrika njeneLadysmith Black Mambaso eyaklomiswa ngeGrammy Award kabili (besicathamiya), uBrenda Fassie, uYvonne Chaka-Chaka noLeleti Mbuli, (wepop), Hotstix Mabuza, uMiriam Makeba noweyengumyeni wakhe uHugh Masekela (bejazz), amaHotella Queens (bembaqanga), iHhashi eliMhlophe (wemaskandi), iSoweto Gospel Choir eyaklomiswa ngeGrammy Award, iJoyous Celebration neSpirit of Praise (begospel), uMbongeni Ngema (owayenza umculo wamamuvi njenge-Lion King owaklomiswa nge-Academy Award, neSarafina). Kukhona nabaculi babelungu njengoKurt Darren (womculo wesiBhunu) Fokofpolisiekar (bomculo werock), ne-Die Antwoord (be-Hip-Hop yesiBhunu). Izikhungi wokufunda omcule ezidumile yi-Kolishi waseNingizimu Afrika yoMculo (yaseNyuvesi yaseKapa), namanye amanyuvesi.

Ezokuzijabulisa

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Iisiqongo se-SABC. Ngasenxele kubonakala amatshaneli kamabonakude

iNingizimu Afrika inomkhakha wamamuvi, yezinhlelo zikamabonakude nokujabulisa othuthukile futhi ohloniphekile e-Afrika nangaphesheya. Amamuvi enzwe eNingizimu Afrika aklomiswe ama-Academy Award (phecelezi ama-Oscar) ngo-Tsotsi, no-My Octopus Teacher. Ezacishe zaklomiswa ngo-Yesterday, Old Righteous Blues, ne-Last Ranger. Kukhona amanye amamuvi adumile njenge-District Nine, The Gods Must Be Crazy, Jerusalema, Oh Schucks.... It's Schuster!, Mama Jack, Sarafina!, White Wedding, How to Ruin Christmas, iNxeba (eyacindezelwa nguhuhulumeni ngenxa yokuveza isiko lokusoka lwamaXhosa kanye nobudlewane labesilisa abathandanayo).

Futhi kunezinhlelo zamabonakude ezidumile njenge-Shaka Zulu (kudlala uHenry Cele, eyayenzwa kabusha ngegama lika-Shaka iLembe), Velaphi, eMzini weziNtsizwa, Generations (owayenza kabusha ngegama lika-Generations: the Legacy), Skeem Saam, Scandal, The River, Isidingo, Uzalo, The Queen, Blood and Water, Kings of Joburg. Kwakunohlelo lwabantwana kamabonakude njengo-Yo TV! Land, Hectic Nine9. Kunezinhlelo ezilandela izimpilo zabantu, ifashini, noma ezikhombisa ukuncintisana njenge-Friends Like These, Selimathunzi nezinye. I-South African Broadcasting Corporation iyinkampani kahulumeni elimandla amakhulu ngokubanamatshaneli kamabonakude nomsakazo njenge SABC1, 2 no-3, SABC News, SABC Sport, uKhozi FM, Umhlobo weNene, neLesedi FM. Isiphathamandla esiziMele zokuXhumana saseNingizimu Afrika silawula imigqubomgomo nemibandela elawula umkhakha wamabonakude, umsakazo nentanethi.

Ezobuciko

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Uzindlu zamaNdebele ezimabalabala

Ubuciko njengokuzihlobisa noma ukuhlobisa izindawo zokuhlala yinxenye yesiko elimnqoka ebantwini baseNingizimu Afrika ngoba luveza ubutho bomuntu nomphakathi futhi unikeza abantu yokuziveza uqobo. AmaNdelele adumile ngokudweba izithombe zemibala ezindlini zabo, nokumbatha ubucwebe bensimbi. Ama-Khoi San wayedweba izithombe emihumeni. AbaNguni, amaKhoi-San, nabaTswana baziwa nokumbatha izikhumba zezilwane nobucwebe bobuhlalu. AmaTsonga namaVenda banomlando omude wokuthunga izingubo ngokotini (olwaziwa ngelimi lakubo nge-mpela ya swinwela). Kusukela izi-1800, kunezindwangu ezazivela njenge-Seshweshwe samaTswana, amaPedi nabeSuthu, ingubo ye-Seanamarena, kanye nom-Bhaco wamaXhosa. Kunezakhiwo eziphakeme zokukhombiswa ubuciko nezithombe eNingizimu Afrika njenge-Zeits Museum of Contemporary Art, Iziko South African National Gallery, ne-Johannesburg Art Museum

Ezezincwadi

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
uJohn Langalibalele Dube owasingula iphephazindaba iLanga lase Natali, owabhala incwadi iNsila kaShaka, nowungubaba we-African National Congress, futhi wasungula isikole sasOhlange

Ukubhala akuveli ngokomdabu eNingizimu Afrika ngoba abantu bomdabu bebandlulisa umlando ngokukhuluma. Kodwa makufika abahwebi nezithunywa zevangeli kwaqala ukubhalwa ngokuhumusha iBhayibheli elwimini lwesintu. Lokhu kuqale isiko sokubhala izincwadi. Ababhali abadumile ngo-Steve Bantu Biko (umholi weBlack Consciousness Movement odume ngokubhala u-I Write What I Like), uNelson Mandela (owabhala umlando wempilo yakhe nokumelana nobandlululo u-Long Walk to Freedom), uSolomon Plaatjie (owabhala u-Mhudi: An Epic of South African Native Life a Hundred Years Ago), uJohn Langalibalele Dube (ubaba we-ANC, owabhala iNsila kaShaka), Athol Fugard (owabhala u-Cry, my Beloved Country), Nadine Gordimer (owaklomiswa i-Nobel Prize in Literature), Alan Paton (owabhala imidlalo), uMazisi Kunene (umbhali wezinkondlo).

Izintsuku zomphakathi zokuguba okuthile

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  • 1 uMasingana: uSuku lokuGuba ukuQalwa kwoNyaka oMusha.
  • Ngo-Ndasa kufika kuMbasa: uLwesihlanu oMuhle oguba ukuqala kwePasika, ilanga lokuhlatshwa kukaJesu Khrestu.
  • Usonto olulandela uLwesihlanu oMuhle: uSuku wemiNdeni, ogujwa ngenxa yokuvuka kukaJesu Khrestu kwabafileyo
  • 21 uNdasa: uSuku lokuGuba amaLungelo waBantu. Luyisikhumbuzo lwokubhubhiswa kwabantu baseSharpeville namaphoyisangenxa wokushisa ama-dompass.
  • 27 uMbasa: uSuku lokuGuba iNkukuleko. Luyisikhumbuso lokhetho wokuqala wentandoyeningi lapho abansundu bavumelekile ukuvota.
  • 1 uNhlaba: uSuku lokuGuba abaSebenzi.
  • 9 uNcwaba: uSuku lokuGuba abesiFazane. Luyisikhumbuzo sobesifazane bomhlangana iBlack Sash abahamba eZakhiweni zeNyunyana ukumelana nobandlululo okwehlanga
  • 24 uMandulo: uSuku lokuGuba amaSiko. Luyisikhumbuzo sokushona kweSilo samaBandla uShaka kaSenzangakhona Zulu
  • 16 uZibandlela: uSuku lokuGuba ukuBuyiselana. Kwakuwusuku wokuguba ukunqoba kwamaBhunu empini yaseNcome
  • 25 uZibandlela: uKhesimusi. Kugujwa ukuzalwa kukaJesu Khrestu.

Izimpawu

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
Uhlu lwezimpawu
Uphawu Isithombe Igama
iNyoni iNdwe (Blue Crane)
iNyamazane iMpunzi (Springbok)
uMuthi umSonti (Yellowwood)
iNhlanzi iDamba (Galjoen)
iMbali isiQalaba (King Protea)

Imithombo

[hlela | Hlela umthombo]
  1. ↑ "Principal Agglomerations of the World". Citypopulation.de. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 October 2011.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mid-year population estimates 2011" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. 2011. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 July 2011.
  3. ↑ "Census 2001". Statssa.gov.za. 10 October 2001. Archived from the original on 12 December 2005. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 30 October 2011.
  4. ↑ http://www.statssa.gov.za/census01/html/default.asp Archived 2005-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. | Census 2001 at a glance | Statistics South Africa | 7 July 2008
  5. ↑ "Midyear population estimates: 2010" (PDF). Statistics South Africa. Kulandwe ngomhlaka 23 July 2010.
  6. ↑ Sangweni, Khethukuthula. 2023, uZibandlela 27. OlukaZuma neMK luvukuze umlando we-ANC obuhlungu. Isolezwe. https://www.isolezwe.co.za/izindaba/olukazuma-nemk-luvukuze-umlando-we-anc-obuhlungu-5f731014-9ea2-473b-93ff-443850f04d17
  7. ↑ 2024, uNhlangulana 24. IsiBizNews: Abavoti bayayichitha i-ANC ne-EFF: Funa uguquko lwangempela, hhayi uguquko oluqinile – John Endres. BizNews. https://www.biznews.com/rational-perspective/abavoti-anc-eff-endres
  8. ↑ Cowling, Natalie. 2024, Dec 30. Number of contact crimes committed against women in South Africa by type. Statista.https://www.statista.com/statistics/1396527/number-of-contact-crimes-committed-against-women-in-south-africa-by-type/#statisticContainer
  9. ↑ 2022. Media Pack: First South African National Gender-Based Violence Study. Human Sciences Research Council. https://hsrc.ac.za/media-pack-first-south-african-national-gender-based-violence-study-2022/
  10. ↑ World Bank. 2024, uMbasa. World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (South Africa). https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/ZAF
  11. ↑ Institute for Economic Justice. 2023, uLwezi. Kungani iNingizimu Afrika idinga i-Universal Basic Income Guarantee. https://www.iej.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/IEJ-UBIG-1-factsheet-isiZulu.pdf
  12. ↑ Umnyango wesiKhwama sikaZwelonke. 2009. Isahluko 8: imiGwaqo nokuThuthakwabantu. Provincial Government Expenditure Review 2003/2004 to 2008/2009
  13. ↑ Infrastructure and transport in South Africa. World Data.
  14. ↑ ADAMS CALENDAR also known as: 'Blaauwboschkraal Stone Ruins'. South African History.
  15. ↑ History of the Lost Civilization of Mapungubwe. Siyabonga Africa.
  16. ↑ 2914, uNcaba 23. Kimberley: A City of Firsts. Kimberley.org.za
  17. ↑ Celebrating Our Heritage. Sasol.
  18. ↑ Tan, Yong Siang no Pool, Patricia Sims. 2020, uZibandlela 6. Allan MacLeod Cormack (1924–1998): Discoverer of computerised axial tomography. Singapore Med. National Library of Medicine.
  19. ↑ Cooper, David KC .2018, uNhlangulana 18. Christiaan Barnard—The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant . Global Cardiology and Practice. National Library of Medicine.
  20. ↑ Albright, David. 1994, uNhlaba. South Africa's Secret Nuclear Weapons. ISIS Report.
  21. ↑ History of Cryptography. Thawte.
  22. ↑ Frye, Isabel. 2023. The unequal face of death. Social Policy Initiative. https://www.spi.net.za/the-unequal-face-of-death-in-south-africa/
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 People of South Africa. Gov.za. https://www.gov.za/about-sa/people-south-africa#:~:text=Life%20expectancy%20at%20birth%20for,per%201%20000%20live%20births/
  24. ↑ Mjoli, Phili. 2023, uZibandlela 24. Kusemnyama ngekhambi lokuqeda ingculazi. Isolezwe. https://www.isolezwe.co.za/impilo-yabantu/ezempilo/kusemnyama-ngekhambi-lokuqeda-ingculazi-dfed1466-41d9-4269-afe9-1fc3851c49d5
Amazwe e-Afrika‎
Sovereign states
States with
limited recognition
Dependencies
Unclear sovereignty
"https://zu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRiphabhuliki_yaseNingizimu_Afrika&oldid=113843" تان ورتل